ライフサイエンスコーパス: chain

1 ecies or other living beings via the trophic chain.

2 ese compounds in samples related to the food chain.

3 e cell surface in association with the BCR H chain.

4 ation and cross-termination of the oxidative chain.

5 s located upstream of the electron transport chain.

6 chosen from a stationary distribution of the chain.

7 r other vertebrate consumers within the food chain.

8 ygen species (ROS) by the electron transport chain.

9 ing complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

10 e to lack of NADH for the electron transport chain.

11 RV144 V2 Ab but paired with a mouse lambda L chain.

12 cceptor building block into the polymer main chain.

13 changes in the constant domain of the light chain.

14 he assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

15 d conjugated diene linked to a di- or triyne chain.

16 c acid synthase which forms the disaccharide chain.

17 can subsequently be modified by a five-sugar chain.

18 ng steric hindrance of bulky ethylhexyl side chains.

19 and development of mineral commodity supply chains.

20 phous Se consists exclusively of infinity1Se chains.

21 troponin T and carbonylation of myosin heavy chains.

22 van der Waals interactions between the acyl chains.

23 ity when monomers covalently join in polymer chains.

24 pids with defined head groups and lipid side chains.

25 near the base of benthic and planktonic food chains.

26 on coefficients and miscibility of the alkyl chains.

27 raction generated by the six cyclohexyl side chains.

28 ase HOIP, which synthesizes linear ubiquitin chains.

29 elta, annexin A1/A3/A4/A5/A6, clathrin heavy chain 1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alpha

30 of several proteins, including myosin light chain-2 slow and troponin T and carbonylation of myosin

31 LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3) (3,4) .

32 tivity (complex II of the electron transport chain); 3) increase catalase activity that is involved i

33 In parallel, mRNA expression of myosin heavy chain 7 and natriuretic peptide B is up-regulated in bot

34 e other macrolides, which carry several side chains, a single desosamine sugar is attached to the mac

35 NC1 domain derived from collagen alpha3(IV) chain-a major structural component of the BM-was capable

36 f amino acids (AAs), in particular, branched chain AAs (BCAAs), are often found increased in nonalcoh

37 h a dramatic reduction in electron transport chain abundance.

38 tant mice showed impaired electron transport chain activity and accumulated autophagy markers.

39 s TAMs differentiation by attenuating medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity and that inhibitio

40 decreased acetylation of mitochondrial long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a known SIRT3 deacetylatio

41 ACBP binds very-long-chain acyl-CoA esters, which is required for its ability

42 eased glycolysis and an accumulation of long chain acylcarnitines.

43 By avoiding weak links in the ablation chain, ALCI-guided ablation is expected to improve succe

44 The strain-hardening behavior and chain alignment are found to depend on the volume fracti

45 complex mixture of both odd- and even-alkyl chain alkylresorcinols (AR), branched-chain alkylresorci

46 -alkyl chain alkylresorcinols (AR), branched-chain alkylresorcinols (bcAR) and methylalkylresorcinols

47 ent strands to form an infinite metal-ligand chain along the fibril axis.

48 inds ribosome-associated nascent polypeptide chains, also binds to the TPR domain of Sec72, even thou

49 increases our knowledge of the role branched-chain amino acid catabolism plays in seed development an

50 ial function; 13 pathways including branched chain amino acid synthesis were significantly enriched i

51 Circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs

52 diovascular disease risk (including branched-chain amino acids, select unsaturated lipid species, and

53 e first case of hereditary fibrinogen Aalpha-chain amyloidosis was recognized >20 years ago, but dise

54 richlet multinomial mixture modeling, Markov chain analysis, and mixed-effect models were used to inv

55 approach to simulate the dynamics of a spin chain and maximise the entanglement generation.

56 inct interactions at 4.7 A between Phe1 side chain and perfluoroaryl electrophile moiety are observed

57 c resonance (NMR) spectroscopic study of the chain and ring crystalline allotropes of Se as well as o

58 mELO1 and TmELO2 function to synthesize long chain and very long chain fatty acids.

59 libraries of fixed length, or single protein chains and have suggested that KLK7 exerts a chymotrypti

60 , a cysteine protease that cleaves invariant chains and produces antigenic peptides for loading onto

61 The [010] atomic chains and the resulting anisotropic behavior are clearl

62 t substituents (speed bumps) on the flanking chains and two macrocycles with different cavity sizes.

63 0 million secreted and membrane-bound single-chain antibodies and identify antibodies that can replac

64 However, in reality, side chains are attached to the peptide backbone and surround

65 te that 1) the Se8 rings and the infinity1Se chains are characterized by their unique (77) Se NMR sig

66 st to other precise polyethylenes, where the chains are mostly trans within the crystals.

