ライフサイエンスコーパス: chest

1 al of cardiopulmonary bypass) and closure of chest.

2 try, and high-resolution computed tomography chest.

3 f Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and Chest.

4 rgical options for adult patients with small chests.

5 1000), and computed tomography scans of the chest (2.5 to 12.3 per 1000).

6 Closed-chest 40 min I/R was performed in 20 pigs sacrificed at

7 A multiphase computed tomography scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis should be performed.

8 Complete staging with a CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis with contrast redemonstrated

9 including a computed tomography scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, demonstrated rectal wall thi

10 und to have an acute traumatic injury to the chest, abdomen, or pelvis.

11 eligible if they had >/=1 of the following: chest/abdominal/back pain, syncope, perfusion deficit, a

12 nfidence interval [CI], -175 to -43), London Chest Activity of Daily Living Questionnaire = 18 (95% C

13 e) and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), London Chest Activity of Daily Living Questionnaire, and qualit

14 isted of a 30-min dynamic PET/CT scan of the chest after intravenous administration of 200 MBq of (18

15 CT imaging of the chest and abdomen ( Fig 2 ) revealed periaortic and retr

16 dergoing computed tomographic imaging of the chest and abdomen.

17 e basis of the size of a pediatric patient's chest and to develop a method to estimate computed tomog

18 es, 21 patients in the proximal field of the chest, and 26 patients had both positive truncal and pro

19 CTDIvol) and effective dose in 274 124 head, chest, and abdominal CT examinations performed in adult

20 e comprehensive study of the abdomen, heart, chest, and inferior vena cava, and many variations in te

21 rial review of congenital pathologies of the chest, and to emphasize factors that optimize postnatal

22 In normal open-chest animal preparations, the pericardium restrains LV

23 In closed-chest animals, pericardiotomy was performed using a nove

24 PR)=1.61 (95% CI: 1.42, 1.82)], tightness in chest [aPR=1.58 (95% CI: 1.37, 1.81)], and burning eyes

25 y sites evaluated (face, back of neck, upper chest, arms, and legs), the umbrella group showed a stat

26 Here, we use bioengineered 'microfluidic chest cavities' to precisely control the mechanical envi

27 CHEST cells are a primary cell line with perivascular en

28 d erythroid differentiation, indicating that CHEST cells are a useful tool for identifying molecular

29 udal hematopoietic embryonic stromal tissue (CHEST) cells from 72-hours post fertilization (hpf) caud

30 eline (18)F-FDG PET examination with a 2-min chest-centered dynamic acquisition, started at the time

31 n high-resolution computed tomography of the chest characteristic of LAM, but who have no additional

32 ymphadenopathy on computed tomography of the chest compared with patients with PAH without EIF2AK4 mu

33 inferior to the VSI approach with respect to chest compression (CC) rate.

34 Chest compression depth was lower with blood pressure ca

35 s 2 studies documented no difference between chest compression-only CPR and CPR using chest compressi

36 Two demonstrated worse 30-day outcomes with chest compression-only CPR for children 1 through 18 yea

37 better than no CPR but was no different from chest compression-only CPR in 1 study, whereas another s

38 ence review and treatment recommendation for chest compression-only CPR versus CPR using chest compre

39 another study observed no differences among chest compression-only CPR, CPR using chest compressions

40 .037) and a longer delay before the start of chest compressions (109 +/- 77 vs 70 +/- 56 s; p = 0.038

41 e Research Network intensive care units with chest compressions for >/=1 minute and invasive arterial

42 breaths, we recommend that rescuers provide chest compressions for infants and children.

43 ations are provided for the role of external chest compressions in such patients.

44 chest compression-only CPR versus CPR using chest compressions with rescue breaths for children <18

45 CPR using chest compressions with rescue breaths should be provide

46 alyzed for infants <1 year of age, CPR using chest compressions with rescue breaths was better than n

47 among chest compression-only CPR, CPR using chest compressions with rescue breaths, and no CPR.

48 een chest compression-only CPR and CPR using chest compressions with rescue breaths.

