ライフサイエンスコーパス: cathode

1 media and over the potential range of an air cathode.

2 nd producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at the cathode.

3 l pore diameter is near 60 nm in a practical cathode.

4 ty and excellent cycling stability in a Li2S cathode.

5 lline sodium superoxide (NaO2) on the carbon cathode.

6 erated along with byproduct reduction at the cathode.

7 directional response and migrated toward the cathode.

8 e anode and a previously described enzymatic cathode.

9 ed Na3 MnTi(PO4 )3 as both the anode and the cathode.

10 progenitor cells (fNPCs) migrated toward the cathode.

11 al ionic media to meet with electrons at the cathode.

12 2 battery by using a suitable graphene-based cathode.

13 DNA probe on the surface of an AuNP/graphite cathode.

14 ry with a Mg anode and Chevrel (Mo3S4)-phase cathode.

15 sheets (GNs) as anode and MnOx catalyzed air cathode.

16 tely 20 mA/cm(2)), using Fe as the anode and cathode.

17 h an activated carbon cloth/sulfur composite cathode.

18 voltage/current output than that with single cathode.

19 es while benefiting charge transfer with the cathode.

20 he anode side, while CO2 is generated at the cathode.

21 lymer composites, and a solid-state NPG/MnO2 cathode.

22 membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) using Pt/C at the cathode.

23 ve layer, and eutectic indium-gallium as the cathode.

24 combination of an enzymatic anode with a Pt cathode.

25 ode while Fe(3+) is reduced to Fe(2+) in the cathode.

26 rid microfluidic fuel cell using Pt/C as the cathode.

27 evice employing an unselective platinum (Pt) cathode.

28 and explains well pseudocapacitance of RuO2 cathodes.

29 ited by the low-capacity lithium metal oxide cathodes.

30 enables good compatibility with high-voltage cathodes.

31 designing high-power electrodes, especially cathodes.

32 ic cycling when paired with commercial-grade cathodes.

33 ance of batteries that use 4 V high-capacity cathodes.

34 es of each class of materials as multivalent cathodes.

35 r the oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cell cathodes.

36 ant contributors to long-term fouling of MFC cathodes.

37 al oxide anodes coupled with stainless steel cathodes.

38 applied to study common lithium ion battery cathodes.

39 ed for flexible, high-loading lithium-sulfur cathodes.

40 ersibility and cycling performance of sulfur cathodes.

41 electrochemical reduction pathway for sulfur cathodes.

42 Li4NiTeO6 and Li2MnO3 for the spinel LiMn2O4 cathodes.

43 w diffusion of divalent magnesium cations in cathodes.

44 e for industrial CO2-consuming gas diffusion cathodes.

45 able magnesium batteries using intercalation cathodes.

46 ing a maximum of 0.77 mmol-Na(+) per gram of cathode (2.29 mmol-Na(+) g-MnO2(-1)), and peak charge ef

47 electrolyte and La0.8Sr0.2FeO3-delta as the cathode achieved a power density of 423 mWcm(-2) at 700

48 i-S battery with CuS as the multi-functional cathode additive.

49 ng a Li1.2[Ni0.13(2+)Co0.13(3+)Mn0.54(4+)]O2 cathode, although we detected no O2 evolution.

50 alogue, (NH4 )1.47 Ni[Fe(CN)6 ]0.88 , as the cathode, an organic solid, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxy

51 ism for the recovery of the potential of the cathode, analogous to that of RuO2 (Electrochim.

52 power density of 6.4 kW kg(-1) (based on the cathode and 200% Zn anode), making it a promising candid

53 ric potential, being 87-90% lower on the ICE cathode and 59-93% lower on the ICE anode than that on t

54 atmosphere between a solid pin type tungsten cathode and a liquid drop placed on a graphite disk anod

55 large interfacial resistance between a solid cathode and a solid electrolyte that increases with each

56 ped using a single LiVPO4 F material as both cathode and anode in a "water-in-salt" gel polymer elect

57 cal conductivity and structural stability of cathode and anode materials based on NASICON structure.

