ライフサイエンスコーパス: chromosomal DNA

1 transfer into another DNA duplex (target or chromosomal DNA).

2 fluence of new insertions toward neighboring chromosomal DNA.

3 e from archaeology, mitochondrial DNA, and Y-chromosomal DNA.

4 locations using site-directed mutagenesis of chromosomal DNA.

5 ted conjugative transfer of large regions of chromosomal DNA.

6 ces a type IV secretion system that secretes chromosomal DNA.

7 t a DNA replica of its genome into host cell chromosomal DNA.

8 cleoid by the introduction of sharp bends in chromosomal DNA.

9 constitute a heritable system independent of chromosomal DNA.

10 active, kill bacteria and composed mainly of chromosomal DNA.

11 shown that noncoding RNA transcripts overlap chromosomal DNA.

12 er, using in vivo KMnO(4) mapping of RNAP on chromosomal DNA.

13 r association at gene promoters, and bind to chromosomal DNA.

14 s that mark the junctions between ICEBs1 and chromosomal DNA.

15 o through direct homologous interaction with chromosomal DNA.

16 mbination, resulting in their insertion into chromosomal DNA.

17 NAs (agRNAs) block gene expression and probe chromosomal DNA.

18 on of SB transposons into whole plasmids and chromosomal DNA.

19 a bacterial assay that measures mutations in chromosomal DNA.

20 ragment encoding KR1 domain of MerA from the chromosomal DNA.

21 bacteria, minus an excluded volume about the chromosomal DNA.

22 esulting from architectural perturbations of chromosomal DNA.

23 ain, which can transfer extensive regions of chromosomal DNA.

24 ro and it doesn't directly produce breaks in chromosomal DNA.

25 ucleosome and by nucleobase modifications on chromosomal DNA.

26 s from each 3' end prior to integration into chromosomal DNA.

27 ption factors, GATA motifs reside throughout chromosomal DNA.

28 ear delivery of reagents designed to bind to chromosomal DNA.

29 n, 111 kb or approximately 2.7% of the total chromosomal DNA.

30 afted in pigs contain both human and porcine chromosomal DNA.

31 nd SET is degraded, allowing NM23-H1 to nick chromosomal DNA.

32 ely signaling for phagocytosis, by degrading chromosomal DNA.

33 to one SMC complex per 6,000 to 8,000 bp of chromosomal DNA.

34 ransfer of the processed ends into host cell chromosomal DNA.

35 can associate together and spread along the chromosomal DNA.

36 ansertion') exerts an expanding force on the chromosomal DNA.

37 o locate its transposon ends amidst a sea of chromosomal DNA.

38 EJ repair of DSBs in plasmid DNA, but not in chromosomal DNA.

39 to recognize linear dsDNA, DNA hairpins, and chromosomal DNA.

40 e cytotoxic and mutagenic DPC lesions within chromosomal DNA.

41 of transcription machinery or the access to chromosomal DNA.

42 ed by integration of the processed ends into chromosomal DNA.

43 CM-2-7 and distribute licensed origins along chromosomal DNA.

44 earned if it were also possible to recognize chromosomal DNA?

45 In an in vitro adherence assay, added chromosomal DNA alone had a limited effect on S. mutans

46 tent for transformation and able to transfer chromosomal DNA among different isolates using a conjuga

47 merases both manage the topological state of chromosomal DNA and are the targets of a variety of clin

48 major nucleoid-associated protein, organizes chromosomal DNA and facilitates numerous DNA transaction

49 derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) binds both chromosomal DNA and HIV integrase, and might therefore d

50 ryotic DNA polymerase (Pol) delta replicates chromosomal DNA and is also involved in DNA repair and g

51 troduce negative supercoils into plasmid and chromosomal DNA and is essential for DNA replication.

52 particles when mixed with isolated bacterial chromosomal DNA and its effects on growth were suppresse

53 f E. coli FtsZ, ftsZ(Bbu) was amplified from chromosomal DNA and placed under the control of the tetr

54 roteins play an important role in condensing chromosomal DNA and regulating gene expression.

55 e functions to generate interactions between chromosomal DNA and spindle microtubules [1].

