ライフサイエンスコーパス: chlorin

1 ome b561, cytochrome b595, and cytochrome d (chlorin).

2 gy is applied to dyads of dihydroporphyrins (chlorins).

3 II particles of varying antenna size (8-250 chlorins).

4 he chlorin or by derivatization of an intact chlorin.

5 n amidinium-purpurin to produce an amidinium-chlorin.

6 re labile toward dehydrogenation to give the chlorin.

7 glet oxygen quantum yields found to the free chlorin.

8 ffording the 5,10-diaryl-15-halo-substituted chlorin.

9 mately 240 mV compared with that of the zinc chlorin.

10 exposed to air for 4-6 h, affording the zinc chlorin.

11 stable, enabling study of the conversion to chlorin.

12 etalated to give the corresponding free base chlorin.

13 between the isomeric 12- and 13-substituted chlorins.

14 l cations and radical anions of the examined chlorins.

15 developed for the synthesis of 7-substituted chlorins.

16 estern half provided access to 3-substituted chlorins.

17 rdless of synthetic or biological origin, to chlorins.

18 s are versatile precursors to porphyrins and chlorins.

19 round state as is found for low-spin Fe(III) chlorins.

20 nthetic tetrahydroporphyrins by reduction of chlorins.

21 s of readily prepared and oxidatively stable chlorins.

22 inker spans the 10-positions of the two zinc chlorins.

23 -fold, than with congeners that had no ortho chlorines.

24 eeds to PCDD/F congeners with less than four chlorines.

25 only strain to dehalogenate para-substituted chlorines.

26 lorines, but not doubly flanked or unflanked chlorines.

27 moving flanked para- and doubly flanked meta-chlorines.

28 ed ring and a water-solubilizing unit at the chlorin 10-position.

29 cribed a new synthesis of C,D-ring symmetric chlorins 11, involving 2 + 2 condensation of bis-formyl-

30 ring, has been extended to provide access to chlorin-13,15-dicarboximides.

31 Following a similar approach, chlorin 3 on reacting with bis-phosphonium salt of 4, 4'

32 tion of dihydrobenzoporphyrin 14 by reacting chlorin 3 with the phosphonium salt of p-methylbenzylbro

33 ing to this broadened in vitro activity, the chlorin 3-hydroxyethyl chlorophyllide a was newly identi

34 rption maximum (637-655 nm for the free base chlorins, 606-628 nm for the zinc chlorins) and intensit

35 tion of 8-phenanthrenevinylporphyrin 19 from chlorin 7 further confirmed our proposed mechanism for t

36 Since chlorin 7 is prepared from the parent porphyrin 1, this

37 [reaction: see text] C,D-ring symmetric chlorins 8 were prepared in 47-85% yield, on scales up t

38 nitrogen isotope ratio, nitrogen content and chlorin abundance data from sediment cores with high acc

39 A new class of nickel-containing chlorins (acyl tunichlorins) has been isolated from the

40 ta set of PCDD/F congeners with four or more chlorines along with all 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (P

41 porpholactone 5 results in the formation of chlorin analogues, meso-tetraaryl-3-hydroxy-2-oxachlorin

42 The morpholinochlorins, a class of stable chlorin analogues, were synthesized in two to three step

43 S, i.e., dipole-dipole) coupling in the ZnFb-chlorin and -oxochlorin dyads is enhanced relative to th

44 s of readily prepared and oxidatively stable chlorin and bacteriochlorin analogues with tunable optic

45 and is broad and split for the 13-13' linked chlorin and bacteriochlorin dyads.

46 ation of strongly conjugated hydroporphyrin (chlorin and bacteriochlorin) dyads.

47 of inhibitor-treated PGHS-1, producing iron chlorin and heme-protein adduct species.

48 and various spectral characteristics of the chlorin and oxochlorin building blocks provide the found

49 Taken together, the chlorin and oxochlorin dyads examined herein serve as be

50 ates and diminished efficiencies in the ZnFb chlorin and oxochlorin dyads versus the ZnFb porphyrin d

51 Collectively, the studies of the chlorin and porphyrin dyads provide insights into the st

52 Both contain aromatic chlorines and are subject to microbial dechlorination.

53 l window between that of analogous synthetic chlorins and 13(1)-oxophorbines (603-687 nm) and bacteri

54 Taken together, the facile access to chlorins and 13(1)-oxophorbines bearing substituents at

55 The current strengths of the chlorins and bacteriochlorins are 19-24 nA/T depending o

56 e described and contrasted against benchmark chlorins and bacteriochlorins.