58 e to coat conformal protective thin films on cathode and anode particles of lithium ion batteries to

59 e electrical conductivity to the paper-based cathode and anode, commercially available eyeliner conta

60 When utilized as electrocatalysts for both cathode and anode, Ni3S2/NF demonstrated outstanding dur

61 , AdE) which is short-circuited with the MFC cathode and coupled with the MFC anode (MFC-AdE).

62 elithiation of lithium iron phosphate at the cathode and electrons utilized in the formation of a sol

63 microbial cells to capture electrons from a cathode and fix carbon.

64 issolved intermediate products from the SeS2 cathode and lithium metal and eliminates lithium dendrit

65 cyclability of a 4-volt lithium cobalt oxide cathode and operation as low as -60 degrees C, with exce

66 ructured materials are suitable for both the cathode and the anode, where the operation potential can

67 the electric potential on a grid between the cathode and the anode.

68 ort ions between the sulfur/carbon composite cathode and the lithium anode in lithium-sulfur batterie

69 The high working potential of BOx cathode and the low impedances of the additional capacit

70 earch in the development of electrolytes and cathodes and discuss some of the significant challenges

71 s that coupled with industrially established cathodes and electrolytes exhibit long cycle life (up to

72 on batteries with aluminium anodes, graphite cathodes and ionic liquid electrolytes has increased; ho

73 Sulfur cathodes and silicon anodes have garnered a lot of atten

74 t uses a microporous carbon-sulfur composite cathode, and a liquid carbonate electrolyte containing t

75 the ternary electrode as both the anode and cathode, and the performance surpasses that of the Ir/C-

76 82% and 91% capacity retention for anode and cathode are achieved after 500 stretch-release cycles.

77 al properties of CaP solids collected on the cathode are still related to bulk solution pH, as confir

78 cells consisting of gSi@C anodes and LiCoO2 cathodes are assembled and achieve good initial cycling

79 Full cells with potassium Prussian blue cathodes are demonstrated.

80 Manganese dioxide cathodes are inexpensive and have high theoretical capac

81 The development of electrolytes, anodes and cathodes as well as fuel sources is examined.

82 V, were the same as those obtained with a Pt cathode at a loading of 0.1 milligram of Pt per centimet

83 thium metal, garnet electrolyte, and LiFePO4 cathode at room temperature.

84 The cathodes based on magnesium oxide, cerium oxide and lant

85 State-of-the-art sulfur cathodes based on metal-oxide nanostructures can suppres

86 When normalized to cathode biofilm biomass, the methane production in the M

87 roduction, successfully delayed the onset of cathode biofouling and improved reactor performance.

88 anode, garnet electrolyte and a high-voltage cathode by applying the newly developed interface chemis

89 el structure, alpha-MnO2 can be applied to a cathode by insertion reaction and to an anode by convers

90 r cracks in a commercial LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode by using advanced scanning transmission electron

91 ver, much remains to be done to increase the cathode capacity and to understand details of the anion-

92 The achieved cathode capacity is 403 mAh gSeS2(-1) (1,209 mAh cmSeS2(

93 ygen through an ionomer contained within the cathode catalyst layer in an anion exchange membrane fue

94 nylimidazole)10Cl](+) as mediator, while the cathode catalysts were bilirubin oxidase and [Os(2,2'-bi

95 n reaction, ORR), which makes them fuel-cell cathode catalysts with exceptional potential.

96 cient durability of the traditional Pt-based cathode catalysts.

97 ircuiting reactions at unselective anode and cathode catalysts.

98 yzed urine was fed to the caustic-generating cathode compartment for ammonia stripping with redirecti

99 Here, a high-voltage cathode composed of Na3 V2 (PO4 )2 O2 F nano-tetraprisms

100 versus 2) plastic-crystal electrolyte in the cathode composites shows that the former suffers from a

101 arlier batteries in which both the anode and cathode consisted of organic material required significa

102 Here, we report the development of a cathode containing a thin layer of small GAC particles c

103 lucose oxidizing anode and a O2 reducing MCO cathode, could become the in vivo source of electricity

104 Cathode degradation is a key factor that limits the life

105 The graphene/cotton-carbon cathodes deliver peak capacities of 926 and 765 mA h g(-

106 by an inexpensive precipitation method, the cathode delivers a specific capacity of 142 mAh g(-1).

