ライフサイエンスコーパス: carcinoid

1 l carcinoma, or atypical lung neuroendocrine carcinoid.

2 ly higher in atypical carcinoid than typical carcinoid.

3 tic markers distinguish typical and atypical carcinoid.

4 y be a useful diagnostic marker for atypical carcinoid.

5 riety of neuroendocrine tumors, particularly carcinoid.

6 analogue with everolimus in lung and thymic carcinoids.

7 rd most common location for gastrointestinal carcinoids.

8 have been studied with regard to metastatic carcinoids.

9 reatment for appendiceal, colonic and rectal carcinoids.

10 ther being described for treating metastatic carcinoids.

11 Five of the 33 patients (15%) had multiple carcinoids.

12 ary hepatic tumors and for secondary hepatic carcinoids.

13 nomas, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and carcinoids.

14 that have an increased incidence of gastric carcinoids.

15 ly on patients with advanced lung and thymic carcinoids.

16 es with at least 2 cases of small intestinal carcinoids.

17 ficient to drive transformation in pulmonary carcinoids.

18 bronchial carcinoids, and 9 gastrointestinal carcinoids.

19 tients (age range, 32-76 y): 10 patients had carcinoid, 2 had medullary cell carcinoma of the thyroid

20 ntified with small bowel malignancies: 37.4% carcinoid, 36.9% adenocarcinomas, 8.4% stromal tumors, a

21 ears) with a confirmed diagnosis of duodenal carcinoid admitted into our institution during a 52-year

22 Other tumors, including gastrinoma, carcinoid, adrenal cortical tumors, angiofibroma, collag

23 improved symptoms associated with malignant carcinoid among subjects with no treatment alternatives.

24 Thirty carcinoid and 30 islet cell patients were enrolled.

25 analysis (AQUA) in 2 tissue microarrays (GI carcinoid and GI adenocarcinoma).

26 ical-pathological investigation of retrieved carcinoid and normal valve cusps using immunohistochemic

27 in a two-cohort, phase II study of advanced carcinoid and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients.

28 Survival in patients with carcinoid and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is signif

29 (including B12 and hypomagnesemia), gastric carcinoid and rebound hyperacidity are biologically plau

30 or marker with higher expression in atypical carcinoid and SCLC, and could be a new therapeutic targe

31 In SCLC tumors, as well as bronchial carcinoids and carcinoids of gastrointestinal origin, re

32 in all 11 individuals with small intestinal carcinoids and in 17 of 35 family members whose carcinoi

33 gA protein levels were highest in primary GI carcinoids and in liver metastases and significantly ele

34 transcriptome (n=69) sequencing of pulmonary carcinoids and observe frequent mutations in chromatin-r

35 LC) tumors, 13 SCLC cell lines, 19 bronchial carcinoids, and 9 gastrointestinal carcinoids.

36 nection between hypergastrinemia and gastric carcinoids, and most importantly, improving upon current

37 lastoma, paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma, and carcinoids; and discuss approaches to improving targetin

38 The incidence of gastric carcinoid appears to be increasing without a correspondi

39 The incidence of all carcinoids appears to be increasing, which may reflect i

40 nstrates good evidence that localized rectal carcinoids are amenable to local resection.

41 Carcinoids are classified based on organ site and cell o

42 Familial and sporadic carcinoids are clinically indistinguishable except for t

43 However, gastric carcinoids are difficult to diagnose.

44 Gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoids are ill-understood, enigmatic malignancies, w

45 Pancreatic and midgut carcinoids are metastatic at diagnosis more often than t

46 Carcinoids are morphologically and biologically heteroge

47 s are rare events, suggesting that pulmonary carcinoids are not early progenitor lesions of the highl

48 Gastric carcinoids are of increasing clinical concern because th

49 Recent data have suggested that rectal carcinoids are over-represented in Black and Asian popul

50 Small intestinal carcinoids are rare and difficult to diagnose and patien

51 Carcinoids are rare neuroendocrine neoplasms, primarily

52 Pulmonary carcinoids are rare neuroendocrine tumours of the lung.

53 Duodenal carcinoids are uncommon tumors with a wide clinical-path

54 ly small intestinal tumors, also grouped as 'carcinoids', are defined by an increasing incidence and

55 oendocrine tumors (previously referred to as carcinoids) are ill-understood, enigmatic malignancies t

56 Carcinoids arising in different locations had different

57 es may prove to be as effective for treating carcinoids as for visualizing them.