57 Representative chlorins and oxochlorins were characterized by static an

58 free base chlorins, 606-628 nm for the zinc chlorins) and intensity of the chlorin Q(y)() band (epsi

59 ylene linker at the 13- or 3,13-positions of chlorin, and a second type where BODIPY is attached at t

60 sence of fused anhydride rings in porphyrin, chlorin, and bacterichlorin systems showed a significant

61 The ring-current strengths of the porphins, chlorins, and bacteriochlorins are 1.5-2.5 times stronge

62 The structures of the isolated porphyrins, chlorins, and bacteriochlorins, related to Bchl a, were

63 single regioisomers of diversely substituted chlorins, and in every case, the 2 + 2 condensation is a

64 le the stepwise construction of linear multi-chlorin architectures.

65 the ethylene moiety from those in which the chlorines are located on the aromatic ring with the meth

66 we can distinguish the isomers in which the chlorines are located on the ethylene moiety from those

67 oxidatively dechlorinated, whereas the other chlorines are removed by a reductive process in which ch

68 Chlorins are more closely related structurally to chloro

69 The chlorins are sterically uncongested and bear (1) a gemin

70 the synthesis and characterization of BODIPY-chlorin arrays containing a chlorin subunit, with tunabl

71 While proof of principle is shown on chlorin as a partially approved drug for photodynamic ca

72 The use of chlorins as photosensitizers or fluorophores in a range

73 posed of a common red-absorbing (645-646 nm) chlorin, as an energy donor, and a different near-IR emi

74 The PCET kinetics for purpurin/chlorin associated to NI are consistent with an amidine-

75 The arrays vary the tetrapyrrole (porphyrin, chlorin, bacteriochlorin), chromophore (boron-dipyrrin,

76 and optical properties of a series of novel chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy transfer dyads are descri

77 efficient energy transfer (>/=0.77) even for chlorin-bacteriochlorin pairs with large (up to 122 nm)

78 reatment strategy that combines PDT by a new chlorin-based nanoscale metal-organic framework (nMOF),

79 report here the rational design of the first chlorin-based nanoscale metal-organic framework (NMOF),

80 se amine complex, it was considered that the chlorin-based photosensitizers could be introduced into

81 Both porphyrin- and chlorin-based photosensitizers were able to elicit PDT-m

82 The chlorins bear one or two beta substituents, one meso sub

83 The zinc chlorins bearing a 3-TIPS-ethynyl-13-acetyl or a 3,13-di

84 Chlorins bearing a six-membered imide ring spanning posi

85 [structures: see text] Synthetic chlorins bearing diverse auxochromes at the 3- and 13-po

86 hes have been developed for the synthesis of chlorins bearing formyl groups: (1) reaction of an aceta

87 te has been exploited to construct nine zinc chlorins bearing substituents at the 3- and 13-positions

88 o-flask process was applied to form six zinc chlorins bearing substituents such as pentafluorophenyl,

89 Chlorins bearing synthetic handles at specific sites abo

90 ase chlorins have been prepared wherein each chlorin bears a geminal dimethyl group in the reduced ri

91 The rR bands of the ferrous chlorin become the major features with red laser excitat

92 d methodology for preparing meso-substituted chlorin building blocks and now present methodology for

93 Chlorin building blocks incorporating a geminal dimethyl

94 ments introduced enable 100-mg quantities of chlorin building blocks to be prepared in a facile and r

95 aring several complementary beta-substituted chlorin building blocks.

96 ogates due to the unavailability of suitable chlorin building blocks.

97 preferentially dehalogenated singly flanked chlorines, but not doubly flanked or unflanked chlorines

98 ks in the synthesis of porphyrins, corroles, chlorins, calix[4]pyrroles, porphodimethenes, BODIPY dye

99 d to illuminate the scope to which synthetic chlorins can serve as surrogates for chlorophylls and be

100 Two new substituted chlorins carrying auxochromes at the 3- and 13-positions

101 f singlet oxygen produced by the sensitizers chlorin (Chl) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl

102 A set of chlorin-chlorin and oxochlorin-oxochlorin dyads has been

103 des an access for novel carbon-carbon linked chlorin-chlorin dimers and chlorin-porphyrin dimers with

104 gher numbers of PEG groups, with the tri-PEG chlorin conjugate showing the best overall ovarian cance

105 for the parent chlorin e(6) and the mono-PEG chlorin conjugate.

