ライフサイエンスコーパス: chlorination

1 ely, was selectively removed from spectra by chlorination.

2 predict the formation of specific N-DBPs in chlorination.

3 ating compositional changes to NOM caused by chlorination.

4 converted to bromine and chloramines during chlorination.

5 drinking water distribution biofilm despite chlorination.

6 , can form dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) during chlorination.

7 oro-HAMs), may form during the course of HAN chlorination.

8 ch free AAs was unable to form TCAcAm during chlorination.

9 determine the byproducts generated following chlorination.

10 olved thoroughly in water in order to induce chlorination.

11 neutralize delta(37)Cl shifts caused by CPO chlorination.

12 roup undergoes directed C-H methoxylation or chlorination.

13 s, the quinoline group undergoes nondirected chlorination.

14 ons typical of drinking water and wastewater chlorination.

15 nation and UV254 exposure, with/without post-chlorination.

16 ary wastewater treatment effluent treated by chlorination.

17 flavor causing iodoorganic compounds during chlorination.

18 uss how various environmental factors effect chlorination.

19 treated with UV alone or UV before or after chlorination.

20 ame negative, consistent with amide-nitrogen chlorination.

21 o caused reactive toxicity to increase after chlorination.

22 crease, suggesting nondestructive doping via chlorination.

23 phene were observed, allowing for controlled chlorination.

24 cycle for Pd(OAc)(2)-catalyzed aromatic C-H chlorination.

25 r (HAT) processes to guide gamma-C(sp(3) )-H chlorination.

26 the N-chlorinated dipeptides are produced by chlorination.

27 mended as a climate adaptation strategy over chlorination.

28 ucts demonstrate the versatility of meta-C-H chlorination.

29 ant chloropicrin precursors during ozonation/chlorination.

30 the more carcinogenic haloacetonitrile after chlorination (244%-of-control) and N-nitrosodimethylamin

31 rocess, 81 were tested for inhibition of the chlorination activity of MPO, finally ending up with eig

32 The chlorination activity of purified MPO was inhibited by 5

33 However, for some waters, chlorination actually increased NDMA formation at lower

34 n consisted of coagulation, sand filtration, chlorination, addition of lime and fluoride, storage, an

35 Benzylic C-H chlorination affords moderate to good yields for arenes

36 human colon cell (NCM460) assay, compared to chlorination alone when toxicity is expressed on the bas

37 stance compared with surface modification or chlorination alone, and can reduce freshwater production

38 Chlorination also altered N-CNT surface chemistry, with

39 Catalytic phosphorus(V)-mediated chlorination and bromination reactions of alcohols have

40 he same catalytic system can be used in both chlorination and bromination reactions of allyl amides w

41 Contrary to C-H chlorination and bromination, the direct iodination of a

42 e (II) have been further derivatized by core chlorination and bromination.

43 molecular formulas of chlorinated DBPs after chlorination and chloramination in four Swedish surface

44 d the impacts of two competing mechanisms: N-chlorination and chlorination-promoted hydrolysis.

45 oncentrations of AOXs increased upon initial chlorination and continued to increase through the plant

46 ting step; (ii) under alkaline conditions, N-chlorination and dechlorination of N-chlorinated amide l

47 roduct formation was similar during chemical chlorination and electrolysis of wastewater, suggesting

48 Herein, we report selective C-H chlorination and fluorination reactions promoted by an e

49 on exposure conditions, which implied that N-chlorination and hydrolysis may be competing processes.

50 e of HCl from this salt can be manifested in chlorination and hydrolytic reactions occurring during t

51 The side reactions-chlorination and hydroxylation of the 1,3-dicarbonyl par

52 enzymatic features that discriminate between chlorination and hydroxylation, the crystal structures o

53 ffects were assessed on MPO-mediated taurine chlorination and low-density lipoprotein oxidation as we

54 suggesting that MPO is the major pathway for chlorination and nitration of HDL in human atherosclerot

55 under neutral pH conditions, the rates of N-chlorination and Orton rearrangement are comparable.

