ライフサイエンスコーパス: channelrhodopsin

1 ing ChR2 together with ReaChR, a red-shifted channelrhodopsin.

2 light negatively regulates activation of the channelrhodopsin.

3 kinetic modeling of four candidate stoplight channelrhodopsins.

4 of the Schiff-base proton in low-efficiency channelrhodopsins.

5 acteriorhodopsin (BR), than to earlier known channelrhodopsins.

6 and compatibility with blue-light-excitable channelrhodopsins.

7 e photoreceptor genes COP1/2, COP3 (encoding channelrhodopsin 1 [ChR1]), COP4 (encoding ChR2), COP5,

8 s (ChRs), based on chimeras of Chlamydomonas channelrhodopsin-1 and Volvox channelrhodopsin-1.

9 Both the level of channelrhodopsin-1 at the onset of illumination and its

10 Channelrhodopsin-1 from Chlamydomonas augustae (CaChR1)

11 Channelrhodopsin-1 from the alga Chlamydomonas augustae

12 tropin is involved in adjusting the level of channelrhodopsin-1, the dominant primary receptor for ph

13 Chlamydomonas channelrhodopsin-1 and Volvox channelrhodopsin-1.

14 we explored an optogenetic approach based on channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR-2), a direct light-activated non

15 Experiments combining channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) and electrical stimulation wit

16 A Cre-dependent vector expressing channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) fused with enhanced yellow flu

17 d viral approaches we directed expression of channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) to FS interneurons to study th

18 In the present study, channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) was specifically introduced in

19 n of ch-BF neurons genetically targeted with channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) was sufficient to induce an im

20 ers on dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) expressing channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2), we identified conditions that

21 mical conversions in Guillardia theta cation channelrhodopsin 2 (GtCCR2) and its mutants.

22 nterneurons, through selective expression of channelrhodopsin 2 after viral-mediated transfection of

23 to selectively activate neurons that express channelrhodopsin 2 and demonstrated that selective neuro

24 sing cell type-selective photostimulation by channelrhodopsin 2 in BLA slices from mouse brain, we ex

25 a were stimulated using genetically targeted Channelrhodopsin 2 in transgenic mice.

26 addition to VGluT3(-/-) mice, we used VGluT3-channelrhodopsin 2 mice to selectively stimulate VGluT3(

27 Using viral-mediated in vivo expression of channelrhodopsin 2, the present study dissected fast exc

28 In particular, the Glu90 residue in channelrhodopsin 2, which needed to be mutated to a neut

29 Results were further validated with channelrhodopsin 2-assisted circuit mapping (CRACM) of t

30 esicular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter-channelrhodopsin 2-enhanced yellow fluorescence protein

31 and HIPP-BC synapses appears weak and slow, channelrhodopsin 2-mediated excitation of SOM terminals

32 The two-cycle model of this high efficiency channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR) opens new perspectives in under

33 We labelled with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) a population of cells in eithe

34 neurons activated during fear learning with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and later optically reactivate

35 We used channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) as an optogenetic tag to ident

36 ensory neurons for conditional expression of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) channels.

37 gadolinium-enhanced MRI scans, we simulated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression via gene delivery.

38 cle, we constructed AAV vectors carrying the channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) gene under the control of a 1

39 Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has provided a breakthrough fo

40 Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has quickly gained popularity

41 to modulate light-evoked ionic current from Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in brain tissue, and consequen

42 ng expression of the light-sensitive channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in cardiac tissue.

43 erhopsin-3 (Arch), halorhodopsin (eNpHR), or channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in Choline acetyltransferase n

44 knock-in line with conditional expression of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in GABAergic interneurons.

45 nduced whisker map plasticity, by expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in L2/3 pyramidal cells and me

46 l-mediated gene transfer was used to express channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in the mouse CN.

