ライフサイエンスコーパス: century

1 discovered fresco from Isidoro Bianchi (XVII century).

2 us group relocated to Siberia in seventeenth century.

3 r breeding phenology by 5-12 d over the last century.

4 ly emerged in Central Europe in the mid-19th century.

5 aker (non-stationary) in the early twentieth century.

6 t decreases in tree regeneration in the 21st century.

7 unattainable by some at the turn of the 21st century.

8 rojected to expand by 23% by the end of this century.

9 rough waterfalls and dolines for more than a century.

10 s of its body size in slightly more than one century.

11 sses the trends and strategies over the past century.

12 lan for ocular health care needs in the 21st century.

13 methods for their synthesis for more than a century.

14 heat spells causing dieback in the late 20th century.

15 tic and population pressures over the 21(st) century.

16 h Canadians who colonized Quebec in the 17th century.

17 ve been used as physical evidence for over a century.

18 d as one of the great challenges of the 21st century.

19 modate projected temperature change for this century.

20 lecting no improvement through the past half-century.

21 f the most common white pigments of the 20th century.

22 reted natural products date back well over a century.

23 action of transportation energy needs by mid-century.

24 ns could lessen damages by $1.3 billion this century.

25 in CA precipitation through the twenty-first century.

26 nscaled climate simulations for the mid-21st century.

27 forced to leave the Sahel by the end of this century.

28 , with an average increase of 2.8% by end of century.

29 ble to collapse, as melt rates increase this century.

30 increases in glacial melt over the past half century.

31 he golden age of antibiotics of the mid-20th century.

32 ns from wood products built up over the last century.

33 h enhancement by one-third by the end of the century.

34 h applied pressure has been known for over a century.

35 ive effects of greater heat and drought this century.

36 owel disease is a global disease in the 21st century.

37 turning point in the middle of twenty-first Century.

38 O3-depleting substance emitted in this 21st century.

39 river flow reconstruction for the twentieth century.

40 nts performed by Luigi Galvani in the 18(th) century.

41 recovery) have increased over the twentieth century.

42 able evidence accumulated over the past half century.

43 and has experienced SOC change over the past century.

44 introductions across Europe since the 19(th)-century.

45 carbon cycle to global change over the next century.

46 n the southeastern United States during this century.

47 inty in relative change in NPP over the past century.

48 ng is projected to intensify over the coming century.

49 na woody vegetation change spanning the last century.

50 1,3-diyne linkage has been known for over a century.

51 e 6%, a sixfold increase since the late 20th century.

52 ttle Ice Age until the beginning of the 19th Century.

53 s, to multiple tsunamis within the span of a century.

54 t to shifts in climate over the rest of this century.

55 e expanded substantially in the twenty-first century.

56 w) at the sub-basin scale over the past half-century.

57 tive greenhouse gas forcing through the 21st century.

58 n peaked during the first decade of the 20th century.

59 ogate to study human biology for more than a century.

60 of Arctic Ocean bottom water during the last century.

61 eturn to levels observed pre-1980 later this century.

62 ape that survived intact until the late 20th century.

63 porally realistic projections for the coming century.

64 ecast changes in tree growth during the 21st century.

65 re droughts are expected in the twenty-first century.

66 multidecadal variability extending back six centuries.

67 ds will exceed prethaw stocks in a matter of centuries.

68 of the fact that it will likely persist for centuries.

69 hese man-made ecosystems after less than two centuries.

70 captivated the imagination of biologists for centuries.

71 0 degrees to 750 degrees C for only years to centuries.

72 onmental and climate records spanning recent centuries.

73 rption has been extensively investigated for centuries.

74 hannels have been changing over the past few centuries.

75 d CO2 , but only over the course of multiple centuries.

76 n subalpine forest communities in the coming centuries.

77 ents of many leading violinists for over two centuries.

78 e subject of investigation and curiosity for centuries [1].

79 century AD, which persisted until the 8(th) century [1]; the renowned Black Death of the 14(th) cent

80 [1]; the renowned Black Death of the 14(th) century [2, 3], with recurrent outbreaks until the 18(th

81 ], with recurrent outbreaks until the 18(th) century [4]; and the most recent 19(th) century pandemic

82 of hemicellulose had decomposed after three centuries, accompanied by signs of lignin oxidation.