56 is shown to be an effective catalyst in the chlorination and oxidation of C-H bonds with sodium hypo

57 Thus, the combination of chlorination and polyketide beta-branching, coupled with

58 d study of Pd(OAc)(2)-catalyzed aromatic C-H chlorination and propose dinuclear Pd(III) complexes as

59 Chlorination and reaction with appropriate anilines affo

60 Combined with subsequent Reissert-Henze chlorination and SNAr amination, the decarboxylative ary

61 midway through the treatment train after the chlorination and storage steps.

62 results highlight cause-effect links between chlorination and the studied environmental variables in

63 fractions from source water before and after chlorination and to determine the cytotoxicity and genot

64 or, stepwise experiments were conducted with chlorination and UV254 exposure, with/without post-chlor

65 such remarkable processes as hydroxylations, chlorinations and desaturations of inert, aliphatic C-H

66 Organocatalytic fluorination, chlorination, and amination of the homo-Roche building b

67 cedures can be used for remote fluorination, chlorination, and azidation, and were applied to the mod

68 etoacetate via imination, hydride reduction, chlorination, and base-induced ring closure.

69 ,alpha-trifluoroketones via imination, alpha-chlorination, and hydride-induced ring closure.

70 Chlorination appeared to both increase and decrease memb

71 cally dictated site selectivities of the C-H chlorination are among the most selective alkane functio

72 hand, tetraalkylammonium chloride-catalyzed chlorinations are moderately para selective.

73 t is the dominant Cl uptake mechanism with N-chlorination as the rate-limiting step; (ii) under alkal

74 c contributes significantly to the extent of chlorination at alpha-Tyr-24 in nonsmokers.

75 After excluding the factor of smoking, chlorination at alpha-Tyr-24, nitration at alpha-Tyr-42,

76 from blood samples shows that the extents of chlorination at alpha-Tyr-24, nitration at alpha-Tyr-42,

77 These results suggest the potential of using chlorination at alpha-Tyr-24-containing peptide to evalu

78 and nitrogen disinfection byproducts during chlorination at downstream drinking water treatment plan

79 ication, we first characterized the sites of chlorination at tyrosine in hypochlorous acid-treated he

80 absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and chlorination-based DBP formation potential tests.

81 absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and chlorination-based DBP-FP experiments.

82 the halogenated carbon, with electrochemical chlorination being milder, thus producing less damage to

83 Here we report that chlorination biosynthetic machinery from soil bacteria c

84 of two nitrifying facilities with breakpoint chlorination (BPC) temporarily suppressed nitrification

85 action after ammonium was removed (i.e., the chlorination breakpoint) was a promising method to minim

86 tions can also be extended to stereospecific chlorination, bromination, and iodination reactions.

87 APO-34 catalyst via an in situ halogenation (chlorination/bromination) protocol.

88 c acids (HAAs), formed during drinking water chlorination, but much of it remains molecularly unchara

89 s been associated with ozonation followed by chlorination, but the reaction pathway and precursors ha

90 pathways for enzymatic natural halogenation: chlorination by chloroperoxidase (CPO) and flavin-depend

91 d structure influences susceptibility toward chlorination by Cl(2) and Cl(2)O relative to the more ab

92 Chlorination byproducts (CBPs) are harmful to human heal

93 mation of chlorate, perchlorate, and organic chlorination byproducts (OCBPs) during galvanostatic (10

94 In particular, the role of chloride as a chlorination catalyst challenges its traditional classif

95 e formation and speciation of DBPs following chlorination, chloramination, and ozonation treatments o

96 absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and chlorination/chloramination-based DBP formation experime

97 s and haloacetamides, during chlorination or chlorination/chloramination.