107 e acidic single-cell with such a catalyst as cathode delivers high performance, with power density up

108 composite electrolyte, and Sm0.5 Sr0.5 CoO3 cathode demonstrates excellent performance with maximum

109 olar polysulfides can be anchored within the cathode due to the internal electric field originated fr

110 ir dissolution into the electrolyte from the cathode during each redox cycle leads to a shortened cyc

111 lity of the electrocatalyst at the anode and cathode during water electrolysis.

112 reduced observable biofilm formation on the cathode electrode.

113 AORFB) technology utilizing a newly designed cathode electrolyte containing a highly water-soluble fe

114 de side of a lithium ion battery, termed the cathode electrolyte interface (CEI), whose composition a

115 d electrolyte capable of forming a favorable cathode-electrolyte interface.

116 secondary-ion mass spectrometry shows that a cathode-electrolyte interphase, initially formed on carb

117 The cathode exhibited stable performance over 50 CH3Br captu

118 mpetitive transport, the textile-based Li-O2 cathode exhibits a high discharge capacity of 8.6 mAh cm

119 The TiN-S composite cathode exhibits superior performance because of higher

120 Indeed, a cathode fabricated using nMOF-867 exhibited excellent ca

121 tional system operated with a flowing liquid cathode (FLC-APGD) were studied in detail and discussed.

122 Catalysts at the air cathode for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions are

123 the way for designing high-Ni layered oxide cathodes for LIBs.

124 Conventional intercalation cathodes for lithium batteries store charge in redox rea

125 In an effort to develop high-energy-density cathodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), low-cost, high

126 lts demonstrated that HA could contribute to cathode fouling, but the extent of power reduction was r

127 f multiple electron collectors with multiple cathodes had much higher total voltage/current output th

128 grafted skin paired with LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode has a 90.0% capacity retention after 400 charge/

129 current by thermionic electron emission, the cathode has to be at sufficiently high temperature, whic

130 Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 layered oxide cathodes have been highlighted for large-scale energy ap

131 contrast, for the hand contralateral to the cathode, hemispheric lateralization was reduced.

132 e KxMnFe(CN)6 (0 </= x </= 2) as a potassium cathode: high-spin Mn(III)/Mn(II) and low-spin Fe(III)/F

133 raphene stack is showcased as suitable model cathode host for unveiling the challenging surface chemi

134 high-voltage and high-capacity intercalation cathode host.

135 osition of aerosol particles on the tip of a cathode in a coaxial microelectrode system, followed by

136 characterized by its voltage profile as the cathode in a lithiun-metal half-cell.

137 s in the presence of a dye as a hybrid photo-cathode in a two-electrode system, with lithium metal as

138 nventional Pt/C and Ir/C catalyst for an air cathode in alkaline electrolyte.

139 ional catalyst makes it a very promising air cathode in alkaline electrolyte.

140 es (acidic medium, pH/LCP<1) and towards the cathode in ME samples (alkaline medium, pH/LCP>1).

141 hermodynamics and reaction pathway of sulfur cathode in MgTFSI2 -DME electrolyte, as well as the asso

142 power densities of the ssDNA probe modified cathode in the absence and presence of complementary seq

143 P/graphite electrode) were used as anode and cathode in the MFC system, respectively.

144 , hollow-fiber porous membranes were used as cathodes in anaerobic electrochemical membrane bioreacto

145 sed design strategy: encapsulation of sulfur cathodes in carbon host materials.

146 (1-x >/= 0.5), are appealing candidates for cathodes in next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)

147 to date, they are directly used as efficient cathodes in rechargeable zinc-air batteries.

148 polymorph mixed with bismuth oxide (Bi2O3)) cathodes intercalated with Cu(2+) that deliver near-full

149 erated electrons and holes at the perovskite-cathode interface and reduce charge recombination.

150 etal oxide, reveals the dynamic behaviour of cathode interphases driven by conductive carbon additive

151 e insights on the formation and evolution of cathode interphases, facilitating development of in situ

152 ctrolysis with Fe(3+) /Fe(2+) redox-mediated cathode is demonstrated for Cl2 regeneration.