49 n and quantity as quantified on preoperative chest computed tomographic scans may be predictive of mo

50 e (n=354) was used to identify patients with chest computed tomographies performed in the 3 months be

51 Subjects underwent chest computed tomography (CT) and imaging with conventi

52 or (PCD) technology can improve dose-reduced chest computed tomography (CT) image quality compared wi

53 Chest computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a 2.5-cm ma

54 calizer radiography and that from subsequent chest computed tomography (CT) with tube current modulat

55 To determine if chest computed tomography (CT)-assessed functional small

56 school-age children (7-16 yr) with CF before chest computed tomography and in 72 healthy control subj

57 months, and target lobe volume reduction on chest computed tomography at 3 months.

58 PET and chest computed tomography images showed enlarged mediast

59 rial content, and inflammation, and obtained chest computed tomography scans.

60 It has been suggested as a surrogate for chest computed tomography to detect structural lung abno

61 However, lung clearance index cannot replace chest computed tomography to screen for bronchiectasis i

62 d laboratory and pulmonary function studies, chest computed tomography, and bronchoscopy with broncho

63 instay of diagnostic imaging is non-enhanced chest-computed-tomography (CT), for which various non-sp

64 projection resulted in higher TCM values for chest CT (P < .001) owing to the higher attenuation (P <

65 hest x-ray + head and neck MRI (CXR/MRI) and chest CT + head and neck MRI (CHCT/MRI) with (18)F-FDG P

66 itial human experience with dose-reduced PCD chest CT demonstrated lower image noise compared with co

67 Given the high number of performed chest CT examinations, this contributes to a significant

68 of this paper is to present our protocol for chest CT imaging in the youngest age group, together wit

69 st x-ray plus head and neck MRI (CXR/MRI) or chest CT plus head and neck MRI (CCT/MRI).

70 Chest CT scan without intravenous contrast demonstrated

71 ggested that one out of 250 women undergoing chest CT will show a malignant incidental breast lesion.

72 Chest CT with TCM was performed after one localizer radi

73 was fixed at 0 degrees and 180 degrees ; for chest CT, a spiral trajectory with TCM was used.

74 reduced reference tube current at subsequent chest CT.

75 ced CTPA superior over non-contrast_enhanced chest-CT in patients with suspected IPA.

76 For chest CTDIvol, overall median dose across all institutio

77 For chest CTDIvol, unadjusted median CTDIvol was 16.5 mGy at

78 imilar to patients with noncardiac causes of chest discomfort (0.2%), and lower than T2MI2007 (3.6%)

79 the FFR group than in the iFR group reported chest discomfort during the procedure.

80 hmatic patients who had prolonged coughs and chest discomfort with the middle or high dose of ICS/LAB

81 roup, P = 0.264) and the average duration of chest drainage (P = 0.107).

82 herapy, and radiotherapy (cranial, neck, and chest) exposures achieved an area under the curve and co

83 f inclination of the device at postoperative chest film, operative time, postoperative complications,

84 smears are negative can benefit from MD HRCT chest findings to predict those patients of high risk wi

85 ember with worsening shortness of breath and chest heaviness for 1 week.

86 cough and sputum scores, lung function, and chest high-resolution computed tomography as well as bio

87 tomography (CT) as an alternative to current chest imaging based screening will lead to an increased

88 Demographic information, medical history, chest imaging results, and HIV test results were recorde

89 exposure and disease, mosaic attenuation on chest imaging, and poorly formed non-necrotizing granulo

90 External chest impacts (commotio cordis) can cause mechanically i

91 is to study the usage of multi-detector HRCT chest in diagnosing pulmonary TB cases whose sputum smea

92 We review chest indrawing physiology in children and relate this t

93 ferring or daily monitoring of children with chest indrawing pneumonia and signs of severe respirator

94 daily monitoring criteria for children with chest indrawing pneumonia in low-resource settings.

95 or orbital fracture, long bone fracture, and chest injury.

96 With chest intact in the pig model, percutaneous pericardial

97 ading in normal and diseased hearts with the chest intact.

98 sthetized and mechanically ventilated closed-chest Landrace pigs (67 +/- 2 kg).

99 how the feasibility of catheter-only, closed-chest, large-vessel anastomosis (superior vena cava and

100 The lung clearance index (LCI) and chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were shown to det

101 r SMBK knockouts) were subjected to the open-chest model of myocardial infarction.