83 ng the imperial period (1st century BC - 4th century AD).

84 demics: the Plague of Justinian in the 6(th) century AD, which persisted until the 8(th) century [1];

85 they were generally established in the 20th century after most of the agricultural expansion had occ

86 This dilemma was pointed out centuries ago by the astronomer and mathematician Ibn Al

87 Until its complete infilling few centuries ago, freshwater input from the Indus, and perh

88 A mechanism proposed over a century ago involving unspecified interactions with the

89 Half a century ago, detailed studies of the microvasculature by

90 commercial introduction three-quarters of a century ago, fluid catalytic cracking has been one of th

91 Just over a century ago, Lewis published his seminal work on what be

92 overy of the crown ethers by Pedersen half a century ago, the chemistry of wholly synthetic macrocycl

93 Over a century ago, the focal infection theory implicated these

94 Although identified nearly a century ago, the molecular basis for growth phase contro

95 ve evolved from 'snail picking' campaigns, a century ago, to modern wide-scale human treatment campai

96 l-known Strampelli cross, which was made one century ago.

97 thality, a genetic concept proposed nearly a century ago.

98 d movements first observed in the rat half a century ago.

99 es of human olfaction but from a famous 19th-century anatomist's hypothesis that the evolution of hum

100 ire, yet it has formed during the past seven centuries and represents the greatest accumulation rates

101 -understory plant species over the last half-century and compare these shifts to changes in climate.

102 about 5,000 km(2) of wetlands over the past century and concern exists whether remaining wetlands wi

103 exported to North America in the early 20th century and progressively acquired the USA300 characteri

104 ncrease of women in the news during the 20th century and the change of geographic focus for various c

105 58% in contemporary conditions to 86% by mid-century and to 91% of lakes by late century, based on me

106 e of structural biology for more than half a century and will continue to remain so, a major limitati

107 al simplicity, has been studied for nearly a century and yet an unequivocal structural description of

108 problem") has been pondered by thinkers for centuries, and is regarded as among the deepest unsolved

109 ity to the watershed scale could persist for centuries, and why the disruption of this self-organizin

110 oil bacteria has been appreciated for over a century, and advances in chemical analysis and genome se

111 terminous United States (U.S.) over the past century, and report trends in spring and fall frost timi

112 e temperature values over the late twentieth century are accompanied by higher levels of interannual

113 However, the scientific methods of this 21st century are changing with the increased power and speed

114 stant, asylum applications by the end of the century are predicted to increase, on average, by 28% (9

115 In particular, early 19th century arsenic loadings to the lake are elevated from p

116 which are likely not to change over the next century as a result of predicted climate warming.

117 sing CH4 emissions until the end of the 21st century as indicated by an atmospheric CH4 and CO2 conce

118 n temperatures in the early to mid-twentieth century, as well as warming in recent decades.

119 d suggests that TOC dynamics during the 20th century at these sites were primarily driven by changes

120 % by mid-century and to 91% of lakes by late century, based on median projections across GCMs.

121 the Balkans during the imperial period (1st century BC - 4th century AD).

122 probably during the civil wars of the first century BC, and its peaking in extent during the relativ

123 y declining field during the sixth to second centuries BCE, the new record provides further support f

124 f extreme high values during the late eighth century BCE.

125 During the century before and after an eruption, the 'novalike' bin

126 rming over the remainder of the twenty-first century but modelled estimates of warming vary by a fact

127 less frequently since the start of the 21st century, but civil insecurity outside the contexts of of

128 cell cues have been determined over the past century, but in the past decade, our molecular understan

129 blem for spruce and beech by the end of this century, but probably not for fir.

130 sed in spruce and beech until the end of the century, but remained low in fir.

131 vely bred for plumage traits during the last century, but the underlying genes are unknown.