153 Here, a novel textile-based air cathode is developed with a triple-phase structure to im

154 LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2-layered cathode is often fabricated in the form of secondary par

155 nvestigation, a novel graphene/cotton-carbon cathode is presented here that enables sulfur loading an

156 n rate reaches ~1200 mumol/h when the liquid cathode is purified water or an aqueous solution of NaCl

157 ode, the electron current emanating from the cathode is regulated by the electric potential on a grid

158 of previous reports on related Li-excess LIB cathodes, it is proposed that part of the charge compens

159 The battery consists of printed anode and cathode layers based on graphite and lithium cobalt oxid

160 he cell voltage by the use of high potential cathodes like bilirubin oxidase (BOx) or iron-aminoantip

161 on and low electronic conductivity of sulfur cathodes limit the practical application of Li-S batteri

162 -ion batteries (LIBs) based on layered LiMO2 cathodes (M = Ni, Mn, Co: NMC; M = Ni, Co, Al: NCA) need

163 e achieved with the boron-rich anode and the cathode made from a refractory metal which has a melting

164 latinum consumption are desirable for use as cathode material during the oxygen reduction reaction in

165 ntercalation of anions, promising a superior cathode material for batteries.

166 n and 10 redox cycles, suggesting a reliable cathode material for CO2 electrolysis.

167 rganotrisulfide is a promising high-capacity cathode material for high-energy rechargeable lithium ba

168 this study proposes K0.5 MnO2 as a potential cathode material for K-ion batteries as an alternative t

169 te a novel crosslinked disulfide system as a cathode material for Li-S cells that is designed with th

170 As a cathode material for lithium ion batteries, the 3D carbo

171 hium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries and a candidate cathode material for lithium-metal-free Li-S cells.

172 ersulfurated coronene renders it a promising cathode material for lithium-sulfur batteries, displayin

173 has demonstrated promising performance as a cathode material in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), by ove

174 treatment on spinel LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 (LNMO) cathode material is developed to optimize the performanc

175 d insertion and extraction of Li ions from a cathode material is imperative for the functioning of a

176 he synthesis was achieved independent of the cathode material suggesting that under such conditions t

177 The cathode material synthesis and electrode formulation are

178 Herein, we introduce a novel layered oxide cathode material, Na0.78Ni0.23Mn0.69O2.

179 pectroscopy revealed that independent of the cathode material, the tubes are primarily single and dou

180 ounds (Li2Fe)ChO (Ch = S, Se) were tested as cathode materials against graphite anodes (single cells)

181 h, focusing on a wide range of intercalation cathode materials and the mechanisms of multivalent ion

182 ategies for the practical viability of these cathode materials are discussed along with the optimizat

183 environment around O in paramagnetic Li-ion cathode materials are essential in order to understand t

184 ributed to the slower particle growth of the cathode materials at the lower operating temperature.

185 ue to their low cost and the wide variety of cathode materials available.

186 for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to cathode materials for batteries.

187 power performance among the state-of-the-art cathode materials for SIBs.

188 Lithium-ion battery cathode materials have relied on cationic redox reaction

189 al to serve as low-cost and highly efficient cathode materials in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).

190 lex frameworks also demonstrate potential as cathode materials in Li-ion batteries because of the fav

191 tu surface protection on high-energy-density cathode materials in lithium-based batteries.

192 prevent the use of many high-energy-density cathode materials in practical lithium-ion batteries.

193 were recently identified as high-performance cathode materials in the context of electro-organic synt

194 e, but the intercalation of zinc ions in the cathode materials is challenging and complex.

195 Improving cathode materials is mandatory for next-generation Li-io

196 interaction between Li polysulfides and Li-S cathode materials originates from the electron-rich dono

197 , which is higher than the majority of other cathode materials previously reported for SIBs.

198 deep comprehension, which is helpful to the cathode materials rational design and practical applicat

199 f lithium-excess cation-disordered oxides as cathode materials relies on the extent to which the oxyg

200 spatially resolved element analysis of such cathode materials will help in understanding the observe

201 ed as an example of a new class of promising cathode materials, Na(Li1/3 M2/3 )O2 (M: transition meta

202 oupling a sulfur anode with different Li-ion cathode materials, the aqueous Li-ion/sulfur full cell d

203 Compared to highly optimized Li1-xCoO2 cathode materials, these novel anti-perovskites are easi

204 hindered because of the lack of appropriate cathode materials.