102 in normal canines with open (n=3) and closed chest (n=5) and in a pig model with features of human he

103 erventions, computed tomography scans of the chest, nuclear procedures, and pacemaker/implantable car

104 d promptly in patients presenting with acute chest or back pain and high blood pressure.

105 In early presenters (chest pain <3 h), the improvement in rule-in/rule-out cl

106 for visit were pneumonia (4.5%), nonspecific chest pain (3.7%), and urinary tract infection (3.2%).

107 46%), followed by dysphagia (n = 4, 37%) and chest pain (n = 2, 18%).

108 luation of Chest Pain), patients with stable chest pain (or dyspnea) and intermediate pretest probabi

109 Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain (PROMISE) trial, readers at 193 North America

110 were infusion reactions (four [11%] of 37), chest pain (two [5%] of 37), haemolysis (two [5%] of 37)

111 Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain [PROMISE]) includes stable, symptomatic outpa

112 o-apply instrument to stratify patients with chest pain according to their short-term risk for major

113 % of men vs. 53% of women; P = 0.59), mainly chest pain and dyspnea.

114 singly used technique for initial work-up of chest pain and early post-reperfusion and follow-up eval

115 omen presented more frequently with atypical chest pain and had a lower pretest probability of corona

116 patients (N = 22,589) >25 years of age with chest pain and hs-cTnT analyzed concurrently in the emer

117 luation of Chest Pain), patients with stable chest pain and intermediate pretest probability for obst

118 nstrate its role in evaluating patients with chest pain and nonobstructive coronary artery disease.

119 0-day MACE in a majority of ED patients with chest pain and performed better than the troponin-alone

120 d a pain in her tail bone, and one woman had chest pain and shortness of breath).

121 Among patients with chest pain and stable troponin levels, any detectable le

122 pectively, for patients with abdominal pain, chest pain and/or dyspnea, and headache; P < .0001); med

123 Most patients with chest pain are discharged from the emergency department

124 hs-cTn) levels and outcomes in patients with chest pain but no myocardial infarction (MI), or any oth

125 ement detailed clinical assessment including chest pain characteristics and the electrocardiogram.

126 ovascular (CV) risk profile in patients with chest pain discharged from the ED.

127 ctly discharged from the ED with unspecified chest pain experienced fewer MACEs and had a better risk

128 ted with pneumonia; however, the presence of chest pain in 2 studies that included adolescents was as

129 val, 14%-17%) and was accompanied by typical chest pain in 24 of 397 patients (6%) and any ischemic s

130 is useful to rule out other causes of acute chest pain in patients admitted to the emergency departm

131 graphy (2D-TTE) to determine causes of acute chest pain in patients presenting to the ED in order to

132 Chest pain is a leading reason patients seek medical eva

133 Hospital evaluation of patients with chest pain is common and costly.

134 e during initial assessment of patients with chest pain is safe, but the effect on health care resour

135 coronary angiography for evaluation of acute chest pain of coronary origin in non-diabetic patients.

136 ry CTA strategy to standard of care in acute chest pain patients.

137 Unselected patients with chest pain presenting at emergency departments in 2013 a

138 ctice, more than 25% of patients with stable chest pain referred for noninvasive testing will have no

139 Optimal management of patients with stable chest pain relies on the prognostic information provided

140 ity of readmissions were because of low-risk chest pain that did not require any intervention.

141 elop constitutional symptoms or sudden onset chest pain that start days or weeks after atrial fibrill

142 In patients with acute chest pain undergoing coronary CTA, cost-efficient testi

143 rapid identification of those patients with chest pain who require admission and urgent management a

144 ing in contemporary patients who have stable chest pain with a low burden of obstructive CAD, myocard

145 (Better Evaluation of Acute Chest Pain with Computed Tomography Angiography [BEACON]

146 test clinical data to identify patients with chest pain with normal coronary arteries and no clinical

147 y included 65,696 patients with "unspecified chest pain" discharged from 16 Swedish hospital EDs betw

148 Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain) found that initial use of at least 64-slice

149 Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain), patients with stable chest pain (or dyspnea

150 Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain), patients with stable chest pain and interme

151 noninvasive testing for patients with stable chest pain, although many subsequently have normal test

152 to deterioration of the composite of cough, chest pain, and dyspnoea in the QLQ-LC13.