132 pen landscapes, that had been maintained for centuries by traditional practices, markedly reduced whi

133 ccur with increasing frequency in the coming century - can stress and ultimately kill native coldwate

134 to a time transect spanning the 7(th)-11(th) centuries CE) yielded sufficient autosomal genome covera

135 We posit that addressing 21st century challenges requires transdisciplinary and system

136 In the past two centuries, cholera has emerged and spread from the Gange

137 States, Mexico-NAM) to the projected end-of-century climate (2071-2100).

138 Here we quantify the impact of twenty-first century climate change on ice-free areas under two Inter

139 animals at CO2 levels that far exceed end-of-century climate change projections (sometimes >10 000 mu

140 timing changes in response to projected 21st century climate change, and how the temporal resolution

141 xpand by over 17,000 km(2) by the end of the century, close to a 25% increase.

142 reased atmospheric Hg levels during the 20th century compared to preindustrial times.

143 driven increases in C inputs over the coming century compared to recent microbial models.

144 Over the past century, coyotes (Canis latrans) have undergone a pervas

145 ances in cardiac surgery toward the mid-20th century created a need for an artificial means of stimul

146 tment of the Cancer Moonshot within the 21st Century Cures Act in the USA arrived at a propitious mom

147 dances of these species had projected end-of-century declines in scleractinian calcification of >50%

148 to test for significant short-duration (1-2 centuries) demographic events known from one documented

149 ra and Baja California during the early 21st century, driven by the same environmental circumstances

150 have significantly altered over the last two centuries due to historical land-use and climate change.

151 ckground levels at the beginning of the 19th century due to emissions from gold/silver mining and Hg

152 western and central U.S. in the twenty-first century due to increasing greenhouse gases.

153 ave changed significantly across decades and centuries during glacial-interglacial cycles, likely cau

154 el rise events over timescales of decades to centuries during the last deglaciation, previously recog

155 This event culminated a half-century effort around the globe to develop terrestrial d

156 ered by Alexis Carrel and others in the 20th century, eventually provided a reliably effective treatm

157 Observations over the 20th century evidence no long-term warming in the subpolar No

158 g projection for the end of the twenty-first century for the steepest radiative forcing scenario is a

159 mental abundance was first noted in the past century from observations of planets in our own Solar Sy

160 he binders of a historical fresco of the XVI century from the Flemish painter Paul Brill and of a rec

161 ree with monitoring data, and maximum 20(th) century GEM levels of 3.9 +/- 0.5 ng m(-3) were 15 +/- 4

162 An 18th century gentlemen in breeches?

163 this behaviour to earthquake occurrence over centuries, given numerous potentially active faults, rem

164 ull climate model, with a 3 degrees C end-of-century global-average warming yielding regional increas

165 from 1.3 to 2 mmy(-1) Here we present a 20th-century GMSL reconstruction computed using an area-weigh

166 ases previously associated with the mid-19th century Gold Rush now coincide with early-20th century i

167 Over the 21(st) century, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from freight are

168 d by this species had the most stable end-of-century growth.

169 s driven neuroscientific enquiry in the last century has been the nature of differences in the prefro

170 f anthropogenic climate change over the last century has been the rise in global mean temperature.

171 hnological progress since the late twentieth century has centred on semiconductor devices, such as tr

172 The past quarter century has witnessed rapid developments of fluorescence

173 Advances in public health in the past century have seen a sharp increase in human life expecta

174 Dramatic lifestyle changes in the last century have substantially improved the quality of life

175 nexus have primarily focused on mid- to end-century horizons and have not considered the full range

176 imatic conditions are projected for the 21st century; however, the role played by extreme climatic ev

177 ly introduced during the 19th and early 20th centuries in countries colonized by Europeans.

178 iga tatarica, was extirpated in the mid-20th century in China.

179 , the projected SLR itself by the end of the century in many regions.

180 heat-related mortality risks across the 21st century in New York City, and they highlight the importa

181 inance and composition over the rest of this century in response to climate change.

182 Furthermore, data from the last century indicate a rapid increase in primary production,

183 For centuries, indigenous cultures around the world have use

184 ntury Gold Rush now coincide with early-20th century industrial emissions, aligning the UFG record wi

185 INTERPRETATION: At the turn of the 21st century, inflammatory bowel disease has become a global

186 ector-General must transform WHO into a 21st century institution guided by the right to health.