205 n interaction on anion redox in lithium rich cathode materials.

206 ection for the design of high-energy-density cathode materials.

207 ep towards high-voltage operation of layered-cathode materials.

208 on metal oxides as high-capacity lithium-ion cathode materials.

209 of great importance for the future design of cathode materials.

210 he design of high-capacity cation-disordered cathode materials.The performance of lithium-excess cati

211 quest for safe, low-cost positive electrode (cathode) materials with desirable energy and power capab

212 hase between a solid electrolyte and a solid cathode may be extended to other all-solid-state battery

213 The cathode microbial community of a methanogenic bioelectro

214 tic trunk bilaterally with anode cephalad to cathode (n = 8, 'cardiac' configuration) or with electro

215 olyte, neither the reaction mechanism at the cathode nor the nature of the reaction product is known.

216 ysulphides generated during discharge in the cathode of a lithium-sulphur redox cell are important, b

217 phology evolution on a carbon nanotube (CNT) cathode of a working solid-state Li-O2 nanobattery and c

218 brane-electrode assembly was deployed as the cathode of an electrochemical cell, and showed good resi

219 densities recorded in the kinetic region of cathode operation, at fuel cell voltages greater than 0

220 mately 230 mg/L was achieved in 6 h of batch cathode operation.

221 nomaterials that coat (V2 O5 @graphene@V2 O5 cathode) or are coated by (graphene@Si@graphene anode) g

222 l together with a multicopper oxidase at the cathode, or in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM

223 in individual lithium iron phosphate battery cathode particles during delithiation.

224 rphase between a solid electrolyte and solid cathode particles reduces the interfacial resistance, in

225 hemical bias applied, readily passivates the cathode particles through mutual exchange of surface spe

226 formation of resistive surface layers on the cathode particles.

227 Predicted cathode performance is validated by experimental synthes

228 athodes with deionized water did not restore cathode performance.

229 ial degradation of activated carbon (AC) air-cathode performance.

230 Moreover, cathode polarization can influence the kinetics of CO2 r

231 /L initial ZVI concentrations and at various cathode potentials (-0.65 to -0.80 V versus SHE).

232 ells (EFCs), EFCs with laccase air-breathing cathodes prepared from TBA(+) modified Aquivion ionomers

233 1.5 times higher than EFCs constructed with cathodes prepared from TBA(+) modified Nafion.

234 ctive Nafion/carbon powder layer is a stable cathode producing CO in pH neutral water with 90% farada

235 The in situ raised pH at the cathode provides a local environment where CaP will beco

236 nes, desktop and laptop computers, monitors, cathode ray tube and flat panel display televisions, DVD

237 s combined with a microkinetic model for the cathode reaction dynamics.

238 ug L(-1) and-upon coupling lead to a mineral cathode-release due to galvanic corrosion by 990 mug L(-

239 ladium in the harsh environment of fuel-cell cathodes renders its commercial future bleak.

240 glucose oxidase and laccase at the anode and cathode respectively; no external mediators are used; an

241 nd hydrogen evolution reactions at anode and cathode, respectively, achieving a very high electrolysi

242 DH) and bilirubin oxidase (BOD) at anode and cathode, respectively, in the biofuel cell arrangement.

243 s and phase changes in the sulfur conversion cathode result in highly complex phenomena that signific

244 of and capturing free radicals formed at the cathode, resulting in enhanced membrane durability.The p

245 )Na MAS NMR spectra of sodium-oxygen (Na-O2) cathodes reveals a combination of degradation species: n

246 These can increase the sulfur cathode's electrical conductivity to improve the battery

247 A full-cell battery with a LiCoO2 cathode shows good rate capability and flat voltage prof

248 ere is a lesser-known analogous layer on the cathode side of a lithium ion battery, termed the cathod

249 s for high energy density and alleviation of cathode side reactions/corrosions, but introduces drawba

250 of additive or cross-over molecule from the cathode side.

251 and Mn(3+) /Mn(2+) working on the anode and cathode sides, respectively.

252 of the carbon cloth current distributor, the cathode significantly lowered the total cell resistance

253 n, and BW further reduced the density on the cathode significantly.

254 that facilitate the growth and evolution of cathode species on an oxygen electrode.