106 The PEG chlorin conjugates accumulated in the cytoplasm and mitr

107 he PEG groups in the mono-, di-, and tri-PEG chlorin conjugates increased the water solubility and se

108 chanism is suggested for the di- and tri-PEG chlorin conjugates; however, a more complicated process

109 oporphyrin, whereas a 13(1)-oxophorbine is a chlorin containing an annulated oxopentano ring spanning

110 pinacol-pinacolone conditions, vic-dihydroxy chlorins containing 4-methoxyphenyl or 3,5-dimethoxyphen

111 actose-conjugated purpurinimides (a class of chlorins containing a six-membered fused imide ring syst

112 the proposal that a native ligand of ferrous chlorin d is replaced by CN- to form the 5cHS d2+ cyano

113 heme (b558), a high-spin heme (b595), and a chlorin d.

114 ase perturbs a spin-state equilibrium in the chlorin d3+ to yield entirely the high-spin form of the

115 The long-wavelength absorption of chlorins derives from a transition that encompasses ring

116 -bischloromethylbiphenyl produced conjugated chlorin dimer 25.

117 echanism for the formation of a spirochlorin-chlorin dimer 9.

118 ycloaddition gave an unexpected spirochlorin-chlorin dimer 9.

119 A first example of spirochlorin-chlorin dimer with fixed distances and orientations as p

120 Excitation of the chlorin donor results in relatively strong emission of t

121 the natural abundance and (13)C-labeled zinc chlorin dyads and benchmark zinc chlorin monomers reveal

122 ions) mechanism is suggested for the parent chlorin e(6) and the mono-PEG chlorin conjugate.

123 stigations reveal that the 17(3)-substituted chlorin e(6) conjugates are L-shaped, the 15(2) and 13(1

124 PEGylated chlorin e(6) photosensitizers were synthesized with tri(

125 A series of amino acid conjugates of chlorin e(6), containing lysine or aspartic acid residue

126 sign, MnO2 nanosheets adsorb photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), protect it from self-destruction upon

127 rombin aptamer and covalently linked it with Chlorin e6 (Ce6), which is a second generation photosens

128 mic therapy (PDT) was developed by designing chlorin e6 (Ce6)-containing macromolecules, which are se

129 e Zn(2+) and encapsulate the photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6).

130 1c1c7 cultures presensitized with N-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6) caused lysosomal disruption and apopto

131 gate (P-A); (b) free and HPMA copolymer-meso-chlorin e6 monoethylene diamine disodium salt (Mce6) con

132 we demonstrate that such a photosensitiser, chlorin e6, can be repurposed for PCI by conjugating the

133 Rose bengal and chlorin e6, photosensitizers (PSs) that generate singlet

134 umulate an exogenous chlorophyll derivative, chlorin e6, that renders them as sensitive to red light

135 was developed to attach the photosensitizer chlorin(e6) (c(e6)) to the F(ab')2 fragment of the murin

136 es were prepared between the photosensitizer chlorin(e6) and various proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, a

137 fter i.v. injection of the polyanionic 17.1A chlorin(e6) conjugate or unconjugated photosensitizer.

138 A preparation of albumin chlorin(e6) conjugate with additional albumin added (2.5

139 onic charge had both a higher absolute tumor chlorin(e6) content and a greater tumor:normal liver rat

140 re conducted with the same MAb conjugated to chlorin(e6) followed by illumination to reduce expressio

141 etylated conjugate between poly-l-lysine and chlorin(e6) increased the relative phototoxicity in vitr

142 ith additional albumin added (2.5 protein to chlorin(e6) molar ratio) showed significantly higher wel

143 ratios and increased the depth to which the chlorin(e6) penetrated into the peritoneal wall.

