ライフサイエンスコーパス: chlorine

1 s (i.e., reactions with chloramines and free chlorine).

2 ers of magnitude lower than that of reactive chlorine.

3 O2 islands enhance the evolution of reactive chlorine.

4 months of exposure to monochloramine or free chlorine.

5 tergents containing strong oxidants, such as chlorine.

6 ies that promoted the autocatalytic decay of chlorine.

7 non-piped water, potentially due to residual chlorine.

8 the oxidation was performed with 1.5% active chlorine.

9 in seawater swimming pools disinfected with chlorine.

10 o remove cyanuric acid, a stabilizer for the chlorine.

11 as found to be very stable in the absence of chlorine.

12 elta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) with chlorine.

13 ct (DBP) formation following the addition of chlorine.

14 s in most distribution systems that use free chlorine.

15 eeds to PCDD/F congeners with less than four chlorines.

16 (SRHA) at pH 5.1 +/- 0.2 using low doses of chlorine (0.1 to 0.50 mg free Cl2/L), with half-lives ca

17 e patterns containing sulfur, 187 containing chlorine, 14 containing bromine, one containing boron, o

18 At 40 mg/L free chlorine, 3-log10 CT values were lower than those at 20

19 aralyses by using 7-T sodium 23 ((23)Na) and chlorine 35 ((35)Cl) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

20 In this study, the reaction of BMAA with chlorine, a common drinking-water oxidant/disinfectant,

21 as nC60 suspensions) in the presence of free chlorine, a globally used chemical oxidant, in the absen

22 the modification of grain boundaries through chlorine accumulation, which leads an increase in the ca

23 In these pools, chlorine added for disinfection results in the formation

24 ith 2 mol of AgNPs oxidized for each mole of chlorine added.

25 rine with extensive covalent oxygen and even chlorine additions, and behave as soft (or loose) cluste

26 n converting from the UV/H2O2 to the UV/free chlorine advanced oxidation process (AOP).

27 bined ultraviolet (UV) and free chlorine (UV-chlorine) advanced oxidation process that produces highl

28 ta set of PCDD/F congeners with four or more chlorines along with all 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (P

29 t compounds to contain Xe-Br bonds and their chlorine analogues are described in the present work.

30 entially alter the reaction pathways between chlorine and amino acids, resulting in the formation of

31 ringtime, unique halogen chemistry involving chlorine and bromine atoms controls the prevalence of vo

32 safe storage and transportation of elemental chlorine and bromine, which play critical roles in the c

33 BP-3 was found to react rapidly with chlorine and bromine, with values of apparent second ord

34 a close association of N. fowleri with free chlorine and distance from treatment over the course of

35 iguously that a methyl appears bigger than a chlorine and gave the following order in size: CN > OMe

36 st achieved using high-temperature gas-phase chlorine and hydrogen treatments.

37 alyst heterogeneity following treatment with chlorine and hydrogen, using Mossbauer and X-ray absorpt

38 Increasing doses of chlorine and increasing temperatures enhanced the format

39 X and Y denoting the halogen atoms fluorine, chlorine and iodine.

40 The effects of pH, disinfectant type (free chlorine and monochloramine), and chlor(am)ine residual

41 il today, concerning the selectivity between chlorine and oxygen evolution in chlorate and chlor-alka

42 e to association with other ligands, such as chlorine and sulphur, present in the original containers

43 ectron shuttle mechanism between Cr(III) and chlorine and the bypass of Cr intermediate formation.

44 ignificant oxidation in the presence of free chlorine and the oxidation reaction rates increase with

45 maceutically active natural products contain chlorine and thus, an understanding of the mechanism of

46 conditions, heteroelements like nitrogen or chlorine (and other halogens) can form hydrogen cyanide

47 h for organic compounds containing nitrogen, chlorine, and sulfur.

48 xidation mediated by electrogenerated active chlorine, and the coupling between anodic and cathodic p

49 ents and compounds, such as zinc, potassium, chlorine, and water, provide key evidence for how Earth

50 ratio was approximately 20% for the UV/free chlorine AOP and approximately 35% for the UV/chloramine

51 At pH 7.0-8.3, the UV/free chlorine AOP was less efficient.

52 The UV/free chlorine AOP was more efficient at pH 5.5, but only by 3

53 Carbon and chlorine apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIEs) were i

54 decomposition product in systems using free chlorine as a residual disinfectant.