58 m neuroendocrine cells that includes typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell lung cancer (S

59 Human carcinoid BON cells displayed 5-HT immunoreactivity asso

60 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release in human carcinoid BON cells.

61 dicitis-associated and malignant appendiceal carcinoids but was significantly decreased (> 10-fold, P

62 Overexpression of CgA mRNA and protein in GI carcinoids can identify metastatic cells; thus, PCR for

63 We found that small intestinal carcinoids can occur as an inherited autosomal-dominant

64 ly for carcinoid valve disease and 2 for non-carcinoid cardiac disease; in 1 patient, MCH was the pri

65 cells expressing hASH1, such as a pulmonary carcinoid cell line, knocking down the gene expression b

66 CNDT2.5, a human midgut carcinoid cell line, was used for in vitro (sphere-forma

67 Expression of Hoxc6 in cultured human BON1 carcinoid cells enhanced their proliferation, and knock-

68 s of Hoxc6 were investigated by establishing carcinoid cells that stably overexpressed Hoxc6 or were

69 s interaction and inhibited proliferation of carcinoid cells.

70 CgA gene was overexpressed (P<0.001) in GI carcinoids compared with GI adenocarcinomas and normal m

71 Gastrointestinal carcinoids comprise 90% of all carcinoid tumors and all

72 calized in 67% at presentation and malignant carcinoids constituted the major histologic type (77%).

73 proves survival and reduces the severity of 'carcinoid crises'.

74 ith rectal carcinoids is superior to that of carcinoids found elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract

75 A (CgA) discriminates gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoids from epithelial tumors.

76 tients who underwent splenectomy for gastric carcinoid, gastric adenocarcinoma and cancer of the left

77 han 2 years, and eight patients with SCLC or carcinoid had stable disease (one remained on study for

78 As atypical carcinoid has been shown to have worse clinical outcomes

79 Hereditary small intestinal carcinoid has not been recognized and genetic factors ha

80 Patients with advanced-stage carcinoid have traditionally experienced poor 5-year sur

81 comprise 90% of all carcinoid tumors and all carcinoids have malignant potential.

82 rgeted therapy and biochemical evaluation of carcinoids have shown promise.

83 d syndrome have improved, but development of carcinoid heart disease (CaHD) continues to decrease sur

84 s have demonstrated a very high incidence of carcinoid heart disease (tricuspid and pulmonary insuffi

85 res and surgical management of patients with carcinoid heart disease affecting both left- and right-s

86 hould be considered for select patients with carcinoid heart disease affecting left- and right-sided

87 We reviewed 22 patients having operation for carcinoid heart disease and compared those having TV and

88 long-term prognosis of patients who develop carcinoid heart disease and the effect of cardiac surger

89 Echocardiographic features are similar to carcinoid heart disease and valvulopathy associated with

90 y addressing the diagnosis and management of carcinoid heart disease are lacking.

91 Factors associated with the progression of carcinoid heart disease are poorly understood.

92 al advice on the diagnosis and management of carcinoid heart disease as well as its surveillance.

93 Carcinoid heart disease characteristically affects tricu

94 The prognosis of patients with recognized carcinoid heart disease has improved over the past 2 dec

95 Carcinoid heart disease is a frequent occurrence in pati

96 The pathophysiology of carcinoid heart disease is poorly understood; however, c

97 Carcinoid heart disease may affect left- and right-sided

98 n patients (7 men, 4 women) with symptomatic carcinoid heart disease underwent surgery for left- and

99 or echocardiography in whom the diagnosis of carcinoid heart disease was confirmed.

100 A score for carcinoid heart disease was determined on the basis of a

101 Serotonin is related to the progression of carcinoid heart disease, and the risk of progressive hea

102 Carcinoid heart disease, which develops in the majority

103 ccording to the date from first diagnosis of carcinoid heart disease.

104 ect on RV size in patients after surgery for carcinoid heart disease.