153 fect, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chest pain, diverticulitis, enterovesical fistula, gastr

154 more prevalent in women than men, functional chest pain, dyspepsia, vomiting, and anorectal pain do n

155 symptomatic diagnoses including non-specific chest pain, dyspnoea and syncope (1368 [6%] deaths), and

156 ted tomographic angiography caused by stable chest pain, expert readers identified 30 patients with N

157 pe or presyncope, focal neurologic deficits, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, unintentional weight loss,

158 Typical symptoms include dyspnoea, chest pain, palpitations, and syncope.

159 Chest pain, pulmonary embolus, and mental status change

160 al of 250 consecutive patients admitted with chest pain, were enrolled in this prospective study.

161 icity and sensitivity of detecting causes of chest pain, when compared to patient history, clinical f

162 and assessment of prognosis in patients with chest pain.

163 as part of the clinical evaluation of stable chest pain.

164 value (PPV) of 100% for detecting causes of chest pain.

165 enting to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain.

166 selection of noninvasive testing for stable chest pain.

167 rthralgia, diarrhea, pruritus, vomiting, and chest pain.

168 artment (ED) with the diagnosis "unspecified chest pain." It is unknown if evaluation with a high-sen

169 reasons for readmission included nonspecific chest pain/angina (24%) and heart failure (11%).

170 ; 70% shortness of breath; 47% wheezing; 46% chest pain; 42% abnormal peak flow), 334 (84%) provided

171 uctions allows for a proper visualization of chest pathologies in small children, which has no influe

172 ast material-enhanced CT examinations of the chest performed between January 1, 1998, and January 1,

173 We used the AQuIRE (American College of Chest Physicians Quality Improvement Registry, Evaluatio

174 merican Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians recommendations are intended to support

175 Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians, provides evidence-based recommendation

176 Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians.

177 % CI, 0.04-0.97; NNT, 12; 95% CI, 6-100) and chest physiotherapy (RR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.13-0.82; NNT, 1

178 duced AF were examined in anaesthetized open chest pigs.

179 on refractory period and AF duration in open chest pigs: The effects of AP14145 and vernakalant on th

180 vents were infrequent and included headache, chest pressure, and orthostatic symptoms.

181 treatment era, and higher doses of brain and chest radiation are significantly associated with a grea

182 ncer diagnosis, sex, anthracycline dose, and chest radiation revealed that, among patients with the A

183 n both microbiologically confirmed cases and chest radiograph (CXR)-positive cases compared to contro

184 Chest radiograph approximated accurate catheter tip posi

185 lysis included 79 185 matched A and B Reader chest radiograph classifications.

186 Lateral chest radiograph demonstrated lytic destruction of the x

187 of the aortic valve location on plain supine chest radiograph images, which can be used to evaluate i

188 etermine the aortic valve location on supine chest radiograph images.

189 as associated with alveolar consolidation on chest radiograph in nonconfirmed cases, and with high (>

190 Conclusion Chest radiograph interpretation skill increased with exp

191 Purpose To investigate the development of chest radiograph interpretation skill through medical tr

192 key aspects such as antibiotic pretreatment, chest radiograph interpretation, utility of induced sput

193 has become a standard of care, postinsertion chest radiograph remains the gold standard to confirm ce

194 Chest radiograph ruled out pneumothorax in 137 of 137 pa

195 An infiltrate on chest radiograph was considered the reference standard f

196 graphy and lung ultrasound is noninferior to chest radiograph when used to accurately assess central

197 tuberculin skin test, syphilis serology, and chest radiograph) followed by more complex investigation

198 aboratory signs and absence of infiltrate on chest radiograph).

199 he lung for carbon monoxide, pulse oximetry, chest radiograph, and high-resolution thoracic computeri

200 eline period, unadjusted arterial blood gas, chest radiograph, and RBC utilization in the interventio

201 ial incentives targeting arterial blood gas, chest radiograph, and RBC utilization.