98 These mild chlorination conditions are high yielding, stereospecifi

99 Subsequent chlorination converts nitromethane to chloropicrin at ap

100 fficient for GR activity photolysis, whereas chlorination could not appreciably attenuate the observe

101 Due to their high degree of chlorination, CPs have highly complex isotopic mass patt

102 25, which catalyzes a highly stereoselective chlorination-cyclization reaction in napyradiomycin anti

103 The DNA chlorination damage product, 5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine,

104 between calculated and manufacturer-reported chlorination degrees were -0.9 to 1.0%Cl for SCCP mixtur

105 During chlorination, dilutions as low as 0.01% HFW altered the

106 Exposure to chlorination disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is potential

107 This makes chlorination effectively competitive with hydroxylation.

108 Furthermore, laboratory-controlled chlorination experiments were conducted in seawater spik

109 rganic content of water on BP-3 degradation, chlorination experiments with different added concentrat

110 ecrease membrane hydrophobicity depending on chlorination exposure conditions, which implied that N-c

111 owest cytotoxicity and genotoxicity employed chlorination first followed by MPUV radiation.

112 Chlorination followed by chloramination can be used to m

113 roacetamide and trichloroacetaldehyde during chlorination followed by chloramination was similar to t

114 R)-diastereomeric phosphine oxide 19 through chlorination followed by crystallization makes this chem

115 support that (i) under acidic conditions, N-chlorination followed by Orton rearrangement is the domi

116 predominantly with Si-NH-Si species based on chlorination followed by the room temperature ammonia tr

117 ese results suggested a mechanism of rapid N-chlorination, followed by cleavage of NH3 by UV254 irrad

118 is an attractive alternative to UV alone or chlorination for disinfection because of the destruction

119 Upon chlorination, four chlorinated intermediates, each with

120 Chlorination has long been used for disinfection of muni

121 treatment (HWTS) methods, such as boiling or chlorination, have long been recommended in emergencies.

122 subjected to a Wittig-Horner reaction after chlorination in alpha-position.

123 ework for the soil chlorine cycling and that chlorination in more organic soils over time leads to a

124 s and their removal by each treatment before chlorination in nine DWTPs.

125 ed addition-elimination mechanism of anisole chlorination in nonpolar media.

126 es of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor chlorination in solutions of free available chlorine (FA

127 -based treatment is commonly used to augment chlorination in swimming pools.

128 g Copasi to estimate BP-3 degradation during chlorination in the presence of bromide and ammonia.

129 s study, the transformation of iodine during chlorination in the presence of CuO was investigated.

130 endent halogenase capable of catalyzing both chlorinations in the biosynthesis of DIF-1.

131 High resolution XPS data support that chlorination increased the number of carboxylic groups o

132 he percentage of unknown TOX (22-38%) during chlorination indicated that the majority of DBPs were id

133 ing combined with exposure to by-products of chlorination induces airway epithelial damage in competi

134 sequent reactive bromine species formed upon chlorination, into account to assess Mn(II) removal duri

135 n of dissolved manganese(II) (Mn(II)) during chlorination is a relatively slow process which may lead

136 Whilst enzyme-catalyzed chlorination is accomplished with ease, it remains a dif

137 Free radical alkane chlorination is an important industrial process for the

138 In the model complex we use, radical chlorination is barrierless and exothermic, whereas the

139 urface modification and drinking-water-level chlorination is enabled by the films' unique resistance

140 dy demonstrates that Mn(II) oxidation during chlorination is enhanced in bromide-containing waters by

141 In particular, a site-selective naphthol chlorination is followed by an oxidative dearomatization

142 roxylation is thermodynamically favored, but chlorination is intrinsically more reactive due to the e

143 l hydrogenation and electrochemical/chemical chlorination is reported.

144 such as detention in basins prior to use or chlorination is required.

145 Ortho-selective chlorination is successful even with electron deficient

146 as reaction intermediates, where the initial chlorination is the rate-determining step in the overall

147 Yet, the environmental control of chlorination is unclear.

148 of bromide (Br(-)), and its formation during chlorination is usually not significant.

149 ide can generate sufficient Cl2 to influence chlorination kinetics, highlighting the role of chloride

150 he CurA halogenase (Hal) catalyzes a cryptic chlorination leading to cyclopropane ring formation in t

151 In an O3-containing atmosphere, low chlorination level PCDD/Fs congeners were removed well o

152 ved well over VOX-MnOX/TiO2-CNTs, while high chlorination level PCDD/Fs congeners were removed well o

153 th a single carbon chain length and variable chlorination level.