67 Branched ubiquitin chains are particularly challenging, as multiple modific

68 f-associates, while interactions between K10 chains are purely repulsive.

69 fore important to ensure that poly-ubiquitin chains are removed only from committed substrates and fa

70 We show that K11/K48-linked chains are synthesized and processed by essential ubiqui

71 The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex, LUBAC, is the only known mammali

72 MenA inhibiting, long chain-based compounds were designed, synthesized and eva

73 s demonstrated via an intraelectron transfer chain between neighboring redox units of clustered parti

74 exploration of the ways to break the causal chain between these complex phenotypes, which could info

75 We assume nothing about the Markov chain beyond reversibility and show that significance at

76 te and/or product of the reaction is an acyl chain bound to an acyl carrier protein, are classified s

77 ger to initiate the nonlinear HCR, forming a chain-branching growth of DNA dendrimer by self-assembly

78 These magnetosomes are typically arranged in chains, but other forms of assemblies such as clusters c

79 Ricin A chain can cause toxicity by inhibiting protein synthesis

80 ing its recognition of the Fab HM14c10 light chain CDRs.IMPORTANCE A chimeric yellow fever-dengue liv

81 ity, this enzyme can use cellobiose and long-chain cellodextrins with a degree of polymerization of g

82 ands screened, those with the shortest alkyl chain, -(CH2)2-, and a hydrophilic carboxylic acid end g

83 report the design and application of single-chain cofactor-free kinases with photoswitchable activit

84 -globule transition in water after which the chains collapse and aggregate into bigger globules when

85 The lineage Abs bore an anionic heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDRH3) of 25

86 We fed KD to mice with respiratory chain complex III (CIII) deficiency and progressive hepa

87 oichiometry of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and skin inflammation and suggest that s

88 ibits a rather broad distribution in polymer chain conformation due to the strong steric hindrance of

89 ard Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 These features are main-chain conformational differences in loops adjacent to th

90 it may be speculated that this pair of side chains could promote oligomerization of kalata B1 throug

91 ed to quantify the influence of dreierketten chain cross-linking on the anisotropic mechanical behavi

92 Most notably, the fatty acyl chain-dependent differential localization of phospholipi

93 corporate 13 different amine-containing side chains designed to bind in the minor groove of DNA while

94 ng density and graft distribution impact the chain dimensions and physical properties of polymers.

95 We propose that the charged region and chain directionality assist product dissociation, and th

96 ectra during permeabilization indicated acyl chain disordering along with decreased intensity of the

97 While the variation of the side chains does not alter the photoconductive properties of

98 vely for the dominating Dols, while for long-chain Dols, the relative input of the MEP and MVA pathwa

99 t sites of synthesis for dominating and long-chain Dols.

100 ammation and suggest that severe respiratory chain dysfunction, as observed in few cells leading to a

101 king self-Thy-1 ligand, immunoglobulin light chain editing occurred, generating B cells with up-regul

102 ths observed, suggesting that the fatty acid chain elongation process was not affected.

103 alylation in substrate selection and polySia chain elongation.

104 Using the chain-end N3, the obtained linear and brush polymers wer

105 polymers functionalized with ligands on the chain ends, small molecule ligands, and palladium ions;

106 rotein kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and negative regulat

107 n phosphorylating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.

108 the balance between solvent and polypeptide chain entropies.

109 red mtDNA copy number as well as respiratory chain enzyme activities and levels.

110 for the insertion of heme b into respiratory chain enzymes.

111 andom oxidative modification of cryptic side chains exposed by mechanical unfolding can be slowed by

112 confirmed by uniform NCAM1 and myosin heavy chain expression.

113 azine acrylamide monomer was synthesized and chain extended using atom transfer radical polymerizatio

114 tation end products, in particular the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, are believed to be invo

115 ultured with butyric acid, a principal short-chain fatty acid in the fermentation metabolites of S. e

116 Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are used as a rich source of m

117 ic metabolism, like butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), induce regulatory T cells (Tr

118 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate, produced th

119 Levels of the fecal short-chain fatty acids acetate and caproate were reduced and

120 des, and an increased incorporation of short-chain fatty acids and dihydroxylated bases into inositol

121 Medium chain fatty acids can activate the pro-inflammatory rece

122 harides partially restored total fecal short-chain fatty acids from the level significantly repressed

123 by high concentrations of linoleic acid, odd-chain fatty acids, and very long-chain fatty acids, was

124 c acid, odd-chain fatty acids, and very long-chain fatty acids, was associated with lower incidence o

125 ction to synthesize long chain and very long chain fatty acids.