202 hildren with suspected pneumonia but without chest radiographic changes or clinical or laboratory fin

203 e To assess the level of concordance between chest radiographic classifications of A and B Readers in

204 density in IS specimens was associated with chest radiographic evidence of pneumonia (radiographic p

205 Serum levels of sIL-2R and ACE and chest radiographic findings were assessed.

206 Chest radiographs (CXRs) are a valuable diagnostic tool

207 Chest radiographs (CXRs) are frequently used to assess p

208 linically relevant complications detected on chest radiographs following ultrasound-guided right inte

209 Supine anterior-posterior chest radiographs of patients with an aortic valve prost

210 Posteroanterior and lateral chest radiographs were obtained in the emergency departm

211 s (DCNNs) for detecting tuberculosis (TB) on chest radiographs.

212 ard, which consisted of 1007 posteroanterior chest radiographs.

213 There were no arterial placements found on chest radiographs.

214 omography (CT) and imaging with conventional chest radiography (posteroanterior and lateral), DE imag

215 Initial radiologic examination included chest radiography and plain abdominal erect radiography.

216 Combined chest radiography and serum ACE levels at the standard c

217 the procedure to catheter utilization after chest radiography approval was 2.4 hours.

218 icting 6-y lung cancer incidence in the PLCO chest radiography arm, with sensitivities >79.8% and spe

219 Chest radiography combined with sIL-2R at a cutoff of 60

220 er with tomosynthesis than with conventional chest radiography for all nodules (1.49-fold, P < .001;

221 accuracy of bedside ultrasound compared with chest radiography for confirmation of central venous cat

222 sion Tomosynthesis outperformed conventional chest radiography for lung nodule detection and determin

223 , dual-energy (DE) imaging, and conventional chest radiography for pulmonary nodule detection and man

224 owed that tuberculosis screening by (mobile) chest radiography improved screening coverage and tuberc

225 gher for tomosynthesis than for conventional chest radiography in all nodule size categories (3.55-fo

226 This result shows that systematic use of chest radiography is a useful tool for active TB screeni

227 ow significant differences over conventional chest radiography or tomosynthesis alone.

228 tection when paired with either conventional chest radiography or tomosynthesis.

229 conventional chest radiography, conventional chest radiography plus DE imaging, tomosynthesis, and to

230 Chest radiography was estimated to have a sensitivity of

231 ing with DCNNs can accurately classify TB at chest radiography with an AUC of 0.99.

232 56%-72%) specificity alone but combined with chest radiography yielded 92% sensitivity and 58% specif

233 cy with tomosynthesis than with conventional chest radiography, as given by the area under the receiv

234 These imaging modalities include chest radiography, computed tomography, lung magnetic re

235 management by using images from conventional chest radiography, conventional chest radiography plus D

236 as associated with alveolar consolidation at chest radiography, very severe pneumonia, oxygen saturat

237 and exclusion of pneumothorax compared with chest radiography.

238 identify four out of every five earlier than chest radiography.

239 L-2R and ACE levels determined and underwent chest radiography.

240 he catheter tip determined by postprocedural chest radiography.

241 ected pathogens and were more likely to have chest retractions, wheezing, and a history of underlying

242 eripheral splenic infarct, while CECT of the chest revealed bilateral miliary lesions in the lungs al

243 hies that are characterized by a long narrow chest, short extremities, and variable occurrence of pol

244 are associated with increased rates of acute chest syndrome (ACS) and pain.

245 Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a common, serious complication o

246 ributing factor for the development of Acute Chest Syndrome (ACS), a major cause of morbidity and mor

247 pain crises per year (n = 12), or >/=2 acute chest syndrome episodes (n = 4) in the 2 years preceding

248 Acute chest syndrome is a frequent cause of acute lung disease

249 ty, white blood cell count, history of acute chest syndrome, and hemoglobin levels, demonstrated a hi

250 ic sequestration, or priapism) and the acute chest syndrome, and patient-reported outcomes were also

251 ises (defined as crises other than the acute chest syndrome, hepatic sequestration, splenic sequestra

252 -occlusive painful crisis, dactylitis, acute chest syndrome, splenic sequestration, or blood transfus

253 Acute chest syndrome-related and all-cause 7- and 30-day readm

254 isis, a composite of painful crisis or acute chest syndrome.