55 ccur for membranes in treatment plants using chlorine as an upstream disinfectant and the extent and

56 s suggests that mediated oxidation by active chlorine, as well as by hydroxyl radicals resulting from

57 Specifically, chlorine assimilation provides key evidence of recycling

58 g that AgNPs are oxidized in the presence of chlorine at a much faster rate than observed in the pres

59 se results are comparable to the efficacy of chlorine at approximately 50-200ppm.

60 ance of a halogen bond interaction between a chlorine atom of the new class of 5-HT6 receptor antagon

61 ing of the C,N-cyclometalated ligand and the chlorine atom on increasing the electron withdrawing eff

62 reaction (84%), followed by ozone (10%) and chlorine atoms (6%).

63 nated biphenyls (PCBs) with lower numbers of chlorine atoms (LC-PCBs) due to their presence in both i

64 agation process and is capable of installing chlorine atoms at primary, secondary, and tertiary cente

65 uble fluorescent-labeled PAC with one or two chlorine atoms displaced from DTAF in alkaline pH via nu

66 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with less chlorine atoms exhibit a greater susceptibility to metab

67 achloroquinoxalino[2,3-b]phenazine, with the chlorine atoms in the east and west positions) packs in

68 oroquinoxalino[2,3-b]phenazine) carrying its chlorine atoms in the peri-positions packs in a herringb

69 city for Site II increased as the numbers of chlorine atoms increased.

70 The introduction of chlorine atoms on the indole ring of malbrancheamide dif

71 The most prone to substitution are chlorine atoms that occupy ortho- (2, 2', 6, 6') positio

72 he compounds tested, those having sulfur and chlorine atoms were found to be antibacterial.

73 rgistic oxidative effect of iridium ions and chlorine atoms.

74 At 20 mg/L free chlorine, average estimated 3-log10 CT values were 17800

75 The in situ preparation and trapping of chlorine azide provided a versatile one-pot method for t

76 less genotoxic than the samples treated with chlorine-based disinfectants and was not significantly d

77 cs with lower genotoxicity to CHO cells than chlorine-based disinfection.

78 quenching over time attributed to bleaching chlorine-based species.

79 0.2 g L(-1)) in a reaction system containing chlorine, bromide, and CRW-BF-HPO enhances the formation

80 At first, the rate constants of chlorine, bromine and monochloramine with BP-3 were dete

81 perties of the four halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) and the diversity and che

82 ne the presence of certain elements (sulfur, chlorine, bromine, boron, and selenium) in the compound

83 do we make a false negative prediction; for chlorine, bromine, boron, and selenium, we make ten fals

84 In soils halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) are cycled through the transf

85 ve analytical chemistry of spas treated with chlorine, bromine, or ozone, along with pools treated wi

86 tter in wash water promotes the formation of chlorine by-products.

87 ting four water contaminants - Cr(VI), total chlorine, caffeine, and E. coli K12 - at similar wavelen

88 chlorine (CaL/ClH) and high CaCO3/high total chlorine (CaH/ClH).

89 tal chlorine (CaL/ClL), high CaCO3/low total chlorine (CaH/ClL), low CaCO3/high total chlorine (CaL/C

90 tal chlorine (CaH/ClL), low CaCO3/high total chlorine (CaL/ClH) and high CaCO3/high total chlorine (C

91 ted: a baseline group of low CaCO3/low total chlorine (CaL/ClL), high CaCO3/low total chlorine (CaH/C

92 scavenging of radicals participating in free chlorine chain decomposition and even free chlorine refo

93 olecules cm(-3), highlight the importance of chlorine chemistry in the degradation of volatile organi

94 he model results highlight the importance of chlorine chemistry participation in bromine radical cycl

95 Our observations reveal pollution-related chlorine chemistry that is both widespread and recurrent

96 he latter, conventional practices, including chlorine-chloramine disinfection, flushing of DWDS, nutr

97 levated Br(-) and I(-) after disinfection by chlorine, chloramines, or ozone.

98 ate melt, both responsible for buffering the chlorine (Cl) concentration.