154 nated alkanes with variable chain length and chlorination level; congeners with a fixed chain length

155 in a model fish species, demonstrating that chlorination may increase the toxicity of pharmaceutical

156 isotopic effect to the distinctly different chlorination mechanisms employed by the two enzymes.

157 simultaneous quantification of the extent of chlorination, nitration, and oxidation in human hemoglob

158 The extents of chlorination, nitration, and oxidation of a total of 12

159 The aqueous chlorination of (chloro)phenols is one of the best-studi

160 orine species, Cl2 and Cl2O, may play in the chlorination of (chloro)phenols.

161 We report the first direct side-chain chlorination of 3-methylbenzoate affording methyl 3-(chl

162 eveal the transformation pathways during the chlorination of 4-amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid and phenyla

163 Chlorination of a diagnostic substrate, norcarane, affor

164 e moiety was installed through electrophilic chlorination of a hydrazone, but only after adjustment o

165 on of N-chlorosuccinimide and the subsequent chlorination of a wide range of anisole, aniline, acetan

166 la), and found that HAcAm formation from the chlorination of AAs in combined forms (oligopeptides) si

167 A general and regioselective method for the chlorination of activated arenes has been developed.

168 en found to perform efficiently in the alpha-chlorination of aldehydes, including its catalytic asymm

169 of aldehydes to nitro-olefins and the alpha-chlorination of aldehydes, leads to the proposal that th

170 Herein, we report a site-selective chlorination of aliphatic C-H bonds using readily availa

171 termediacy of the chlorosulfonium ion in the chlorination of alpha-thioamides is provided.

172 Chlorination of amino acids can result in the formation

173 mational switch driven by alphaKG leading to chlorination of an early pathway intermediate.

174 Pd-catalyzed meta-C-H chlorination of anilines and phenols is developed using

175 Chlorination of anthracimycin gives a dichloro derivativ

176 that electrochemical and potentially direct chlorination of ballast water in estuarine and marine sy

177 ) as the mediator, arylation, amination, and chlorination of benzylamines are realized.

178 ated biphenyls (PCBs) was carried out by the chlorination of biphenyl with isotopically enriched chlo

179 ve implications for bromate formation during chlorination of bromide-containing drinking waters in co

180 tudy shows enhanced bromate formation during chlorination of bromide-containing waters in the presenc

181 During chlorination of bromide-containing waters, a significant

182 For the first time, the chlorination of C(60) by ICl, ICl(3), and Cl(2) was stud

183 studies that indicate almost instantaneous N-chlorination of DCAM even at low chlorine residuals.

184 Instead, chlorination of DCAM will lead to the formation of an eq

185 Chlorination of drinking water protects humans from wate

186 ular focus on intermediate formation via the chlorination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine enantiomer

187 Tryptophan 7-halogenase catalyzes chlorination of free tryptophan to 7-chlorotryptophan, w

188 Extensive chlorination of gamma-Al2O3 results in the formation of

189 Sodium chloride has been shown to promote chlorination of glycerol during thermal processing.

190 d yields vary depending on the degree of the chlorination of hydroquinone/quinone and the presence or

191 Complementary protocols for the selective chlorination of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines at the C2 and C7

192 Chlorination of iopamidol followed a second order reacti

193 ell chronic cytotoxicity tests indicate that chlorination of iopamidol generates a toxic mixture of h

194 O2) is the product of a four-step synthesis: chlorination of isobutyraldehyde; cyclotrimerization of

195 -dependent halogenases, catalyzes the double chlorination of L-2-aminobutyric acid (Aba) to produce a

196 2(s)) is a corrosion product formed from the chlorination of lead-containing plumbing materials.

197 r, the formation of organic chloramines from chlorination of lysine, tyrosine and valine were investi

198 location of chlorine substitution during the chlorination of model organic compounds.

199 the VPO1/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) system can cause the chlorination of monochlorodimedone and the oxidation of

200 O/C than the CHO formulas we concluded that chlorination of NOM during disinfection is selective tow

201 oposed most significant reaction pathway for chlorination of NOM, results in carbon oxidation and dec

202 Natural chlorination of organic matter is common in soils.

203 hysilane is described for the chemoselective chlorination of polyprenoids.