144 Photodynamic therapy with free chlorin(e6) produced a smaller decrease in tumor weight

145 r detection or a photochemically active dye (chlorin(e6)) for therapy of early premalignancy in the h

146 body 17.1A conjugated to the photosensitizer chlorin(e6), and (b) to compare the tumor response after

147 ents using either a chlorin (mono-L-aspartyl chlorin-e6)- or purpurin (tin etio-purpurin)-based sensi

148 s with BODIPY attached at the 10-position of chlorin exhibit a bright fluorescence in a range of solv

149 ere BODIPY is attached at the 10-position of chlorin exhibit approximately 5-fold brighter fluorescen

150 tached at the 3- or at both 3,13-positons of chlorin exhibit significant reduction of fluorescence in

151 The zinc chlorins exhibit long-wavelength peak absorption maxima

152 The chlorins exhibit typical absorption and fluorescence spe

153 The chlorins exhibit typical absorption spectra, fluorescenc

154 Each chlorin exhibits dominant absorption bands in the blue a

155 The chlorins FbC1-PO3H2 and FbC2-PO3H2 are highly water-solu

156 n of the position of the substituents (i.e., chlorines for PCBs and alkyl groups for alkylated-PAHs)

157 ogies provide expanded access to an array of chlorins for SAR studies that may advance the effectiven

158 , this study provides access to finely tuned chlorins for spectroscopic studies and diverse applicati

159 Chlorin formation is achieved by a two-flask process of

160 The chlorin-forming process could be implemented in either a

161 f the dihydrodipyrrin precluded study of the chlorin-forming process.

162 The formation of a bis-chromene-annulated chlorin from the bacteriochlorins is also described, inc

163 respectively, giving overall yields of zinc chlorin from the Eastern and Western halves of 12-45%.

164 s-chromene-annulated meso-(pentafluorophenyl)chlorins from meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrins

165 es for a rational, step-by-step synthesis of chlorins from readily available pyrrole precursors.

166 The reduction of a free-base chlorin generally forms a bacteriochlorin (BC), while th

167 The dominant method for the synthesis of chlorins has entailed the derivatization of porphyrins.

168 beta-Substituted chlorins have been prepared in 18-24% yield bearing a 4-

169 Two free base chlorins have been prepared wherein each chlorin bears a

170 Altogether four free base and four zinc chlorins have been prepared.

171 on state; no such change is observed for the chlorin homologue.

172 ent, a geminal dimethyl group to lock in the chlorin hydrogenation level, and no flanking meso and be

173 nts, a geminal dimethyl group to lock in the chlorin hydrogenation level, and no flanking meso and be

174 parable) chlorin-isoimide in addition to the chlorin-imide.

175 The resulting chlorin-imides and chlorin-isoimides exhibit long-wavele

176 roduced the ring-D oxidized (ring-B reduced) chlorin in >95% yield.

177 the ring A of spirochlorin and the ring C of chlorin in our model dimer 9 mimic the ring A-ring A int

178 robilene-a to form the meso-substituted zinc chlorin in yields of approximately 10%.

179 enol (DCP) via removal of the ortho and para chlorines in all of the three possible pathways.

180 m this series indicate that ADAMs containing chlorines in the aromatic rings might bind to HIV-1 reve

181 The properties of the water-soluble chlorins in aqueous media are comparable to those of hyd

182 case of the '3 + 1' approach, and furnishes chlorins in good to moderate yields.

183 With both ring-B reduced and ring-D reduced chlorins in hand, their photophysical and electrochemica

184 hotophysical properties of the water-soluble chlorins in phosphate-buffered saline solution (pH 7.4)

185 media are comparable to those of hydrophobic chlorins in toluene.

186 nerating chromene-annulated pyrrole-modified chlorins incorporating oxazolone and morpholine moieties

187 on (67%) among the reduced ring-B and ring-D chlorins investigated in this study.

188 A chlorin is a dihydroporphyrin, whereas a 13(1)-oxophorbi

189 The resulting zinc chlorin is sterically uncongested and bears (1) a gemina

190 nochromene-annulated meso-(pentafluorophenyl)chlorin is susceptible to a regioselective OsO4-mediated

191 sitions are the most toxic, removal of these chlorines is advantageous, but previous studies have onl

192 The absorption of the chlorin-(iso)imides fills the spectral window between th

193 fforded the isomeric (and readily separable) chlorin-isoimide in addition to the chlorin-imide.