99 The heavy halogens-chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) and iodine (I)-are key trace

100 When most reactive sites were consumed by chlorine, Cl-substituted functional groups (Cl-DOM) are

101 ic water CaCO3 (in milligrams per liter) and chlorine (Cl2; in milligrams per liter) concentrations f

102 ion followed by maintenance of residual free chlorine, combined with removal of redundant plumbing, w

103 in the water industry, and the residual free chlorine concentration in water distributed to the consu

104 oxidation reaction rates increase with free chlorine concentration while being inversely related to

105 loss actually decreased with increasing free chlorine concentration, suggesting scavenging of radical

106 nsing range, and can accurately measure free chlorine concentrations in real water samples.

107 ches is dependent on the catalyst and active chlorine concentrations, respectively.

108 fate in water of varying hardness levels and chlorine concentrations, rinsed, and covered with chambe

109 domestic water calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and chlorine concentrations, skin barrier dysfunction (incre

110 HAN concentrations depending on pH and free chlorine contact times (CTs), which can be applied as an

111 Via comparison to previously described chlorine-containing analogues, bromophenylacetic acid, d

112 related to population density (e.g., use of chlorine-containing bleach).

113 It is well established that anthropogenic chlorine-containing chemicals contribute to ozone layer

114 Consistent with this structure, chlorine-containing ion markers were ubiquitous in BioSS

115 impacted by the presence of AgNPs because a chlorine-containing species is formed on OCl(-) decay th

116 High available chlorine content (ACC) and long treatment time of EO wat

117 DX analysis showed that ACFL550 had half the chlorine content (Cl%) relative to AC550, which makes AC

118 kaline range, modulated by rock volatile and chlorine contents.

119 Photoactivation of aqueous chlorine could promote degradation of chlorine-resistant

120 de of rapidly increasing available inorganic chlorine, coupled with observed temperatures, portend a

121 lack fundamental knowledge about how overall chlorine cycling is regulated in forested ecosystems.

122 (tpy) ligands modified by fluorine (dftpy), chlorine (dctpy), or bromine (dbtpy) substitution at the

123 The different dual carbon-chlorine (Deltadelta(13)C vs Deltadelta(37)Cl) isotope p

124 pled with the electron stimulated removal of chlorine demonstrated in the UHV experiments, the Auger

125 asured reaction rate constants, kexp, for 22 chlorine-derived inorganic radical reactions in the UV-c

126 This is the first comprehensive study on chlorine-derived radical reactions, and it provides mech

127 genated radicals, the reaction mechanisms of chlorine-derived radicals have not been elucidated due t

128 erated echovirus 11 (E11) with resistance to chlorine dioxide (ClO2) by experimental evolution, and w

129 sistance of MS2 coliphage to inactivation by chlorine dioxide (ClO2).

130 er environmentally relevant oxidants (ozone, chlorine dioxide, and phosphate and carbonate radicals)

131 likely increased N. fowleri's resistance to chlorine disinfection compared to that of the laboratory

132 xcess cyanuric acid is necessary to maintain chlorine disinfection in the waters.

133 ionally carcinogenic compounds formed during chlorine disinfection in water treatment processes aroun

134 A comparison to qPCR results across the chlorine disinfection step saw no significant change in

135 to increase in relative abundance across the chlorine disinfection step.

136 ated and selected unregulated DBPs following chlorine disinfection was evaluated.

137 diversity was significantly impacted by free chlorine disinfection.

138 ovide opportunities for improved modeling of chlorine distribution and cycling in terrestrial ecosyst

139 with OVA and the photosensitizer tetraphenyl chlorine disulphonate (TPCS2a) and administered intrader

140 At pH 6.0 and a chlorine dose representative of drinking water treatment

141 Solution pH, chloride concentration, and chlorine dose were systematically varied in order to ass

142 N. fowleri survived intermittent chlorine dosing of 0.6 mg/L for 7 days in a mixed biofil

143 his complex undergoes a clean photoreductive chlorine elimination reaction which produces [Cl2Sb(IV)P

144 4-5 days, 1 day, 3 h, and immediately after chlorine enhanced backwashes.