105 ided valvular dysfunction is the hallmark of carcinoid heart disease.

106 nction, MCH may be the only manifestation of carcinoid heart disease.

107 2 appendiceal samples, including appendiceal carcinoids identified at exploration for appendicitis (n

108 MAGE-D2, and MTA1 compared with appendiceal carcinoids identified at surgery for appendicitis.

109 adenocarcinoma in 1, T2 adenocarcinoma in 3, carcinoid in 1, and fibrosis only in 1 (after prior poly

110 h sensitivity and specificity for localizing carcinoids in other locations.

111 , three of five surgically confirmed masses (carcinoid, intussusception, lymphangioma) were identifie

112 Carcinoid involvement of left-sided heart valves has bee

113 Metastatic carcinoid is an incurable malignancy whose symptoms, suc

114 Effective systemic therapy for advanced carcinoid is lacking.

115 tum is 87%, small intestinal is 60%, colonic carcinoids is 62%, and gastric type III/IV is 33%.

116 Tumor size in rectal carcinoids is predictive of metastasis and can reliably

117 The survival rate for patients with rectal carcinoids is superior to that of carcinoids found elsew

118 ingly demonstrates that patients with rectal carcinoids less than 2 cm in diameter, localized to the

119 An increased incidence of carcinoid-like heart valve disease (CLHVD) has been note

120 d levels (P<0.00001) were also identified in carcinoid liver and lymph node (LN) metastases.

121 ision for gastric (type I and II) and rectal carcinoids may be adequate.

122 ancreatic head or root of mesentery (mid gut carcinoid) may involve one of the 2 primary branches of

123 The records of patients with carcinoid (n = 84) and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

124 9 enrolled patients, 107 received sunitinib (carcinoid, n = 41; pancreatic endocrine tumor, n = 66).

125 e (n = 24), colorectal cancers (n = 19), and carcinoid neoplasms (n = 6).

126 and it is currently under evaluation against carcinoid/neuroendocrine tumors in a phase II clinical t

127 g the interstitial cells in the periphery of carcinoid nodules; these same cells were also positive f

128 te is essential for the diagnosis of primary carcinoid of the liver.

129 tumors, as well as bronchial carcinoids and carcinoids of gastrointestinal origin, recurrent CN alte

130 Overall 5-year survival for carcinoids of the appendix is 98%, gastric (types I/II)

131 s of molecular signatures that differentiate carcinoids of the appendix.

132 or in combination, in patients with advanced carcinoids of the lung or thymus.

133 and included three thyroid carcinomas, three carcinoids of the small bowel, two lung carcinomas, one

134 se II study of rhEndostatin in patients with carcinoid or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

135 umors but not in the appendicitis-associated carcinoids or normal mucosa.

136 1.13, 1.40), respectively), small-intestine carcinoid (OR = 1.27 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.60) and OR = 1.78

137 to have worse clinical outcomes than typical carcinoid, our data suggests that FAIM2 may be a useful

138 adenocarcinomas, myeloma, melanoma, colonic carcinoid, parotid pleomorphic adenoma, and teratoma.

139 eview analyzes the records of 82 consecutive carcinoid patients treated by the same 2 surgeons, from

140 Among carcinoid patients, ORR was 2.4% (one of 41 patients), a

141 c neuroendocrine tumor patients and 83.4% in carcinoid patients.

142 oendocrine tumor patients and 10.2 months in carcinoid patients.

143 and thalidomide in patients with metastatic carcinoid, pheochromocytoma, or pancreatic neuroendocrin

144 n with gastrointestinal bleeding, and midgut carcinoids presented significantly more often with flush

145 ocations had different presentations: rectal carcinoids presented significantly more often with gastr

146 Non-small-cell lung cancer or carcinoid pT1-4, N0-2, M0 patients treated by R0 surgica

147 think that all patients with advanced-stage carcinoid should be evaluated for possible multimodal su

148 Relatives of patients with familial carcinoids should be screened to detect curable early st

149 agnostic modalities, the incidence of rectal carcinoids should continue to increase.

150 ne expression was examined by Q-RT PCR in GI carcinoids (small intestinal and metastases, n=17, gastr

151 ls that includes typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and large cell

152 cinoids and in 17 of 35 family members whose carcinoid status was unknown.