194 The resulting chlorin-imides and chlorin-isoimides exhibit long-wavelength absorption (67

195 e 3- and 13-positions and two benchmark zinc chlorins lacking such substituents.

196 Attempts to prepare analogous chlorins lacking the 10-mesityl substituent encountered

197 hromophore) or (substituted) oxazole moiety (chlorin-like chromophore with, for the parent oxazolochl

198 is and fluorescence spectra) of the (metallo)chlorin-like chromophores that possess slightly red-shif

199 together, the synthesis of >1000 chlorins or chlorin-like compounds (containing >50 distinct pyrrolin

200 The chlorin-like optical properties of the alkyloxazolochlor

201 with a fixed chain length (n) and number of chlorines (m) are referred to as a "congener group" CnCl

202 yrroles that are derived from opening of the chlorin macrocycle by the Rieske-type oxygenase PHEOPHOR

203 ing in the conformational flexibility of the chlorin macrocycle direct the reactions toward the forma

204 duce a (13)C label at the 19-position of the chlorin macrocycle, which is a site of large electron/ho

205 m chlorophyll by oxygenolytic opening of the chlorin macrocycle.

206 The photoproperties of the chlorin moiety are also conserved, with comparable singl

207 (>/=0.80) energy transfer from BODIPY to the chlorin moiety in both toluene and DMF and exhibits inte

208 Treatments using either a chlorin (mono-L-aspartyl chlorin-e6)- or purpurin (tin e

209 abeled zinc chlorin dyads and benchmark zinc chlorin monomers reveal that the time scale for hole/ele

210 old brighter fluorescence than corresponding chlorin monomers, upon excitation at 500 nm.

211 the photosensitizer meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC).

212 These chlorin N-oxides can be manipulated to provide pairs of

213 table to the preparation of hitherto unknown chlorin N-oxides.

214 ylporphyrin N-oxide yields two regioisomeric chlorin N-oxides.

215 sfer from a zinc chlorin to a free-base (Fb) chlorin occurs with a rate constant of (110 ps)(-1) and

216 der goal of synthesizing fully non-symmetric chlorins of general structure 15, which requires regiose

217 The greater the number of chlorines on the (hydro-)quinone (oxygenated) ring, the

218 The substitution of chlorines on the biphenyl rings generally leads to small

219 These chlorins on reacting with osmium tetraoxide produced the

220 designated sites about the perimeter of the chlorin or 13(1)-oxophorbine macrocycle is essential for

221 either in the Eastern-half precursor to the chlorin or by derivatization of an intact chlorin.

222 duction of a third aryl substituent into the chlorin or oxochlorin causes an approximately 5-nm red s

223 Treatment of a 5,10-diaryl-substituted chlorin or oxochlorin with TFA-d(1) resulted in selectiv

224 zed for certain compounds bearing either two chlorines or two fluorines, and two methoxy groups gave

225 arrays containing PEG-substituted BODIPY and chlorins or bacteriochlorins were prepared and their opt

226 Altogether, the synthesis of >1000 chlorins or chlorin-like compounds (containing >50 disti

227 light-harvesting arrays containing multiple chlorins or oxochlorins.

228 es, mono- and dioxabacteriochlorins may have chlorin- or bacteriochlorin-like spectra.

229 A route to a spirohexyl-substituted chlorin/oxochlorin has also been developed.

230 Chlorins/oxochlorins bearing distinct patterns of substi

231 This study provides access to new chlorins/oxochlorins that can be utilized in diverse app

232 bon-carbon linked chlorin-chlorin dimers and chlorin-porphyrin dimers with fixed and flexible orienta

233 or bromination of a 5,10-diaryl-substituted chlorin proceeded with high regioselectivity, affording

234 on, and mass and NMR spectrometry as an iron chlorin product formed from the saturation of the double

235 The iron chlorin products characterized in this study are distinc

236 Chlorins provide the basis for plant photosynthesis, but

237 for the zinc chlorins) and intensity of the chlorin Q(y)() band (epsilon up to 79 000 M(-)(1) cm(-)(

238 The synthesis of the 13-substituted chlorins relied on p-TsOH x H2O-catalyzed condensation o

239 2a acyl derivatives of tunichlorin, a nickel chlorin reported by this laboratory in 1988.