187 o very slow fragmentation (projected to take centuries) into small particles through photo-, physical

188 pendent of the admixture, showing that a few centuries is sufficient to produce detectable genetic st

189 l mean sea level (GMSL) rose during the 20th century is uncertain, with little consensus between vari

190 Therefore, for more than a century it has been a common knowledge that high-carbon

191 At the beginning of the 20th century it was suggested that a complex group of nuclei

192 s the Chichibabin reaction enters its second century, it is appropriate to re-examine the life of thi

193 ough the phenomenon is known for more than a century, it is not clear how cells perceive the external

194 to fall in the late half of the twenty-first century - largely due to reduced precipitation, enhanced

195 Yet a half-century later, after war and racial-national extremism,

196 , changes to the resource base over the last century (likely due to the spread of invasive cheatgrass

197 was contemporaneous with humans for almost a century, little was recorded about its ecology.

198 of the vascular plants of the Americas has a centuries-long history, but it is only in recent decades

199 Laos has a centuries-long tradition of raising Asian elephants.

200 Using century-long observations on masting (the MASTREE databa

201 has been the subject of study for almost two centuries, many aspects of 2D chiral surface chemistry h

202 ry rates during the first decade of the 21st century mask a shift from firearm deaths towards a rapid

203 At the end of the 21st century, modeled GPP mainly increases in spring and fall

204 ents one of the major landmarks of late 20th century molecular genetics.

205 spective warming scenario, by the end of the century more than half of the area currently capable of

206 ating inflammation and infection in the 21st century: new hints from decoding resolution mediators an

207 ither current (pCO2 370 muatm) or end-of-the-century OA (pCO2 1,100 muatm) scenarios, crossed in an o

208 one of the most intense El Ninos of the past century, OCO-2 measurements of [Formula: see text] and f

209 )C, survived through cryptobiosis during six centuries of cold-based glacier burial in Antarctica, 2)

210 e next half-century would also contribute to centuries of future TSLR.

211 The study, however, downplays five centuries of human influence following European arrival

212 h-resolution flow network that simulates how centuries of seasonal nomadic herding could shape discre

213 ancestral vertebrate character, resolving a century of debate over whether the ancestral vertebrate

214 e surveyed enzymological data accrued from a century of experimentation and generated a genome-scale

215 Despite nearly a century of investigation with a waxing and waning of int

216 However, recent efforts to relate a century of observed changes in U.S. frost timing to vari

217 This recognition is rooted in half a century of research into ion transport across the plasma

218 es in ecological communities has motivated a century of research into the mechanisms that maintain bi

219 Nearly a century of research on enhancing critical heat flux (CHF

220 Despite more than a century of research on HR, little is known about how it

221 After almost a century of scientific interrogation, significant progres

222 Despite more than a century of use in clinical practice, the prototypic bind

223 e environment as a consequence of about half century of use in different fields of applications.

224 show that the spatial patterns observable in centuries-old Balinese rice terraces are also created by

225 t the slightest disturbance, this remained a centuries-old puzzle.

226 (M=Al, Ga) can be synthesized using Werner's century-old cluster as a substitutable framework.

227 er et al. shed new light on Theodor Boveri's century-old hypothesis by demonstrating that aneuploidy

228 A century-old interest in natural yellow seed variants and

229 We revisit the century-old law and examine the limits of its applicabil

230 esence or absence of ST-segment elevation, a century-old technology.

231 A century-old tenet in physics and engineering asserts tha

232 Full-length barcodes obtained from all three century-old Venezuelan syntypes of U. kikkawai show that

233 ause oPOM can reside in soils for decades to centuries, organic matter accumulating under future rate

234 the 1% wettest days, by the end of the 21st century over Southern Africa.

235 2, a jellifying agent commonly added in 20th century paint tube formulations, proved decisive for the

236 (th) century [4]; and the most recent 19(th) century pandemic, in which Y. pestis spread worldwide [5

237 For centuries, physicians have recognized aortic aneurysms a

238 Although 19th-century plant geographers noted that the wet tropics har

239 nting the extent of late 19th and early 20th century pollution in remote North America.

240 tures or relocate, fish acclimated to end-of-century predicted temperatures (i.e. 31 or 33 degrees C)

241 geographic distributions sampled in the 20th century prior to climate change with resurveys of distri

242 Towards the 19(th) and 20(th) centuries, Q was introgressed into non-European B. tauru

243 4.5) or continues increasing throughout the century (RCP 8.5).