255 e provide suggestions for future multivalent cathode studies, including a strong emphasis on the unam

256 With these merits, the S/YSC@Fe3 O4 cathodes support high sulfur content (80 wt%) and loadin

257 e Li-O2 battery can form a Li2O2 film on the cathode surface, leading to low capacities, low rates an

258 suppressing direct reduction to Li2O2 on the cathode surface, which would otherwise lead to Li2O2 fil

259 ectro mediated water reduction at a titanium cathode surface.

260 ous nucleation of CaP occurs near and at the cathode surface.

261 ilitate CO2 reduction at perovskite titanate cathode surfaces, promoting adsorption/activation by mak

262 ession of water activities at both anode and cathode surfaces.

263 ydrophilic polymer coating and a solid-state cathode textile loaded with silver oxide.

264 it is essential to establish O2 -insensitive cathodes that allow cogeneration of H2 and O2 .

265 fur battery research is the design of sulfur cathodes that exhibit high electrochemical efficiency an

266 structure and high catalytic activity of the cathode, the as-prepared Li-CO2 batteries exhibit high r

267 erplay between the reaction mechanism at the cathode, the chemical structure and the morphology of th

268 rroelectrics (BaTiO3 nanoparticles) into the cathode, the heteropolar polysulfides can be anchored wi

269 Working with a sodiated Na2 MnFe(CN)6 cathode, the working cation becomes K(+) to give a potas

270 However, in conventional porous carbon-air cathodes, the oxygen gas and electrolyte often compete f

271 nisms were transported from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, which could be dete

272 rging and discharging of lithium-ion-battery cathodes through the de- and reintercalation of lithium

273 cycling of hydrogen gas (H2) produced at the cathode to the anode in an electrochemical system allows

274 d with high-capacity Li-free V2O5 and sulfur cathodes to achieve stable full-cell cycling.

275 an be combined with further electrolytes and cathodes to develop new bendable energy systems.

276 ful for developing the next generation of MV-cathodes to targeted in-depth studies rationalizing comp

277 eveloping a low cost, highly active, durable cathode towards an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is on

278 Cathodes treated with 100 mg L(-1) HA exhibited no signi

279 ndence of the H2 and CO current densities on cathode voltage that are in strikingly good agreement wi

280 here was no such significant effect when the cathode was placed on the supraorbital ridge (bipolar-un

281 chip platform as well as the solid pin type cathode was simple and robust.

282 Selenium, which dissolves from the SeS2 cathode, was found to become a component of the anode so

283 the thermodynamically optimal coatings for a cathode, we further present optimal hydrofluoric-acid sc

284 nase-based anode and bilirubin oxidase-based cathode were assembled to a quasi-2D capillary-driven mi

285 Cathodes were composed of spark plasma sintered Fe3O4 or

286 Pore volume as well as shape in the cathodes were easily tuned to improve oxygen evolution e

287 ole in fouling from organic matter in water, cathodes were exposed to high concentrations of humic ac

288 nificantly limited by the performance of the cathode which is based on oxygen reduction for in vivo a

289 stretchable Li4 Ti5 O12 anode and a LiFePO4 cathode with 80% stretchability are prepared using a 3D

290 The coupling of this nitrogenase cathode with a bioanode that utilizes the enzyme hydroge

291 We combine this selective cathode with a carbon-supported palladium (Pd/C) anode t

292 y, we combined the light-protected TiO2 |MnP cathode with a CdS-sensitized photoanode to enable solar

293 node paired with a selenium disulfide (SeS2) cathode with high capacity and long-term stability.

294 LiNO3-KNO3 eutectic) and a porous carbon O2 cathode with high energy efficiency ( approximately 95%)

295 Coupling an iron mineral cathode with metallic lead in a galvanic cell increased

296 s evaluated by using MSNS anode and a LiCoO2 cathode with practical electrode loadings.

297 cycles with excellent rate capability using cathodes with areal sulfur loadings up to 8.1 mg cm(-2).

298 fold and enables rates >1 mA cmareal(-2) for cathodes with capacities of >4 mAh cmareal(-2).

299 Rinsing the cathodes with deionized water did not restore cathode pe

300 A electrodes are employed as both anodes and cathodes with polarity switching at a set frequency.