56 omologous hybridization to G-rich targets in chromosomal DNA and suggest additional applications in a

57 he mechanism of LNAs involves recognition of chromosomal DNA and that LNAs are bona fide antigene mol

58 rrier preventing direct interactions between chromosomal DNA and the plasma membrane.

59 n, double-strand breaks (DSBs) are formed in chromosomal DNA and then repaired as either crossovers (

60 Pol B enzymes replicate eukaryotic chromosomal DNA, and as members of the Pol B family are

61 clue to how vector terminal repeats and host chromosomal DNA are joined in the integration process.

62 ures that form when transcripts hybridize to chromosomal DNA, are potent agents of genome instability

63 work, we develop a model for segregation of chromosomal DNA as a Rouse polymer in a viscoelastic med

64 ParB binds to chromosomal DNA at specific parS sites as well as the ne

65 hromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) and adjacent chromosomal DNA at the SCCmec insertion site.

66 during vegetative growth for moving trapped chromosomal DNA away from division septa.

67 ch provides insights to H-NS organization of chromosomal DNA based on its two distinct DNA architectu

68 This ability to transfer chromosomal DNA between strains may be an adaptation mec

69 Conjugal transfer of chromosomal DNA between strains of Mycobacterium smegmat

70 of the pXO2 plasmid and the entire 30 kb of chromosomal DNA between the mcrB and mrr genes, and in t

71 ds to repair-is the earliest known marker of chromosomal DNA breakage.

72 but not Fancg deficiency results in elevated chromosomal/DNA breakage and permanent genome rearrangem

73 from egg extracts results in accumulation of chromosomal DNA breaks during both normal and perturbed

74 from egg extracts results in accumulation of chromosomal DNA breaks during replicative synthesis.

75 ection, and in accumulation of unstable open chromosomal DNA breaks, predisposing to TCRalpha locus-a

76 nisms underlying the signaling and repair of chromosomal DNA breaks.

77 t SlmA DNA helps block Z-ring formation over chromosomal DNA by forming higher-order protein-nucleic

78 rting using flow cytometry and sequencing of chromosomal DNA by NGS technology.

79 The packaging of chromosomal DNA by nucleosomes condenses and organizes t

80 Furthermore, considering the coverage of chromosomal DNA by proteins in vivo, our theory shows th

81 nd involves separation of YAC DNA from yeast chromosomal DNA by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, con

82 fingerprinted by separating XbaI-restricted chromosomal DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFG

83 at sequences located at the terminal ends of chromosomal DNA can fold in a sequence-dependent manner

84 In the model, the reported compaction of chromosomal DNA caused by SYCP3 would result from its ab

85 SAGA complex mediates the interaction of non-chromosomal DNA circles with nuclear pore complexes (NPC

86 A structural model for ParB spreading and chromosomal DNA condensation that lead to chromosome seg

87 chromosomes proteins onto the chromosome for chromosomal DNA condensation.

88 Chromosomal DNA contaminant can also be selectively dena

89 Chromosomal DNA contamination is significantly reduced b

90 ase cell size is for the cell to amplify its chromosomal DNA content through endoreduplication cycles

91 ; yet the contributions of NHEJ to repair of chromosomal DNA damage are unknown.

92 orrelates with delayed repair of MMC-induced chromosomal DNA damage monitored by pulsed-field gel ele

93 diated inflammation and associated oxidative chromosomal DNA damage probably play a role.

94 Chromosomal DNA damage seems to be the intrinsic signal

95 of HR and NHEJ in repairing diverse types of chromosomal DNA damage.

96 siological substrates and prevent gratuitous chromosomal DNA damage.

97 traverses to the nucleus and participates in chromosomal DNA degradation during apoptosis in yeast, w

98 Initiation of host chromosomal DNA degradation occurred within 5 min postin

99 /M system(s) resulted in either delayed host chromosomal DNA degradation or no detectable host chroma

100 ealed a novel phage resistance mechanism via chromosomal DNA deletion in P. aeruginosa.

101 nique is capable of detecting submicroscopic chromosomal DNA deletions.