153 In patients with carcinoid symptoms but negative biochemical testing, (68

154 ars [95% CI 4.5-5.4]) than did those without carcinoid syndrome (5.6 years [5.4-5.9]; hazard ratio 1.

155 cant difference in the reported incidence of carcinoid syndrome (p<0.0001), as was tumour grade, stag

156 was used more frequently in patients without carcinoid syndrome (p=0.009); use of radiotherapy was no

157 se is a frequent occurrence in patients with carcinoid syndrome and is responsible for substantial mo

158 egression to assess the relationship between carcinoid syndrome and survival.

159 More patients with carcinoid tumors and carcinoid syndrome are requiring anesthesia and surgery.

160 ignificantly associated with the presence of carcinoid syndrome at diagnosis (p=0.07).

161 The proportion of patients with carcinoid syndrome compared with those without did not d

162 Carcinoid syndrome complicated only 1 of the cases.

163 nd enable future research into the effect of carcinoid syndrome control on patient survival.

164 insurance claims of flushing, diarrhoea, or carcinoid syndrome during the 3 months before and after

165 However, carcinoid syndrome frequency in the NET population has n

166 Patients with carcinoid syndrome had a shorter overall survival (media

167 Symptoms and survival of patients with carcinoid syndrome have improved, but development of car

168 , primarily of the appendix, associated with carcinoid syndrome in 10% of patients.

169 sed the proportion of patients with NETs and carcinoid syndrome in the USA and associated clinical fa

170 an-Armitage trend test to identify trends in carcinoid syndrome incidence and Cox regression to asses

171 The number of patients with NETs and carcinoid syndrome increased from 50 (11%) of 465 patien

172 This population-based analysis reveals that carcinoid syndrome is significantly associated with tumo

173 Conclusion Among patients with carcinoid syndrome not adequately controlled by somatost

174 tients with MEN, particularly those with the carcinoid syndrome or pheochromocytoma, to undergo surge

175 ctive study, we identified 200 patients with carcinoid syndrome referred for echocardiography in whom

176 (p=0.003) were more common in patients with carcinoid syndrome than in those without it, whereas sur

177 cteristics between patients with and without carcinoid syndrome using chi(2) tests.

178 Patients with carcinoid syndrome were more frequently female than male

179 Our sample included 71 patients with the carcinoid syndrome who underwent serial echocardiographi

180 ale, carcinoid tumor of the lung, and active carcinoid syndrome with high levels of serotonin.

181 rkinson's disease, pain treatment, malignant carcinoid syndrome, and prostate cancer.

182 [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] levels, such as carcinoid syndrome, and the use of serotonin agonists, s

183 ch develops in the majority of patients with carcinoid syndrome, presents the anesthesiologist with m

184 oactive amines into the bloodstream, causing carcinoid syndrome, with symptoms including flushing and

185 wel movement (BM) frequency in patients with carcinoid syndrome.

186 cause distinct clinical syndromes, including carcinoid syndrome.

187 urvival compared with those patients without carcinoid syndrome.

188 , becoming much more common in patients with carcinoid syndrome.

189 nd pulmonary insufficiency) in patients with carcinoid syndrome.

190 diagnosed with NETs, of whom 1786 (19%) had carcinoid syndrome.

191 All patients with MCH had carcinoid syndrome.

192 Cardiac metastases are uncommon in carcinoid syndrome.

193 egral part of the echo exam in patients with carcinoid syndrome.

194 more often with flushing, diarrhea, and the carcinoid syndrome.

195 blood flow, and longer PFS in patients with carcinoid than PEG interferon treatment.

196 pression is significantly higher in atypical carcinoid than typical carcinoid.

197 r (approximately 2-4-fold) in NE appendiceal carcinoids than in adenocarcinoids, but in GI adenocarci

198 s the mainstay of treatment of nonmetastatic carcinoid, there have been studies for various medical t

199 c analysis of families with small intestinal carcinoids to establish a hereditary basis and find gene

200 that this modality may be used for targeted carcinoid treatment--either as an alternative or as an a

201 ts as an initial examination for the primary carcinoid tumor as well as for metastases.