47 We selectively expressed channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in TMN neurons and used patch-

48 Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is a light-activated channel t

49 Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is a light-activated nonselect

50 Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is a light-gated cation channe

51 The light-activated microbial ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is a powerful tool to study ce

52 The optogenetic tool channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is widely used to excite neuro

53 In this study, we use channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) optogenetics to test whether t

54 Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or Archaerhodopsin (Arch) were

55 uditory midbrain neurons that either express channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or Chronos, a channelrhodopsin

56 In mice, we expressed Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or Halorhodopsin (eNpHR3.0) in

57 ion potentials with concurrent activation of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or halorhodopsin (eNpHR3.0), v

58 ociated viral vectors (AAV5) carrying either channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or halorhodopsin (NpHR), under

59 chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) protein under the control of t

60 Light-gated ion permeation by channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) relies on the photoisomerizati

61 We used arbitrary point channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) stimulation and wide-scale vol

62 We demonstrated pharmacologically that PV-channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) stimulation evoked activation

63 reperfusion using transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) to activate deep layer cortica

64 We used adeno-associated viral delivery of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) to inferior olivary neurons to

65 d the light-activated excitatory ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) to the plasma membrane of hcrt

66 rterioles on motor function in Thy-1 line 18 channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) transgenic mice within the fir

67 oactivation of VTA VGluT2 neurons expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) under the VGluT2 promoter caus

68 systemic, cardiac-specific gene transfer of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) was simulated.

69 nt study, the light-activated cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) was used to selectively evoke

70 Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-based optogenetic technique ha

71 ltichannel recording with silicon probes and channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-mediated optical activation, w

72 Targeted channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-mediated stimulation of cortic

73 Recordings from channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-tagged neurons revealed that t

74 xpressed light-sensitive ion channels, e.g., Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2).

75 eered to express the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2).

76 ocycle kinetics of Platymonas subcordiformis channelrhodopsin-2 (PsChR2), among the most highly effic

77 hototaxis receptor Platymonas subcordiformis channelrhodopsin-2 (PsChR2), are light-gated cation chan

78 We first molecularly characterized Thy1-channelrhodopsin-2 (Thy1-ChR2-EYFP)-expressing neurons a

79 ed to selectively transduce BFc neurons with channelrhodopsin-2 and a reporter through the injection

80 act brain of anesthetized mice co-expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 and Archaerhodopsin in pyramidal cell

81 we injected a Cre-dependent virus coding for channelrhodopsin-2 and enhanced yellow fluorescent prote

82 used Cre recombinase-mediated expression of channelrhodopsin-2 and halorhodopsin to activate dMHb ne

83 gic neurons with the light-sensitive protein channelrhodopsin-2 and identified them based on their re

84 gic neurons with the light-sensitive protein channelrhodopsin-2 and identified them based on their re

85 Cultures were transfected with ChannelRhodopsin-2 and optically stimulated using random

86 l structure of neural activity in vivo using channelrhodopsin-2 and repeatedly imaging dendritic spin

87 fferent competition of the ions in wild-type channelrhodopsin-2 and two high-performing channelrhodop

88 o-associated virus carrying fusion genes for channelrhodopsin-2 and YFP, in either the rostral or cau

89 With the equipped lasers, channelrhodopsin-2 and/or halorhodopsin expressed in sel

90 Glutamatergic Mthal neurons, transduced with channelrhodopsin-2 by injection of lentiviral vector (Le

91 We show here that electroporated channelrhodopsin-2 can be activated in ovo with light fl

92 uclear polarization applied to (15)N-labeled channelrhodopsin-2 carrying 14,15-(13)C2 retinal reconst

93 drive behavior were low (at low intensities, channelrhodopsin-2 conductance varies linearly with inte

94 6 to 545 nm, dovetailing well with maxima of channelrhodopsin-2 derivatives ranging from 461 to 492 n

95 e novel insight into the photoactive site of channelrhodopsin-2 during the photocycle.

96 tical stimulation of interneurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2 evoked fast GABAergic inhibitory curr

97 ormed optogenetic mapping of motor cortex in channelrhodopsin-2 expressing mice to assess the capacit

98 ndividual CA1 pyramidal neurons that express channelrhodopsin-2 for 48 h leads to an outward shift of

99 s compared with the more extensively studied channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR

100 s, as compared with the most frequently used channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR

101 A variant of the cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR

102 Channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a l

103 Channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, CrChR

104 mulation of VGLUT2(+) projections expressing channelrhodopsin-2 further reveals functional excitatory

105 tus, we virally transfected VTA neurons with channelrhodopsin-2 fused to enhanced yellow fluorescent

106 tions in mice with conditional expression of channelrhodopsin-2 in GABAergic interneurons.