126 ism and vacuolar morphology through the long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase Faa1, independently of t

127 suitable for the analysis of medium and long chain FFAs in beer.

128 mbination of temperature-dependent polyester chain flexibility and accessibility of the enzyme active

129 hows that, among others, degradation of side-chain fluorinated polymers in the environment and landfi

130 in a source for PCBs and PCDD/Fs in our food chain for decades to come.

131 c platform to target other redox-active side chains for native conjugation.

132 ducing polysulfonates with a variety of side chain functionalities in >99 % conversion within 10 min

133 e lacking both the Rag2 and the common gamma-chain (gammac) genes (Rag2(-/-)gammac(-/-)), indicating

134 While radical chain halogenation reactions provide efficient access to

135 of novel antibody-based therapies, and heavy chain (Hc) heterodimers represent a major class of bispe

136 disulfide bond linked to a C-terminal heavy chain (HC) which includes a translocation domain (HN) an

137 n about how zDHHC enzymes contribute to acyl chain heterogeneity.

138 All NESs also participate in main chain hydrogen bonding with human CRM1 Lys568 side chain

139 caffold generated from camelid-derived heavy-chain IgGs, are one such example.

140 ptibility signal in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus centring on a haplotype of nonsynonymo

141 , glutathione peroxidase-1, and myosin heavy chain IIa in quadriceps of control mice but not in ATF3-

142 pendent relationship between high free light chain, immunoglobulins and hospital mortality.

143 pite the presence of only 50% of chiral side chain in the sequence.

144 porting the importance of these charged side chains in fibril formation of betaS.

145 rica, Yunnan province in China, and mountain chains in Papua-New Guinea.

146 Analyses of expression patterns of LN chains in the human limbal niche provided evidence for e

147 -beta2, -beta3, -gamma1, -gamma2 and -gamma3 chains in the limbal basement membrane, with LN-alpha5 r

148 eptide backbone and surrounded by other side chains in the protein scaffold in biology, which may alt

149 In the N139L mutant, the bulky L139 side chain inhibits timely reprotonation of E286 through the

150 These cells respond to an insulin B-chain (InsB) epitope presented by the HLA-DQ8 molecule a

151 lted in human VH pairing with mouse lambda L chains instead of allowing otherwise subdominant V2-glyc

152 able intersheet association mediated by side chain interactions, which is characteristic of the amylo

153 The polymer chain is terminated by a beta-linked Kdo (3-deoxy-d-mann

154 s, through which a subset of the native side chains is displayed on an unnatural building block to ge

155 ntly nonproductive rearrangements of other L chain isotypes.

156 phorylation, which is driven by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK).

157 and contractility regulated by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) were responsible for the intriguing

158 two myosin-signaling pathways, myosin light chain kinase and Rho-associated kinase.

159 letal defects, while inhibiting myosin light chain kinase or phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase

160 ed specifically in the MHB, and myosin light chain kinase together mediate MHBC cell length.

161 Yet, cause-and-effect chains leading to the extinction remain poorly constrain

162 n cross-linking reactions within the polymer chains leads to the unexpected formation of porous carbo

163 d chlorination level; congeners with a fixed chain length (n) and number of chlorines (m) are referre

164 ixtures of chlorinated alkanes with variable chain length and chlorination level; congeners with a fi

165 chain-length standards with a single carbon chain length and variable chlorination level.

166 ng similarity between compounds of different chain length but analogous functional groups.

167 intermediates of PFAS precursors (different chain length fluorotelomer saturated acids (FTCAs) and f

168 tion in A. baylyi is dependent on the carbon chain length.

169 n rate constants with increasing carbon side-chain length.

170 ctors (RFs) that are calculated from 17 SCCP chain-length standards with a single carbon chain length

171 There was no shift to shorter acyl chain lengths observed, suggesting that the fatty acid c

172 Alcohols with chain lengths of 10-14 carbons decrease Tmix in ternary

173 A versatile and rapid access to various chain lengths of ethylene-bridged BODIPY motifs was disc

174 derivatized amino acids with increasing acyl chain lengths.

175 on are robust and generalizable across alkyl chain lengths.

176 Importantly, dual-labeled ribosome-nascent chain libraries enable single-molecule co-localization o

177 coordinate by forming a highly hierarchical chain-like structure of homogeneously clustered anatomic

178 n (n = 1, 2), featuring infinite Zr(IV) -oxo chains linked via polyphenolate groups on four peripheri

179 But, synthesis of long-chain macromolecules needed to support higher-order func

180 models are a class of continuous-time Markov chain models that capture the multi-hit initiation-promo

181 or these features directly and employ Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques to provide robust inference

182 pling observations in each round of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo.