202 l deaths (1 was not related to the patient's carcinoid tumor but was due to a second coexistent cance

203 graphic (echo) characteristics of metastatic carcinoid tumor in the heart.

204 Features of patients with metastatic carcinoid tumor involving the heart (MCH) have not been

205 ted in patients with a patent foramen ovale, carcinoid tumor of the lung, and active carcinoid syndro

206 The molecular alterations that underlie carcinoid tumor pathogenesis remain poorly defined.

207 Optimal treatments for metastatic carcinoid tumor remain undefined, and the role of chemot

208 enrolled in the Natural History of Familial Carcinoid Tumor study at the National Institutes of Heal

209 The primary carcinoid tumor was in the small bowel in 83% of patient

210 One myocardial metastatic carcinoid tumor was removed.

211 ranscript and protein levels indicative of a carcinoid tumor were identified in one acute appendiciti

212 etion, acute interstitial nephritis, gastric carcinoid tumor, cardiovascular risk with clopidogrel an

213 en ovale; 1 of these also had a primary lung carcinoid tumor.

214 ell lines as models for small intestinal or 'carcinoid' tumor biology are considered appropriate.

215 g through the activator protein-1 pathway in carcinoid tumorigenesis.

216 IPMK haploinsufficiency promotes carcinoid tumorigenesis.

217 n correlated with methylation of p16 gene in carcinoid tumors (p = 0.006).

218 tment outcome was analyzed for patients with carcinoid tumors (the most common tumors in this study),

219 reatic NETs (33%; five of 15) and those with carcinoid tumors (zero of 19).

220 ed metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (20 with carcinoid tumors and 11 with other tumors) treated with

221 including 15 of 16 (94%) cases of multifocal carcinoid tumors and 7 of 8 (88%) cases of multifocal pa

222 trointestinal carcinoids comprise 90% of all carcinoid tumors and all carcinoids have malignant poten

223 nts with small tumors, as well as those with carcinoid tumors and bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma,

224 More patients with carcinoid tumors and carcinoid syndrome are requiring an

225 ur cases, including 16 multifocal intestinal carcinoid tumors and eight multifocal pancreatic endocri

226 e investigated whether multifocal intestinal carcinoid tumors and multifocal pancreatic endocrine tum

227 Carcinoid tumors and pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs)

228 he aim of this study was to evaluate CIMP in carcinoid tumors and PETs.

229 of neuroendocrine tumors (five patients with carcinoid tumors and three patients with islet cell tumo

230 All patients had metastatic carcinoid tumors and were on somatostatin analog.

231 Gastric carcinoid tumors are rare lesions but have been the focu

232 Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells and may

233 vasoactive substances into the circulation, carcinoid tumors can cause right-sided valvular heart di

234 The radiographic responses in patients with carcinoid tumors comprised a minor response in 2 patient

235 matic responses in patients with functioning carcinoid tumors comprised complete resolution in 3 of t

236 neuroendocrine tumors; its activity against carcinoid tumors could not be definitively determined in

237 study indicates that methylation profile of carcinoid tumors differs from PETs, reflecting different

238 ation of surgery increased significantly for carcinoid tumors from 78.8% to 87.4% (P < 0.0001).

239 dy demonstrates that (1) incidence rates for carcinoid tumors have changed, (2) the most common gastr

240 The overall incidence rates for carcinoid tumors have increased significantly over the p

241 w evidence with respect to the prevalence of carcinoid tumors in the middle and right lower lobe, wit

242 From 1973 to 2004, the incidence of carcinoid tumors increased more than 4-fold (2.1 to 9.3

243 derstanding of the biologic basis of gastric carcinoid tumors increases, the treatment will likely be

244 The incidence of carcinoid tumors is much greater than previously recogni

245 cal arenas, the optimal treatment of gastric carcinoid tumors is still a matter of debate.

246 Patients with stage IV carcinoid tumors may benefit from more aggressive surgic

247 Carcinoid tumors of the liver are rare and pose a diagno

248 ears of follow-up, 60 adenocarcinomas and 80 carcinoid tumors of the small intestine were diagnosed.