204 duct formation potential associated with the chlorination of raw water.

205 This assay is based on the chlorination of resorcinol to its nonfluorescent product

206 Similarly, chlorination of sclareolide afforded the equatorial C2 c

207 ures a high yielding, gram-scale radical C-H chlorination of sclareolide and a three-step/two-pot pro

208 redominant HAA species, were delineated upon chlorination of seventeen model DOM precursors and sixty

209 nes, THMs and haloacetic acids, HAAs) during chlorination of six dissolved organic matter (DOM) isola

210 oride, and labile organic carbon, influenced chlorination of SOM from a boreal forest.

211 ependent HOCl generation was demonstrated by chlorination of taurine and tyrosine using mass spectrom

212 We have shown here that chlorination of the ephedrine/pseudoephedrine compounds

213 The isotope analyses have shown that the chlorination of the humic substances (HS) in the presenc

214 reaction that yields CuInSe(2) involves the chlorination of the hydrocarbon groups of the solvent.

215 Conversely, chlorination of the isomeric 4 with BiCl(3) as a mild so

216 lysis of the protein-bound product confirmed chlorination of the piperazate framework from the (3S)-

217 Ozonation followed by chlorination of the primary amine side chain of lysine d

218 esults in a complex mixture of products from chlorination of the unsubstituted vertices as well as si

219 oeruleorubidus resulted in efficient in situ chlorination of the uridyl peptide antibotic pacidamycin

220 Chlorination of trans-decalin with 2 provided 95% select

221 IV networks, are modified via oxidation and chlorination of tryptophan and bromination of tyrosine r

222 Chlorination of tyrosine and lysine demonstrated that th

223 port rate constants for all reactions in the chlorination of valine, for the first time, using experi

224 Chlorination of wastewaters produced CHO cell genotoxici

225 etramethylpiperidine (TMP)-catalyzed (1-10%) chlorinations of phenols by SO2Cl2 in aromatic solvents

226 im of this study was to assess the impact of chlorination on the degradation of one of the most commo

227 l (PCB) quinones having different degrees of chlorination on the quinone ring were examined.

228 nfluences of treatment processes, especially chlorination, on bacterial community structure and prote

229 pha-cholestane as the substrate, we observed chlorination only at the C2 and C3 positions in a net 55

230 mes (EBCT; 15-60 min) on the formation after chlorination or chloramination of 35 regulated and unreg

231 ocused on their potential formation from the chlorination or chloramination of aliphatic compounds, p

232 ), and nitrosamines) was examined during the chlorination or chloramination of intracellular organic

233 haloacetaldehydes and haloacetamides, during chlorination or chlorination/chloramination.

234 The chlorination pathway of electrophilic substitution of Cl

235 that may arise from isoleucine via a cryptic chlorination pathway.

236 o the additional involvement of either other chlorination pathways, or that dechlorination of natural

237 d a mechanism for the reaction of tryptophan chlorination, performed by tryptophan 7-halogenase, by c

238 d chlorine atoms taken up increased with the chlorination pH and reached a maximum of approximately 2

239 ence (monthly range, 80%-95%) to recommended chlorination practices.

240 tu monitoring of catalysis has revealed that chlorination proceeds with turnover-limiting oxidation o

241 vity, appearance, and removal of BMAA in the chlorination process of a drinking-water system.

242 s HCl as a by-product is often produced from chlorination processes using Cl2 gas.

243 dentification of N-chlorinated dipeptides as chlorination products in drinking water using complement

244 These reactions proceeded rapidly to afford chlorination products in excellent yields and with prefe

245 eloped in this study can be used to identify chlorination products of other peptides in drinking wate

246 two competing mechanisms: N-chlorination and chlorination-promoted hydrolysis.