240 sential for photosynthesis, is composed of a chlorin ring and a geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP)-der

241 tion of a transmembrane helix by a lipid and chlorin ring, (ii) lipid and beta-car connection of peri

242 These chlorin sensitizers were studied for hydrolytic stabilit

243 zation of BODIPY-chlorin arrays containing a chlorin subunit, with tunable deep-red (641-685 nm) emis

244 alkyloxazolochlorins are compared to regular chlorins, such as 2,3-dihydroxychlorins and nonalkylated

245 mpared with those of isomeric 12-substituted chlorins, synthesized previously via a 7,9-dibromo-1-for

246 s the entire history since the beginnings of chlorin synthetic chemistry in the early 20th century th

247 a variety of biologically relevant porphyrin/chlorin systems.

248 ain to use chlorobenzenes with three or more chlorines, tetrachloroethene (PCE), or dichlorotoluene (

249 ring two phenylphosphonic acid groups, (3) a chlorin that bears a single phenylphosphonic acid group,

250 Taken together, the facile access to chlorins that bear auxochromes at the 7-position enables

251 ute pioneered by Battersby to gain access to chlorins that bear two meso substituents, a geminal dime

252 cts of substituents yielded 3,13-substituted chlorins that contain a geminal dimethyl group in the py

253 A chlorin, the core chromophore of a chlorophyll, is a dih

254 In the 10-p-tolyl-substituted zinc chlorins, the series of substituents (7-TIPS-ethynyl, 7-

255 In the 10-mesityl-substituted zinc chlorins, the series of substituents, 3-vinyl, 13-TIPS-e

256 Unlike most of the natural and synthetic chlorins, the Zn(II) complexes of the benzochlorin analo

257 Depending on the substituents present on the chlorin, this regioselectivity may change, but ALIE calc

258 ere BODIPY is attached at the 10-position of chlorin through an amide linker.

259 and (19)F NMR spectra of the porphyrins and chlorins, thus providing a refined reference point for t

260 can be repurposed for PCI by conjugating the chlorin to a cell penetrating peptide, using bioorthogon

261 Excited-state energy transfer from a zinc chlorin to a free-base (Fb) chlorin occurs with a rate c

262 abeled chlorin was coupled with an unlabeled chlorin to give a dyad wherein a diphenylethyne linker s

263 what structural features are essential for a chlorin to resemble chlorophyll?" To begin to address th

264 hlorins represent the only nickel-containing chlorins to be isolated from a living system and are the

265 or studies of sparsely substituted synthetic chlorins to probe the effects of substituents yielded 3,

266 be a two-step conversion of C-alkylated zinc chlorins to zinc oxochlorins wherein the keto group is l

267 ed photosensitiser, disulfonated tetraphenyl chlorin (TPCS2a), in mediating photochemical internalisa

268 thyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH), a chlorin-type photosensitizer with more favorable photoph

269 exible orientation confirmed that one of the chlorin units of the dimeric structure is tilted toward

270 and DMF and exhibits intense fluorescence of chlorin upon excitation of BODIPY at approximately 500 n

271 hole/electron transfer rate observed for the chlorin versus porphyrin dyads is attributed to the fact

272 the fact that the HOMO is a(1u)-like for the chlorins versus a(2u)-like for the porphyrins; the a(1u)

273 The resulting singly (13)C-labeled chlorin was coupled with an unlabeled chlorin to give a

274 dation, and the corresponding ring-B reduced chlorin was isolated in almost quantitative yield.

275 The zinc chlorin was obtained in yields of approximately 10% and

276 substituents in defined positions make these chlorins well suited for a variety of applications in bi

277 ristic spectral features make these types of chlorins well suited for incorporation in synthetic mode

278 cesses forming the tetrahydrobilene and zinc chlorin were 32-72% and 27-62%, respectively, giving ove

279 Target chlorins were chosen to systematically probe the effect

280 l and redox properties of the 13-substituted chlorins were compared with those of isomeric 12-substit

281 thesis, the ring-B oxidized (ring-D reduced) chlorins were obtained.

282 orinated intermediates, each with one or two chlorines, were identified.

283 A concise route to synthetic chlorins, which bear a geminal dimethyl group in the pyr

284 No chlorins with ester-linked acyl side chains at C-2a have

285 f-assembled structures of semisynthetic zinc chlorins (ZnChls) in the solid state by pulsed radiolysi