255 The fetal heart was visualized outside the chest through a defect in the lower sternum in associati

256 d blurred vision, and atypical symptoms like chest tightness and headache occurred in 86% and 66%, re

257 Changes in dyspnea and chest tightness were evaluated on a visual analogue scal

258 symptoms; and days of coughing, wheezing, or chest tightness) across 6, 9, and 12 months.

259 will exhibit increasing shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing, and/or wheezing.

260 questionnaires administered to participants, chest tomography, spirometry, and examination of induced

261 sus 4.78% (22 of 460) of other patients with chest trauma (OR, 1.50; 95% CI: 0.65, 3.47; P = .3371).

262 ersus 14% (64 of 460) in other patients with chest trauma (OR, 3.48; 95% CI: 2.18, 5.53; P < .0001).

263 CC fractures are common in high-energy blunt chest trauma and often occur with multiple consecutive r

264 36 months were reviewed retrospectively and chest trauma CT studies were evaluated by a second reade

265 c injuries were more common in patients with chest trauma with CC fractures (13%, 15 of 114) versus p

266 ctures (13%, 15 of 114) versus patients with chest trauma without CC fractures (4%, 18 of 460) (OR, 3

267 hemorrhage, P > .999; pneumothorax requiring chest tube and/or admission, P = .417).

268 th a median of 7.5 days from intervention to chest tube removal and 15 days from intervention to disc

269 number of critical deficiencies remain (eg, chest tubes, diagnostics, and orthopedic and neurosurgic

270 T reported, delivered in 11 fractions to the chest wall and nodes and 15 fractions inclusive of a boo

271 11 fractions of 3.33 Gy over 11 days to the chest wall and the draining regional lymph nodes, follow

272 cal center setting between 2009 and 2012 for chest wall disease that had recurred.

273 Salvage chemotherapy for recurrent chest wall lesions in breast cancer results in response

274 isease regression could be induced in murine chest wall mammary cancers with a topical toll-like rece

275 Five years ago, he was diagnosed with a left chest wall melanoma.

276 ession in treatment-refractory breast cancer chest wall metastases but responses are short-lived.

277 Forty-one patients had chest wall reconstructions; three had expanders removed

278 this is clinically studied for treatment of chest wall recurrence of breast cancer, however with var

279 were two patients with isolated ipsilateral chest wall tumor recurrences (2 of 67; crude rate, 3%).

280 us cysticercosis involving the left anterior chest wall' with high resolution ultrasound findings.

281 ed with mediastinal structures, abutting the chest wall, or recurring after previous treatment.

282 in treatment-refractory breast cancer of the chest wall.

283 After mastectomy chest-wall radiotherapy was associated with improved LRI

284 pleteness of excision or, where appropriate, chest-wall radiotherapy.

285 acer injection, a dynamic scan of the entire chest was acquired for 30 min.

286 Physical well-being of the chest was not fully restored in either the implant group

287 ubsequently, computed tomography (CT) of the chest was performed.

288 Computed tomography of the chest was the commonest mode of diagnosis (68%), althoug

289 and computed tomographic (CT) images of the chest were obtained.

290 ation by contrast computed tomography of the chest with consideration of repeat testing can lead to p

291 sequent computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest with contrast revealed a large consolidative right

292 monstrated disease that was localized to the chest with mild compression of the pulmonary vasculature

293 clinically used imaging strategies based on chest x-ray + head and neck MRI (CXR/MRI) and chest CT +

294 A chest x-ray demonstrated a right-upper-lobe opacity.

295 raphy and lung ultrasound are noninferior to chest x-ray for screening of pneumothorax and accurate c

296 f correct management as at least a referral, chest X-ray or sputum test, 41% (111 of 274) SPs were co

297 the traditional imaging strategies based on chest x-ray plus head and neck MRI (CXR/MRI) or chest CT

298 A preprocedure chest x-ray showed a right lower lobe infiltrate.

299 A chest x-ray showed bilateral hilar enlargement, thickeni

300 inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO2) ratio and chest X-rays.