244 In the early to mid-20th century, reductionism as a concept in biology was challe

245 In the coming centuries, reefs will run the gauntlet of climate change

246 50 and a peak value near the end of the 20th century, reflecting interactions between anthropogenic a

247 How this is realized in 21st century remains uncertain, in large part due to limitati

248 and stroke has been the success story of the century's past 4 decades.

249 The 20th century's robotic systems have been made from stiff mate

250 For centuries, scholars have been captivated by this link be

251 e III have eluded scientists for more than a century since it was discovered.

252 ed to strengthen throughout the twenty-first century, suggesting that the Sahel will experience parti

253 Here we show that, over the twenty first century, temperate drylands may contract by a third, pri

254 ncholia in the late nineteenth and twentieth century textbooks closely resembled each other, both rep

255 These nineteenth century texts often contained phenomenologically rich de

256 It has been known for over a century that chromatin is not randomly distributed withi

257 estimate of GPP growth during the twentieth century that is based on long-term atmospheric carbonyl

258 During the 21st century the pooled incidence of appendicitis or appendec

259 For centuries, the catadromous European eel (Anguilla anguil

260 Over the past century, the focus of pneumonia etiology research has sh

261 For well over one century, the Hertz-Knudsen equation has established the

262 In the 21st century, the incidence of appendicitis or appendectomy i

263 CMIP5 simulations suggest that, during this century, the likelihood of autumn transatlantic migrants

264 in nematodes, rodents and humans for over a century, the mechanisms underlying the effects of probio

265 During the last century, the pathogenesis of AS has undergone transition

266 iomedical research has evolved over the past century, the terminology employed to categorize it has f

267 ve been extensively investigated in the last century, the traditional approaches employed in the past

268 e mechanisms have been known for more than a century, their cellular and molecular underpinnings are

269 tinues to rise further into the twenty-third century, then the associated large increase in radiative

270 success story of the first half of the 20th century, then the decline in mortality from coronary hea

271 Over the past half century there has been an increasing frequency of strong

272 ic functions of life, and over the past half-century, these natural micellar structures have inspired

273 hlorin synthetic chemistry in the early 20th century through 2015.

274 temperature and precipitation) over the last century through dendrochronological methods.

275 on and selective breeding have been used for centuries to adapt plant and animal species for human us

276 tropical cyclones in New York City in coming centuries to increase greatly compared with preindustria

277 It can take multiple centuries to millennia for a site to recover its prethaw

278 ten equation has been widely used for over a century to estimate the enzyme kinetic parameters from r

279 ndreds of oil paintings dating from the 15th century to the present.

280 based syndromes, popular since the late 18th century, to proto-disease entities.

281 taking us, by the middle of the twenty-first century, to values of CO2 not seen since the early Eocen

282 Although twentieth-century trends in drought regimes are ambiguous, across

283 up to 180 billion dollars by the end of the century under business-as-usual.

284 d 50% in some regions by the end of the 21st century under high-emissions scenarios.

285 oject ice-free conditions during summer this century under realistic emission scenarios, reflecting t

286 By the end of the 21st century under the RCP8.5 scenario, the corrections subst

287 " of over ten billion people within the next century, unprecedented demands will be placed on food, e

288 ge period (LIA, here defined as c. 16th-18th centuries) via persistent, blocked atmospheric condition

289 While regional 20(th) Century warming may account for a portion of the observe

290 In 1816, the coldest summer of the past two centuries was observed over northeastern North America a

291 limate, at least up to the start of the 21st century, was favorable for fishery productivity in the H

292 RCP8.5 projections for the end of the 21(st) century, we find that in the global, multi-model mean, p

293 By late century, we found modest changes in the spatial distribu

294 Well into the 21st century, we still triage acute myocardial infarction on

295 asters dating from the 14th to the late 19th centuries were analyzed using synchrotron-based X-ray di

296 will be the most vulnerable in the late 21st century when climatic conditions will be analogous to th

297 approaches to the disease began in the 18th century when leading physicians, such as Rene Laennec an

298 to about 14 cm would be expected in the 21st century, with continuing contributions lasting more than

299 of these soil carbon stocks over the 20(th) century, with models either gaining or losing over 20 Pg

300 drofluorocarbon substitutes in the next half-century would also contribute to centuries of future TSL