145 altitude-dependent distribution of inorganic chlorine established in the same coordinate system as th

146 Although the selectivity for chlorine evolution on DSA is high, the fundamental reaso

147 to appear chemically identical, whereas the chlorine exchange presents diffusion-limited exchanges p

148 diates were found to further react with free chlorine, exhibiting a second-order rate constant k3 = 1

149 Consequently, free chlorine exposure inhibited a replication cycle event th

150 We conclude that free chlorine exposure interferes with a replication cycle ev

151 ive DOM sites are in excess and a sufficient chlorine exposure is achieved.

152 chlorine was quantified at a variety of free chlorine exposure times, concentrations, and pH and rins

153 on cycle was inhibited as a function of free chlorine exposure.

154 t and simulated sunlight (SS) activated free chlorine (FC) in different water matrices.

155 Free chlorine (FC) reacting with organic matter in wash water

156 These molecules are found to undergo further chlorine-fluorine exchange reactions by treatment with s

157 The disappearance of BMAA caused by chlorine follows a second-order reaction, with the rate

158 /L for 3 h) the recommended concentration of chlorine for drinking water.

159 delivery of two public health interventions: chlorine for water purification and multivitamins for mi

160 Marcus analysis afforded an estimate of the chlorine formal reduction potential E degrees (Cl(*/-))

161 The development of a red, chlorine-free pyrotechnic illuminant of high luminosity

162 Chlorine gas and sodium chlorate are two base chemicals

163 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from chlorine gas exposed mice.

164 cal methods available to unambiguously prove chlorine gas exposure.

165 thway involving electrochemical evolution of chlorine gas followed by Cl2-mediated electrophilic dich

166 casions found "compelling confirmation" that chlorine gas has been used against civilians in northern

167 The inactivation of PR772 and HAdV by free chlorine had similar kinetics that could be represented

168 Common water disinfectants like chlorine have been reported to select for resistant viru

169 Domestic water hardness and chlorine have been suggested as important risk factors f

170 nd mechanisms of Cr(III) solids oxidation by chlorine in drinking water and associated Cr(VI) formati

171 for measured concentrations and presence of chlorine in some compounds.

172 gest that the oxidation of Cr(III) solids by chlorine in water distribution systems can contribute to

173 esistor increases when it is exposed to free chlorine in water due to oxidation reactions.

174 rbamate to make it suitable for sensing free chlorine in water samples.

175 ed as a low-cost device for determining free chlorine in water samples.

176 g, voltage improvement is linked directly to chlorine incorporation at the grain boundaries.

177 The chlorine incorporation is found to mainly improve the ca

178 recommendation of a 15 min exposure to 0.5% chlorine, independently of chlorine type, surface, pre-c

179 f the N-H groups to form hydrogen bonds with chlorine, iodine, and selenium.

180 Chlorine is a widely available toxic chemical that has b

181 rs and bromine, which is formed rapidly when chlorine is added to seawater.

182 ssolution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by chlorine is investigated in this work, with results show

183 orresponding dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) when chlorine is present, although those acidic conditions th

184 entified as DCAM, because its nitrogen-bound chlorine is readily reduced by most commonly used quench

185 Chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant in the water i

186 sitions are the most toxic, removal of these chlorines is advantageous, but previous studies have onl

187 Stable chlorine isotope analysis is increasingly used to charac

188 Compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis of tetrachloromethane (CCl4) a

189 usand to -11.9 per thousand), but negligible chlorine isotope effects (epsilonCl = -0.12 per thousand

190 The nonexistent chlorine isotope effects of chlorinated ethenes in all a

191 Greater chlorine isotope effects were observed in CHCl3 (epsilon

192 estigated for the first time both carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation for three different engin

193 Carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation values were -8 +/- 1 per

194 A wider use of chlorine isotopes in environmental studies is still inhi

195 in previous approaches using ICP methods for chlorine isotopes, isobaric interference of the (36)ArH

196 ,1,2-trichlorethane (K0 = 2.31 cm(2)/(V s)), chlorine (K0 = 2.24 cm(2)/(V s)), and nitrogen dioxide (

197 to Br-Cl-DOM and by bromine substitution of chlorine leading to Br-DOM.

198 rches also increased with the rise of active chlorine level.