107 arison of the light-induced FT-IR spectra of channelrhodopsin-2 in H2O and D2O at 80 K enabled us to

108 yers and cell types in the MEC, we expressed channelrhodopsin-2 in mouse MS neurons and used patch-cl

109 Here, we selectively express channelrhodopsin-2 in olfactory cortex pyramidal cells a

110 elective photostimulation of astrocytes with channelrhodopsin-2 in primary visual cortex enhances bot

111 monstrate successful optical transfection of channelrhodopsin-2 in single selected neurons.

112 lective stimulation of astrocytes expressing channelrhodopsin-2 in the CA1 area specifically increase

113 rents following viral-mediated expression of channelrhodopsin-2 in the mThal, prefrontal cortex (PFC)

114 We illuminated channelrhodopsin-2 in the thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE)

115 ms were as competent as the blue light-gated channelrhodopsin-2 in triggering motor output in respons

116 Computationally, we introduced channelrhodopsin-2 into a classic autorhythmic cardiac c

117 dent viral vector to express light-sensitive channelrhodopsin-2 into VTA glutamatergic neurons.

118 Channelrhodopsin-2 is a light-gated ion channel and a ma

119 gulated by phototropin, whereas the level of channelrhodopsin-2 is not significantly altered.

120 olonged lifetimes of the conducting state of channelrhodopsin-2 may be achieved by mutations of cruci

121 Using a lentivirus expressing channelrhodopsin-2 or a light-activated chloride channel

122 etermined interneuron populations expressing channelrhodopsin-2 provides an unprecedented opportunity

123 s in mouse islets expressing the light-gated channelrhodopsin-2 resulted in stimulation of electrical

124 Analysis of long-range connectivity using channelrhodopsin-2 revealed that the strength of synapti

125 d optogenetics in transgenic mice expressing ChannelRhodopsin-2 selectively in either cardiomyocytes

126 To confirm this, we activated channelrhodopsin-2 specifically in the larval dHb and pe

127 evice and illuminated for photoactivation of channelrhodopsin-2 to induce contractions in body wall m

128 Channelrhodopsin-2 was expressed in midline and paralami

129 The primary reaction dynamics of channelrhodopsin-2 was investigated using femtosecond vi

130 ze interference of the optical activation of channelrhodopsin-2 with the visual perception of the fli

131 ptogenetic stimulation (using the excitatory channelrhodopsin-2) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in aw

132 In the position of Glu-123 in channelrhodopsin-2, ACRs contain a noncarboxylate residu

133 s with deletion-mutant rabies virus encoding channelrhodopsin-2, and used this in conjunction with re

134 S-Cre mice expressing tdTomato fluorescence, channelrhodopsin-2, archaerhodopsin or GCaMP3.

135 Light-gated ion channels, e.g., Channelrhodopsin-2, enable precise control of firing pat

136 he fast deactivation of the excited state in channelrhodopsin-2, it is possible to observe the direct

137 Optogenetic stimulation of RTN with channelrhodopsin-2, or inhibition with archaerhodopsin,

138 gene for the light-sensitive cation channel, channelrhodopsin-2, was inserted into the MCH neurons of

139 xpress optogenetic light-sensitive channels, channelrhodopsin-2, we found that modulation of PC firin

140 scopy and genetically targeted expression of Channelrhodopsin-2, we mapped connections in a cell-type

141 logy, and genetically targeted expression of Channelrhodopsin-2, we mapped the functional connectivit

142 We used the light-activated ion channel, channelrhodopsin-2, which is expressed by genetic manipu

143 d-shifted absorption spectrum as compared to Channelrhodopsin-2, which is highly beneficial for optog

144 that express the light-sensitive ion channel channelrhodopsin-2, which we then engrafted into partial

145 white light as compared to narrow-band opsin channelrhodopsin-2, while maintaining the ms-channel kin

146 to PV neurons we have performed subcellular Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping in slices of

147 Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping revealed tha

148 We used channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping to character

149 hese projections in learning, we developed a channelrhodopsin-2-based assay to probe selectively for