249 trast, we noted a markedly elevated risk for carcinoid tumors of the small intestine with saturated f

250 sed meat intake and either adenocarcinoma or carcinoid tumors of the small intestine.

251 Carcinoid tumors often present with metastatic disease.

252 Carcinoid tumors secrete many different types of substan

253 Methylation was more frequent in carcinoid tumors than PETs at MGMT (25 versus 0%, p = 0.

254 The median overall survival in patients with carcinoid tumors was 47 mo (95% confidence interval, 32-

255 Carcinoid tumors were frequently methylated at RARbeta,

256 wo hundred forty-nine patients with advanced carcinoid tumors were randomized to either doxorubicin w

257 with advanced pancreatic endocrine tumors or carcinoid tumors were treated with rhEndostatin administ

258 increased considerably, primarily because of carcinoid tumors which are now the most common small bow

259 es permit identification and localization of carcinoid tumors with greater accuracy.

260 s, 33% among pheochromocytomas, and 7% among carcinoid tumors).

261 months for pancreatic NETs v 7.3 months for carcinoid tumors).

262 months for pancreatic NETs v 18.8 months for carcinoid tumors).

263 We studied 16 carcinoid tumors, 11 PETs, and 22 associated normal muco

264 an increased risk of gastric polyps, gastric carcinoid tumors, and possibly adenocarcinomas.

265 ighly up-regulated in human gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, and we sought to define its pathogenic

266 ed for more aggressive surgical treatment of carcinoid tumors, especially in the setting of hepatic m

267 that characteristically are up-regulated in carcinoid tumors, including neurotensin and connective t

268 he current biologic understanding of gastric carcinoid tumors, including the role of hypergastrinemia

269 st to the relatively conserved karyotypes of carcinoid tumors, the karyotypes of SCLC tumors and cell

270 Of carcinoid tumors, those arising from a midgut location h

271 For pancreatic neuroendocrine and carcinoid tumors, traditional cytotoxic chemotherapies h

272 agnosis, management, and treatment of rectal carcinoid tumors, with special emphasis on minimally inv

273 le development of various cancers, including carcinoid tumors.

274 ong patients with metastatic or unresectable carcinoid tumors.

275 ctive in pancreatic endocrine tumors than in carcinoid tumors.

276 eans for diagnosis of primary and metastatic carcinoid tumors.

277 ent of adverse effects caused by products of carcinoid tumors.

278 d to be an option for selected patients with carcinoid tumors.

279 , A2, and A3Rs were present in BON cells and carcinoid tumors.

280 ents (4 male, 4 female) with primary hepatic carcinoid tumors.

281 has been commonly observed in patients with carcinoid tumors.

282 ease stabilization in patients with advanced carcinoid tumors.

283 otreotide to treat symptomatic patients with carcinoid tumors.

284 in patients with small bowel neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors, irrespective of symptom status.

285 sectable or metastatic), well differentiated carcinoid tumours of the lung or thymus, with radiologic

286 ith metastatic or locally advanced grade 1-2 carcinoid tumours or pancreatic NETs, by use of a single

287 ponses in the first stage of the cohort with carcinoid tumours, and we terminated accrual at 20 patie

288 with pancreatic NETs and 20 individuals with carcinoid tumours.

289 r patients with pancreatic NETs, but not for carcinoid tumours; a randomised controlled phase 3 study

290 Patients were stratified by carcinoid type (typical vs atypical) and line of study t

291 enocarcinoma, squamous cell, large cell, and carcinoid using nearest neighbor analysis.

292 Carcinoid valve cusps demonstrated the unusual finding o

293 by echo had cardiac surgery, 3 primarily for carcinoid valve disease and 2 for non-carcinoid cardiac

294 This scenario may occur in carcinoid valve disease because serotonin can induce int

295 Carcinoid valve disease was present in 8 of the 11 MCH p

296 e sensitivity of SRS in localizing a gastric carcinoid was 75%, with a specificity of 95%.

297 In all five patients with NF-1, the carcinoids were located in the periampullary region.

298 Most carcinoids were located in the proximal duodenum (10 in

299 h small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) or pulmonary carcinoid, were enrolled between 2007 and 2008, 35 on in

300 fferent increased risk of developing gastric carcinoids, were studied.