199 As a consequence, stratospheric chlorine levels are declining and ozone is projected to

200 The results can explain why local soil chlorine levels are frequently independent of atmospheri

201 The influence of increased total chlorine levels remains uncertain.

202 CaCO3 and chlorine levels were strongly correlated.

203 igh calcium levels of hard water and/or high chlorine levels, is a compelling mechanism for this incr

204 The observed quantum yield for free chlorine loss actually decreased with increasing free ch

205 ovide compelling evidence to the location of chlorine loss in the dechlorination DP analogues.

206 loramine decay and approximately 80% of free chlorine loss or reformation.

207 ious models, were critical for modeling free chlorine loss.

208 with a fixed chain length (n) and number of chlorines (m) are referred to as a "congener group" CnCl

209 tains (i) metallic potassium, (ii) elemental chlorine made of covalently bonded Cl2 molecules held to

210 Their formation in chlorine mediated electro-oxidation is a concern for ele

211 In situ measurements of the chlorine monoxide radical, ClO, and its precursor, Cl2,

212 ion (PTM) of proteins by endogenous reactive chlorine, nitrogen, and oxygen species is implicated in

213 The oxidation of AgNPs by chlorine occurs in air-saturated solution in stoichiomet

214 20 mg/L, but still higher than those of free chlorine-only controls.

215 estimates that incorporated subsequent free chlorine or chloramine scavenging by the (*)Cl and (*)OH

216 WWTPs with different disinfection processes (chlorine, peracetic acid (PAA), and ultraviolet light (U

217 erived inorganic radical reactions in the UV-chlorine process.

218 gram, this mechanism reduces the quantity of chlorine procured by 60 percentage points, but reduces t

219 removal, anodes designed to enhance reactive chlorine production are more effective than those design

220 The chlorine production rate follows a trend with respective

221 the CARIBIC airborne dataset, for extensive chlorine radical chemistry associated with Asian polluti

222 lectron oxidation, leads to elimination of a chlorine radical in what amounts to the sequential captu

223 The chlorine radical is a potent atmospheric oxidant, capabl

224 erve as both cross-coupling partners and the chlorine radical source for the alpha-oxy C(sp(3))-H ary

225 ighly reactive hydroxyl radicals (HO(*)) and chlorine radicals (Cl(*)) is an attractive alternative t

226 tform enabled by the catalytic generation of chlorine radicals by nickel and photoredox catalysis.

227 Significantly faster reaction rates allow chlorine radicals to expedite oxidation of hydrocarbons,

228 red from hydrocarbon relationships show that chlorine radicals were regionally more important than hy

229 Evaluation of the stoichiometry of chlorine reactions with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and severa

230 Growing algae generally increased chlorine reactivities and formations of trihalomethanes,

231 oxygen availability interacted to alter the chlorine reactivity of fire-affected DOM.

232 Postfire algal blooms can increase chlorine reactivity of fire-affected terrestrial DOM for

233 orate reduction, a critical component of the chlorine redox cycle on Earth.

234 ity education and refills the Dispenser, and chlorine refills.

235 e chlorine chain decomposition and even free chlorine reformation.

236 eholds whose stored water tests positive for chlorine residual by only one percentage point, substant

237 e formation of halogenated DBPs while a free chlorine residual was maintained.

238 confirmed Dispenser use (as measured by free chlorine residual) ranged from 5 to 87%, and effective u

239 the PbO2-coated LSL, and persistence of free chlorine residual.

240 time, with essentially full depletion of the chlorine residual.

241 antaneous N-chlorination of DCAM even at low chlorine residuals.

242 ination performance and aggressive shear and chlorine resistance of these scalable graphene-based mem

243 ovel hybrid-layered membranes exhibit better chlorine resistance than pure graphene oxide membranes.

244 The effect of MWCNT on the chlorine resistance, antifouling and desalination perfor

245 queous chlorine could promote degradation of chlorine-resistant and photochemically stable chemicals

246 were achieved by 72 h at 20 and 40 mg/L free chlorine, respectively.

247 In addition to the free chlorine sensor demonstrated in this study, other types

248 describes a paper-based electrochemical free chlorine sensor fabricated by hand-drawing.

249 Therefore, the low-cost, hand-drawn free chlorine sensor is of great significance for water quali

250 echanism that combines the free provision of chlorine solution for water treatment with a small nonmo

251 ent became positive during patient care, but chlorine solution washes rendered them negative.