150 With a single light source, we stimulated channelrhodopsin-2-expressing long-range posteromedial (

151 Photostimulation of channelrhodopsin-2-expressing macrophages improves atrio

152 ward the receptive field of optically driven channelrhodopsin-2-expressing neurons of the primary vis

153 Channelrhodopsin-2-mediated activation of PV(+) interneu

154 Using ChannelRhodopsin-2-mediated stimulation of HSNs, we obse

155 Optrode recordings from channelrhodopsin-2-tagged ventral medulla GABAergic neur

156 injection of adeno-associated virus encoding channelrhodopsin-2-Venus showed similar fiber labeling a

157 eno-associated virus to transduce cells with channelrhodopsin-2.

158 of excitatory neurons in visual cortex using channelrhodopsin-2.

159 rvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons with channelrhodopsin-2.

160 spiking interneurons with cholecystokinin or channelrhodopsin-2.

161 blue-light stimuli in pathways that express channelrhodopsin-2.

162 re to a particular context were labeled with channelrhodopsin-2.

163 to a very efficient energy redistribution in channelrhodopsin-2.

164 nt mutations on the isomerization process of Channelrhodopsin-2.

165 ger photocurrents in HEK cells compared with channelrhodopsin-2.

166 nd potent UAS (upstream activation sequence)-channelrhodopsin-2Colon, two colonsYFP transgenic strain

167 Anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) are a class of light-gated chan

168 Natural anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) discovered in the cryptophyte a

169 Anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) from cryptophyte algae expresse

170 iscovered over the past two years: (a) anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) from cryptophyte algae, which e

171 recently discovered family of natural anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) have the highest conductance am

172 Natural anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) recently discovered in cryptoph

173 We engineered a channelrhodopsin actuator, CheRiff, which shows high lig

174 o POMC neurons, although when activated with channelrhodopsin AgRP neurons inhibit POMC neurons throu

175 express halorhodopsin to allow activation of channelrhodopsin and halorhodopsin, individually or simu

176 be used to express optogenetic tools such as channelrhodopsin and protein sensors such as GCaMP.

177 fects, we photostimulated mitral cells using channelrhodopsin and recorded centrally maintained persi

178 is red shifted by 45 nm relative to previous channelrhodopsins and can enable experiments in which re

179 ns (ACRs) have the highest conductance among channelrhodopsins and exhibit exclusive anion selectivit

180 n of light-absorbing probe molecules such as channelrhodopsins and melanopsins.

181 Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes expressing channelrhodopsin, and the animals rapidly frozen.

182 ressing melanopsin and to neurons-expressing channelrhodopsin are quantified and imaged with the BRET

183 Channelrhodopsins are light-gated cation channels that h

184 Channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels of green

185 Channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels that, via

186 Channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels with exte

187 Channelrhodopsins are microbial type rhodopsins that ope

188 Although channelrhodopsins are widely used to modulate the plasma

189 These proteins (channelrhodopsins) are extensively used for millisecond

190 Channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping (CRACM) demons

191 of performing neurotransmitter uncaging and channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping, with the aim

192 subpopulation of piriform neurons expressing channelrhodopsin at multiple loci in the piriform cortex

193 consistent with channel function evolving in channelrhodopsins at the expense of their capacity for a

194 ts that can be realized with next-generation channelrhodopsins, but also highlight the challenge of i

195 ngineered Cl(-)-conducting mutants of cation channelrhodopsins (CCRs) showed radical differences in t

196 elatively well studied conductance by cation channelrhodopsins (CCRs), not attributable to simply a m

197 c neural suppression; (b) cryptophyte cation channelrhodopsins (CCRs), structurally distinct from the

198 Contrary to cation channelrhodopsins (CCRs), the ion conducting state of AC

199 bioactivity of the non-invasively introduced channelrhodopsin channels by performing stimulation in f

200 The animals expressed a blue-shifted channelrhodopsin, CheRiff, and a near infrared Archaerho

201 Chloride conducting channelrhodopsins (ChloCs) are new members of the optoge

202 The discovery of the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin (ChR) set the stage for the novel field

203 Channelrhodopsin (ChR)-mediated photocurrent responses a

204 Channelrhodopsins (ChR1 and ChR2) are light-activated io

205 ered for strong, Cre-dependent expression of channelrhodopsins ChR2-tdTomato and ChR2-EYFP, halorhodo