102 4 becomes deacetylated in the proximity of a chromosomal DNA double-strand break in a Sin3p-dependent

103 sed-field gel electrophoresis, we determined chromosomal DNA double-strand break persistence and repa

104 ntify molecular roles for PARP-3 and APLF in chromosomal DNA double-strand break repair reactions.

105 the normal IR-induced signaling required for chromosomal DNA double-strand break repair, thus resulti

106 Repair of chromosomal DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recom

107 d joining (NHEJ) for the efficient repair of chromosomal DNA double-strand breaks.

108 P-ribose)-binding protein APLF to accelerate chromosomal DNA DSB repair.

109 ATM also functions directly in the repair of chromosomal DNA DSBs by maintaining DNA ends in repair c

110 Transfer of chromosomal DNA due to the presence of a plasmid in the

111 DCR-1 functions in fragmenting chromosomal DNA during apoptosis, in addition to process

112 s the enzyme active site and binds viral and chromosomal DNA during integration.

113 l nuclei where the protein co-localized with chromosomal DNA during mitosis/meiosis.

114 ely restricted both unmethylated plasmid and chromosomal DNA during natural transformation and was pr

115 ases, thought to separate the two strands of chromosomal DNA during replication.

116 ction between STAT3 and c-Jun while bound to chromosomal DNA elements exists and is necessary for dri

117 Double-strand breaks (DSBs) in chromosomal DNA elicit a rapid signaling response throug

118 NA end structures (HCoDES), which elucidates chromosomal DNA end structures at single-nucleotide reso

119 ation in bacteria, measured as percentage of chromosomal DNA entering the gel.

120 these enzymes would be unable to function on chromosomal DNA even during times of DNA damage when pot

121 rences in compaction and torsional strain on chromosomal DNA explain a complex set of single-gene phe

122 strains of S. mutans were examined based on chromosomal DNA fingerprints (CDF), a hypervariable regi

123 Chromosomal DNA flanking insertion sites was amplified b

124 ogy searches using sequence corresponding to chromosomal DNA flanking Tn551 mutant strains showed tha

125 ied to express the genes encoded in a 3.8-kb chromosomal DNA fragment from a metalloid-resistant ther

126 ls, expressing the genes encoded in a 3.8-kb chromosomal DNA fragment from Geobacillus stearothermoph

127 go frequent spontaneous deletion of a 102-kb chromosomal DNA fragment, known as the pigmentation (pgm

128 e to easily knock out (KO) and pull out (PO) chromosomal DNA fragments from naturally transformable B

129 parallel sequencing, to identify B. subtilis chromosomal DNA fragments that bind CodY in vitro.

130 ntain phage lambda and Escherichia coli K-12 chromosomal DNA fragments, respectively.

131 We assayed chromosomal DNA from 42 different corynebacterial isolat

132 s raise the possibility that mobilization of chromosomal DNA from cyptic oriTs within genomic islands

133 were the levels of abasic sites in isolated chromosomal DNA from mutant cells.

134 responsible for the transfer of plasmid and chromosomal DNA from one bacterium to another during con

135 ssay, we show that 3MST-derived H2S protects chromosomal DNA from oxidative damage.

136 To test this hypothesis, host chromosomal DNA from PBCV-1-infected cells was examined

137 c instructions for the preparation of intact chromosomal DNA from several types of organisms.

138 Chromosomal DNA from the biofilm-positive strain O46E wa

139 vision, co-ordinating division with clearing chromosomal DNA from the site of septation and also acts

140 More recently, specific deletions of chromosomal DNA have been shown to define this group of

141 Chromosomal DNA immunoprecipitation assays revealed that

142 n IN dimers within the intasome accommodates chromosomal DNA in a severely bent conformation, allowin

143 son and Crick strands of the double-stranded chromosomal DNA in a single cell and to randomly partiti

144 Classical conjugal DNA transfer of chromosomal DNA in bacteria requires the presence of a c

145 The importance of the chromosomal DNA in cohesin cleavage is further demonstra

146 ha, delta, and epsilon replicate the bulk of chromosomal DNA in eukaryotic cells, Pol epsilon being t

147 super-resolve the nanoscale organization of chromosomal DNA in individual bacterial cells.