183 of their associated myosin regulatory light chains (MRLCs).

184 Proportions of n-3 PUFAs (very long-chain n-3 [VLC n-3; sum of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosa

185 erization of platinum(II)-crosslinked single-chain nanoparticles (Pt(II) -SCNPs) to demonstrate their

186 n = 17) to CSF levels of neurofilament light chain (NFL), reflective of axonal damage and sCD27, know

187 rily cell autonomous, from loss of alpha3(V) chains normally produced by tumour cells, in which they

188 The grafting density (number of side chains/number of norbornene backbone repeats) could be s

189 DYNC1H1 encodes the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein-1, a 1.4-MDa motor complex t

190 )-NQR) is a key component of the respiratory chain of diverse prokaryotic species, including pathogen

191 the behavioral action of NPS, and present a chain of evidence that the effects of NPS within the hyp

192 riopathogenic microbiota, respectively, in a chain of self-reinforcing events.

193 dification is to lock the hydroxymethyl side chain of the neomycin or paromomycin ring I, as part of

194 a G574D (p.G736D) substitution in the alpha1 chain of type I collagen.

195 ents (by approximately 3-5%) and longer unit chains of both amylopectins and their phi, beta-limit de

196 cose esterified with varying numbers of acyl chains of differing length.

197 These are self-assembled chains of rigid bodies with an inversion centre and no r

198 eophilic functional groups, such as the side chains of serine and cysteine, using electrophilic probe

199 ic ubiquitin-like protein Pup to lysine side chains of the target protein via an isopeptide bond.

200 tion to data on the sizes and generations of chains of transmission, respectively.

201 th the E2 complex Ubc13/Uev1a, assembles K63-chains on PSD-95.

202 romotes the polymerization of longer polySia chains on SynCAM 1, suggesting a critical role for polyS

203 This variable domain of an H chain-only Ab (VHH or nanobody) significantly inhibited

204 n, the recombinant variable domains of heavy-chain-only antibodies (VHHs) are becoming a salient opti

205 termed ciA-C2, derived from a camelid heavy-chain-only antibody (VHH).

206 atom statistical potential derived from side-chain packing, named OPUS-DOSP, for protein structure mo

207 Most GIL-specific TCRs utilize alpha/beta chain pairs encoded by the TRAV27/TRBV19 gene combinatio

208 roduce well-oriented (highly anisotropic) Re-chains perpendicular to WS2 edges.

209 limited selection of rather well-known long-chain PFASs, particularly perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS

210 We report ncAAs with aryl carbamate side chains (PheK and FPheK) that can react with proximal nuc

211 Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNfH) levels are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid

212 eing delivered to a greater extent than long-chain polymers.

213 that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, might reduce the risk

214 mycotoxins in buildings and our food-supply chain, prevent the spoilage of foods/animal feeds, books

215 Here, we use side-chain proton NMR relaxation dispersion measurements, X-r

216 s include imbalance in the alpha/beta-globin chain ratio, ineffective erythropoiesis, chronic haemoly

217 Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) end point platforms directly estim

218 in 2-based RDTs using qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (nested PCR targeting the cytochrom

219 rology on patient sera as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and larval identification of the me

220 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other molecular assays have dem

221 technologies involving real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that facilitate direct analy

222 Detection of pneumococcus by lytA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood had poor diagnostic accura

223 proved by use of real-time immuno-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to parasitemia limits of 0.02 para

224 d based on parasite prevalence by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- and the prevalence of antibodies t

225 HCoV detected in nasal samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

226 Giardia isolates was performed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of a fragment of tpi and bg

227 unohistochemical and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses to examine expression of the amy

228 n were analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively.

229 sted using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for 17 viruses.

230 D We measured LTL by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 566 outpatients (age: 63+/-9 years; 76

231 y real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in C cases presenting between January 200

232 s should consider IgM antibody or polymerase chain reaction testing for Zika virus as well as diagnos

233 ormed multiplexed droplet digital polymerase chain reaction to detect spontaneous Kras mutations in P

234 used immunoblot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the molecular response to Wnt

235 Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on the tissue specimens and

236 tudy, BRAF(V600E) allele-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to map the neoplastic clone in 2

237 uantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and DNA methylation was quantified at 7

238 y, luciferase activity, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and multiplex assays.

239 leic acid-based assays, including polymerase chain reaction, isothermal amplification, ligation, and

240 everse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, to check for concordance with next-gener

241 uantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry w

242 ions, we developed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based approach to determine the precise s

243 echniques, like flow cytometry or polymerase chain reaction-based methods, has been challenging becau

244 emistry, histology, and real-time polymerase chain reaction.