206 rgic BF-lHb terminals of non-aggressors with channelrhodopsin (ChR2) decreases lHb neuronal firing an

207 etic facilitation of neuronal responses with channelrhodopsin (ChR2) enhances approaches to small obj

208 e evoked startle responses via activation of Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) expressed in ear and lateral lin

209 strains of transgenic mice - the Chat, with channelrhodopsin (ChR2) expressed in motoneurons, and th

210 expression and function of virally expressed Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in CST cell bodies and in axon t

211 In transgenic adult mice expressing channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in Dbx1(+) neurons, photorespons

212 Using mice expressing channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in keratinocytes we show that bl

213 iated virus serotype 6 enables expression of channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in motor neurons innervating the

214 In the present experiments we expressed channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in the ARN kisspeptin population

215 We paired optogenetic channelrhodopsin (ChR2) stimulation in either central nu

216 Injections of Cre-dependent channelrhodopsin (ChR2)-bearing adeno-associated virus i

217 tion strategy to identify minimal subsets of channelrhodopsin (ChR2)-expressing neurons that are suff

218 Here we describe two channelrhodopsins, Chronos and Chrimson, discovered thro

219 Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are directly light-gated ion ch

220 Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-activated ion channel

221 Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated cation channels

222 Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated cation channels

223 Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated ion channels wi

224 Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are used to optogenetically dep

225 nation intensity (0.3 mW.mm(-2)) to activate channelrhodopsins (ChRs) in vivo was reliably achieved a

226 mutations in some relatively low-efficiency channelrhodopsins (ChRs) result in blue shifts.

227 t the rare sequences in a diverse library of channelrhodopsins (ChRs) that express and localize to th

228 have been engineered from cation conducting channelrhodopsins (ChRs), and later identified in a cryp

229 construction of color-tuned high efficiency channelrhodopsins (ChRs), based on chimeras of Chlamydom

230 diverse chimeras from three sequence-diverse channelrhodopsins (ChRs).

231 to the recently discovered high-photocurrent channelrhodopsin CoChR restricted expression of this ops

232 l properties, by solving the high-resolution channelrhodopsin crystal structure, and by structural mo

233 outcome--reduced dendritic arbors following channelrhodopsin depolarization and expanded arbors foll

234 this population of TRP-expressing cells with channelrhodopsin dramatically exacerbates airway hyperre

235 Channelrhodopsin-driven activity rapidly (<1 min) drives

236 retardation 1 (dfmr1), as well as following channelrhodopsin-driven depolarization during critical p

237 N GABAergic neurons via light stimulation of channelrhodopsin elicited physical withdrawal symptoms i

238 bursts that precludes light-evoked bursts in channelrhodopsin-expressing Dbx1 preBotC neurons.

239 havior in this task by optically stimulating channelrhodopsin-expressing perirhinal neurons at variou

240 Patterned laser stimulation of channelrhodopsin-expressing presynaptic RSC axons evoked

241 We recorded activity from channelrhodopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells in re

242 we present a resource for cell-type-specific channelrhodopsin expression in Rhesus monkeys and apply

243 n be used in conjunction with a blue-shifted channelrhodopsin for all-optical electrophysiology, alth

244 ransfection of hippocampal interneurons with channelrhodopsin for the optogenetic manipulation of hip

245 , and by structural model-guided redesign of channelrhodopsins for altered ion selectivity.

246 in microbial rhodopsins, including that for channelrhodopsin from Chlamydomonas augustae and its mut

247 In more efficient channelrhodopsins from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Mesost

248 oton pumps rather than with previously known channelrhodopsins from chlorophyte (green) algae.

249 rspectives in understanding the mechanism of channelrhodopsin function.

250 (BA) neurons in brain slices from mice with channelrhodopsin genetically targeted to 5-HT neurons.

251 The first generation of chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins, guided in part by development of a st

252 The light-gated Channelrhodopsin has been widely used to study and manip

253 ness of evoked photocurrents in conventional channelrhodopsins has hampered the development of optopr

254 ructure-guided design of chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins has illuminated mechanisms underlying

255 With conditional expression of channelrhodopsin in dopamine neurons, we systematically

256 activity in V1 of transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin in SOM(+) neurons or PV(+) neurons.