247 oting the formation of dichloroacetamide and chlorination promoting the formation of trichloroacetald

248 nspired by the enzyme reactivity, a chemical chlorination protocol paralleling the biocatalytic proce

249 genotoxicity varied in response to different chlorination protocols with and without polychromatic me

250 ace chemistry on carbon with electrochemical chlorination providing an improved performance, producin

251 FT calculations to compare fluorination with chlorination, proving a larger thermodynamic driving for

252 may contribute more than 80% to the overall chlorination rate depending on the (chloro)phenol identi

253 Chlorination rates and products were determined for thre

254 Our findings indicate that chlorination rates at pH < 6 increase substantially when

255 There are still few measurements of chlorination rates in soils, even though formation of Cl

256 abile organic matter strongly stimulated the chlorination rates was confirmed by a second independent

257 Chlorination rates were highest in the forest soils and

258 resent study, we compare organic matter (OM) chlorination rates, measured by (36)Cl tracer experiment

259 perimental NMR investigations of the anisole chlorination reaction course at various temperatures rev

260 A mild chlorination reaction of alcohols was developed using th

261 Extracts of chlorination reaction samples were analyzed using high-r

262 is crucial for the success of this meta-C-H chlorination reaction.

263 an oxidative rearrangement and an anchimeric chlorination reaction.

264 and limitations of phosphine oxide catalyzed chlorination reactions as well as the development of the

265 the direct involvement of 3 in the oxidation/chlorination reactions observed in the 1/ClO(-)/AcOH cat

266 Chlorination reactions showed that only octocrylene was

267 Hydrolytic and chlorination reactions were demonstrated through monitor

268 or the characterization of products of C(60) chlorination reactions were evaluated by (i) using sampl

269 predicted to have at best a minor impact on chlorination reactions, whereas Cl2 may contribute more

270 ghting the role of chloride as a catalyst in chlorination reactions.

271 highly stereoselective organocatalytic alpha-chlorination-reduction protocol.

272 A similar reduction in NDMA formation by chlorination required approximately 60 mgxmin/L exposure

273 roach demonstrated that Tyr-192 is the major chlorination site in apoA-I in both plasma and lesion HD

274 hway was modified by introduction of a gamma-chlorination step on (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl medi

275 to the heterocyclic compounds formed during chlorination, such as the highly mutagenic MX (3-chloro-

276 orinated FA membranes, consistent with the N-chlorination suggested by the XPS results.

277 This novel chlorination system was also applied to complex substrat

278 ven successive Cl[+1] transfers, faster with chlorination than chloramination, can form 2,3,5,5,6-pen

279 For chlorination, the highest sorption tendency to the hydro

280 During chlorination, the released bromide is reoxidized (recycl

281 The elucidation of enigmatic enzymatic chlorination timing in ambiguine indole alkaloid biogene

282 to synthetic rutile, high-temperature carbo-chlorination to produce TiCl4, and batch reduction of Ti

283 onventional coagulation, filtration, UV, and chlorination treatment plant.

284 orous amine with tosyl chloride, followed by chlorination using aqueous sodium hypochlorite.

285 ganese porphyrin mediated aliphatic C-H bond chlorination using sodium hypochlorite as the chlorine s

286 ere examined for CNCl formation potential in chlorination/UV experiments.

287 differential contribution of the two FMOs to chlorination versus hydroxylation selectivity in SyrB2 i

288 Chlorination versus hydroxylation selectivity is then de

289 ontal lineO intermediate in SyrB2 to perform chlorination versus hydroxylation was computationally ev

290 N-Cl-DCAM can be produced directly from DCAN chlorination via nucleophilic addition of hypochlorite o

291 Moreover, regioselective chlorination was achieved by using a hindered catalyst,

292 ertiary alkyl radicals, although significant chlorination was also observed with unstrained tertiary

293 was observed at Cl/P = 1.0 and 2.0 when post-chlorination was applied to UV254-irradiated samples.

294 embrane surface became more hydrophobic when chlorination was dominant, which in turn caused the wate

295 Total chlorination was hampered by addition of nitrate or by n

296 one DWTP with high ammonia where breakpoint chlorination was not achieved.

297 The greatest chlorination was observed after 15 days when nitrate and

298 ds in raw sewage and in plant effluent after chlorination were statistically indistinguishable (p = 0

299 -1v via reaction with hydrazine, followed by chlorination with POCl(3).

300 nd selective beta-halogenation (bromination, chlorination) with N-bromosuccinimide and Palau'chlor (2