245 nalyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

246 (HHVs) were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

247 nucleotide real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

248 ut Low-Density Array quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

249 ens were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

250 region into the upper part of the fatty acyl chain region.

251 a hydrogen-bonding interaction from the side chain residue of Asn315.

252 will depend on how actors in the food value chain respond.

253 e short hairpin RNA targeting clathrin heavy chain, resulting in approximately 85% protein loss.

254 bers (SFs) depend on myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation, which is driven by myosin l

255 horylation of the NM myosin regulatory light chain (RLC), NM myosin filament assembly and contraction

256 e tropomyosin, arginine kinase, myosin light chain, sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, and hemocya

257 Results were consistent with a free radical chain scission mechanism, supported by measurements of s

258 ic ether groups with a stiff polycyclic main chain, serves as a grafted polymer skin on the Li metal

259 n between CBFbeta-smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC; encoded by CBFB-MYH11) and RUNX1 plays a c

260 iastolic flow contained reduced myosin heavy chain, smooth muscle actin, and desmin, and increased ma

261 We interviewed immunization and cold-chain staff, assessed equipment, and recorded temperatur

262 Bangladesh has substantial cold-chain storage and transportation capacity after inactiva

263 h to the prices of taxed beverages among the chain stores in which Berkeley implemented the tax in 20

264 The energies of the possible chain structures were determined computationally, highli

265 ydrogels are formed from hydrophilic polymer chains surrounded by a water-rich environment.

266 nd more severe NASH, based on a set of short-chain TAGs and FFAs.

267 UDP-4-N3-GlcNAc served as a chain termination substrate for hyaluronan or heparosan

268 erase GT modules are separated from the GT99 chain terminator by a coiled-coil structure that forms a

269 tic precursors into the growing depsipeptide chain that swings between T1 and T2a/T2b with C3 cyclizi

270 , but differ in the final transfer of the TA chain to either peptidoglycan or a glycolipid.

271 fforts need to be intensified along the food chain to reduce Campylobacter load, especially on chicke

272 he use of magnesium carbenoids allows carbon chains to be grown with the incorporation of sensitive f

273 upled homo- and heterometallic poly(f-block) chains to better understand fundamental electronic struc

274 because the Gnd(+) cross-linked the polymer chains together.

275 ed aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SCARAFT) polymerization method was devel

276 ible gels, arising from a loss in entropy as chains transition to a conformationally restricted bridg

277 nally, we report that resting levels of long-chain triacylglycerols in mitochondrial myopathy correla

278 Several ubiquitin chain types have remained unstudied, mainly because tool

279 tructures of affimers bound to their cognate chain types reveal mechanisms of specificity and a K11 c

280 A exhibited an inherent bias toward lambda L chain usage.

281 optimally done by interrogation of paired H chain V region (VH) and L chain V region (VL) sequences

282 gation of paired H chain V region (VH) and L chain V region (VL) sequences of individual and Ag-speci

283 riate modeling revealed immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene (IGHV) mutation status and trisomy 1

284 to investigate the frequency of use of light-chain variable region (IGVL) genes among patients with s

285 value function for the states of the Markov chain, we would like to show rigorously that the present

286 de chain) with a primary amide group (Q side chain) weakens the hydrophobic interaction generated by

287 nt antibodies with "matched" heavy and light chains were cloned as IgG1, and those of high affinity f

288 between T1 and T2a/T2b with C3 cyclizing the chain when it reaches the full length.

289 on (via ROCK phosphorylation of myosin light chain), which are coupled to ECM signaling that is modul

290 hydrogen bonding with human CRM1 Lys568 side chain, which acts as a specificity filter that prevents

291 eir structure of an extended alkyl-aryl side chain, which establishes idiosyncratic interactions with

292 electrostatic repulsions between acidic side chains, which collectively drive a sharp pH-triggered tr

293 al transport studies in atomic and molecular chains, which will be key to investigating numerous fund

294 doximes containing chemically different side chains, whose break-down products are involved in stress

295 particular, simulating Dyson's original spin chain with the most memory-efficient classical algorithm

296 have tightly packed organizations of polymer chains with low hydration levels, giving rise to crystal

297 s on the interaction of K29-linked ubiquitin chains with two N-terminal loops of Ufd2p.

298 ggests that replacing an amine group (K side chain) with a primary amide group (Q side chain) weakens

299 34, mediated by the sequence of the nascent chain within the exit tunnel.

300 acterized by low symmetry having 1D metallic chains within the planes and extremely weak interlayer b