252 We compared the efficacy of four chlorine solutions (sodium hypochlorite, sodium dichloro

253 able trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) as the chlorine source.

254 dichlorination of alkenes with MgCl2 as the chlorine source.

255 Accumulation of reactive oxygen and chlorine species (RO/CS) is generally regarded to be a t

256 order to assess the importance of different chlorine species as chlorinating agents.

257 xidation of chloride anions to electrophilic chlorine species reacting with arenes in aromatic substi

258 xamine the roles that two largely overlooked chlorine species, Cl2 and Cl2O, may play in the chlorina

259 and to reactions with surface-bound reactive chlorine species.

260 tified novel response mechanisms to reactive chlorine species.

261 chers have attributed these reactions to two chlorine species: HOCl (at circum-neutral and high pH) a

262 The potential chlorine specific markers were all chlorohydrins of unsa

263 Cyanuric acid (CYA) is a chlorine stabilizer used in swimming pools to limit UV d

264 provide a data set of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C, delta(2)H, d

265 , we observed that PR772 inactivated by free chlorine still attached to host cells, and viral DNA syn

266 s inactivated at levels up to 99.99% by free chlorine still attached to host cells; however, viral DN

267 d for bacterial aggregates and, similarly to chlorine, stimulated the selection of ARGs during the in

268 Accommodation of the chlorine substituent in the template major groove enable

269 glycolipids featuring aliphatic chains with chlorine substituents and C-glycosyl moieties, is report

270 biphenyl (PCB) congeners with multiple ortho chlorine substituents and their metabolites exist as sta

271 n+3Hn-2SO4(-); n = 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15), chlorine substituted perfluorocarboxylates (ClCnF2nCO2(-

272 r, with about 10% of the AOBr formed through chlorine substitution by bromine.

273 ation to final perovskite grains and partial chlorine substitution can accelerate the crystalline nuc

274 in swimming pools to limit UV degradation of chlorine, thus reducing chlorine use and cost.

275 s or organic dichloramines, depending on the chlorine to amino acid ratio (Cl:AA).

276 erogeneous catalytic conversion of inorganic chlorine to free radical form on ubiquitous sulfate-wate

277 released bromide is reoxidized (recycled) by chlorine to HOBr, leading to further electrophilic subst

278 omplex Ir(IV)(mu-oxo)2Ir(IV), can react with chlorine to release O2 by the oxidation of oxygen ions w

279 he mean stiffness of monochloramine- or free-chlorine-treated biofilms was 4 to 9 times higher than t

280 aeruginosa was simulated using pristine and chlorine-treated thin-film composite polyamide membranes

281 exposure to 0.5% chlorine, independently of chlorine type, surface, pre-cleaning practices, and orga

282 While chlorine types were equally efficacious with and without

283 it UV degradation of chlorine, thus reducing chlorine use and cost.

284 The concentration of free chlorine used for disinfecting drinking water, recreatio

285 The combined ultraviolet (UV) and free chlorine (UV-chlorine) advanced oxidation process that p

286 fischerindole and hapalindole alkaloids with chlorine via late-stage aliphatic C-H group functionaliz

287 e rapid oxidation of Cr(III) solid phases by chlorine was accompanied by Cr(VI) formation and an unex

288 d less than median levels of CaCO3 and total chlorine was constructed: a baseline group of low CaCO3/

289 After all free chlorine was consumed, the chlorinated intermediates aut

290 At Cl:AA = 2.8, the chlorine was found to first react quickly with valine (5

291 A clear effect of chlorine was not observed.

292 verse osmosis membrane upon exposure to free chlorine was quantified at a variety of free chlorine ex

293 A 15 min exposure to 0.5% chlorine was sufficient to ensure <8 Phi6 plaque-forming

294 ion of compound-specific isotope analysis of chlorine was thus far limited by the availability of sui

295 orinated intermediates, each with one or two chlorines, were identified.

296 food factory is frequently disinfected with chlorine, which originates disinfection by-products: hal

297 Strategies that minimize application of free chlorine while preventing nitrification are needed to co

298 These results suggest that the presence of chlorine will mitigate AgNP toxicity by forming less-rea

299 Dispenser programs include a tank of chlorine with a dosing valve that is installed next to a

300 s are readily formed in the presence of free chlorine with extensive covalent oxygen and even chlorin