257 cells over development by virally expressing channelrhodopsin in the inferior olive.

258 Moreover, through targeted expression of channelrhodopsin in these cells, in flies that are blind

259 The recently discovered cation-conducting channelrhodopsins in cryptophyte algae are far more homo

260 c to express the photosensitive ion channel, channelrhodopsin, in neurons of the cortical amygdala ac

261 express CsChrimson, a red-shifted variant of channelrhodopsin, in specific chemosensory neurons and e

262 The discovery of channelrhodopsins introduced a new class of light-gated

263 the two mechanisms, we crossed mice in which channelrhodopsin is endogenously expressed in cholinergi

264 atCh, a light-sensitive Ca(2+)-translocating channelrhodopsin linked to yellow fluorescent protein.

265 ystem that, in contrast to cation-conducting channelrhodopsins, opening of the channel occurs prior t

266 bility testing after activation of MLIs with channelrhodopsin or electrical stimulation in the molecu

267 Here we expressed channelrhodopsin or halorhodopsin in basal forebrain cho

268 ptogenetic approach to either activate (with channelrhodopsin) or silence (with halorhodopsin) glutam

269 ng, we designed and characterized a class of channelrhodopsins (originally cation-conducting) convert

270 he validation and further development of the channelrhodopsin pore model via crystal structure-guided

271 of these next-generation chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins provide both chronic and acute timesca

272 ow that a recently described red activatable channelrhodopsin (ReaChR) permits control of complex beh

273 modified Volvox carteri ChR1 red-activatable channelrhodopsin ("ReaChR," lambdamax = 527 nm), are of

274 Channelrhodopsins serve as photoreceptors that control t

275 t 445 nm, making PsChR the most blue-shifted channelrhodopsin so far identified.

276 Optical activation of channelrhodopsin specifically expressed in DAergic SACs

277 Here, we report that optogenetic channelrhodopsin stimulation of neurons in central nucle

278 Channelrhodopsins, such as the algal phototaxis receptor

279 e, we show that the step-function inhibitory channelrhodopsin, SwiChR, can be used to persistently in

280 annels, these proteins are cation-conducting channelrhodopsins that carry out light-gated passive tra

281 pulses, while restricting the expression of channelrhodopsin to principal neurons.

282 Here, we used channelrhodopsin to stimulate GABAergic axons from the b

283 the temporal focusing method and restricting channelrhodopsin to the soma and proximal dendrites, we

284 Here we explore multiwavelength control of channelrhodopsins to circumvent this limitation.

285 ic tagging system to selectively express the channelrhodopsin variant, ChEF, and optogenetically reac

286 e channelrhodopsin-2 and two high-performing channelrhodopsin variants CatCh+ and C1V1.

287 from the retinylidene Schiff base in several channelrhodopsin variants expressed in HEK293 cells.

288 This novel panel of channelrhodopsin variants may serve as an important tool

289 ht" technique described in this article uses channelrhodopsin variants that are opened by blue light

290 An ER-localized channelrhodopsin was used to manipulate the cytoplasmic

291 ed cation channels and the most blue-shifted channelrhodopsin, was studied by time-resolved absorptio

292 d GFP-based probes with distinct variants of channelrhodopsin, we provided proof-of-principle for an

293 ight-gated ion channel (Ca(2+)-translocating channelrhodopsin) were subjected to patterned illuminati

294 expressing the light-sensitive ion channel, channelrhodopsin, were isolated from the fetal or postna

295 e acetyltransferase expressing neurons using channelrhodopsin while recording post-synaptic currents

296 ress channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or Chronos, a channelrhodopsin with ultra-fast channel kinetics.

297 s of magnitude, by discovering and designing channelrhodopsins with altered spectral properties, by s

298 c constructs based on selective targeting of channelrhodopsins with distinct functional properties to

299 on channels have been elucidated by creating channelrhodopsins with kinetics that are accelerated or

300 Chronos has faster kinetics than previous channelrhodopsins yet is effectively more light sensitiv