148 d gene modification within both episomal and chromosomal DNA in mammalian cells without detectable of

149 This is the first report of persistent Y chromosomal DNA in post-partum female dogs and these res

150 t sites where cells have divided and trapped chromosomal DNA in the membrane, which happens during sp

151 t H-ferritin subunits can be cross-linked to chromosomal DNA in vivo.

152 es are well suited for efficient scanning of chromosomal DNA in vivo.

153 t RNA mediates homologous recombination with chromosomal DNA in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

154 The R1162-dependent transfer of chromosomal DNA, initiated from one such potential site

155 The copying of chromosomal DNA initiates from a single nucleoprotein as

156 for exploring the structure and function of chromosomal DNA inside cells.

157 anced affinity might allow LNAs to recognize chromosomal DNA inside human cells and inhibit gene expr

158 ts a connection between the viral capsid and chromosomal DNA integration.

159 Partitioning bacterial chromosomal DNA into many small volumes during dPCR enab

160 Gonococci secrete chromosomal DNA into the extracellular environment using

161 a type IV secretion system (T4SS) to secrete chromosomal DNA into the medium, and this DNA is effecti

162 a type IV secretion system (T4SS) to secrete chromosomal DNA into the surrounding milieu.

163 These data demonstrate that chromosomal DNA is accessible to agPNA-peptide conjugate

164 the single-stranded oligonucleotides to the chromosomal DNA is as expected, with 7-nt loops being re

165 Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA is assembled into regularly spaced nucle

166 Chromosomal DNA is associated with histones and differen

167 The motion of chromosomal DNA is essential to many biological processe

168 Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA is faithfully replicated in a complex se

169 HIV-1 proviral DNA integration into host chromosomal DNA is only partially completed by the viral

170 nce of HO-induced cell death, largely intact chromosomal DNA is released into the environment.

171 The accurate duplication of chromosomal DNA is required to maintain genomic integrit

172 us A3A by interferon, the MeC status of bulk chromosomal DNA is unaltered, whereas both MeC and C nuc

173 er pylori isolates contain a 40-kb region of chromosomal DNA known as the cag pathogenicity island (P

174 A region of chromosomal DNA known as the pigmentation (pgm) locus wa

175 le of RNA as a template in the repair of any chromosomal DNA lesions, including DNA double-strand bre

176 To efficiently repair chromosomal DNA lesions, the repair machinery must gain

177 li is accompanied by blocked replication and chromosomal DNA loss and recent work identified activiti

178 ps of Escherichia coli NuoH by utilizing the chromosomal DNA manipulation technique and investigated

179 e E. coli counterpart of ND6) by employing a chromosomal DNA manipulation technique.

180 and D79N/E81Q were constructed by utilizing chromosomal DNA manipulation.

181 for the presence or absence of a series of Y-chromosomal DNA markers, or sequence-tagged sites (STSs)

182 an essential, conserved protein required for chromosomal DNA metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans.

183 gesting that effects on the structure of the chromosomal DNA might be paramount.

184 In all organisms, chromosomal DNA must be compacted nearly three orders of

185 ing the uvrB gene was PCR amplified from the chromosomal DNA of P. gingivalis W83.

186 s, single-strand gaps containing rNs, in the chromosomal DNA of the rnhAB mutant.

187 viral DNA and directs its insertion into the chromosomal DNA of the target cell.

188 uggest that the daughter cells have half the chromosomal DNA of vegetative cells.

189 The long chromosomal DNAs of cells are organized into loop domain

190 ating them before they are incorporated into chromosomal DNA or adversely affect metabolism.

191 ion, oligos stimulated excision of 2.1 kb of chromosomal DNA or insertion of 18 bp, and non-homologou

192 agments arising from shearing/degradation of chromosomal DNA or linearization of plasmid DNA itself.

193 leoid-associated protein that is involved in chromosomal DNA packaging and gene regulatory functions.

194 ParA is an ATPase that binds to chromosomal DNA; ParB is the stimulator of the ParA ATPa

195 The proximity of the transcript to its chromosomal DNA partner in the same locus facilitates Ra

196 es containing random fragments of Legionella chromosomal DNA positioned downstream of a galactose-ind

197 ntified to the species level by use of whole-chromosomal DNA probes.

198 f 90 vaginal isolates identified using whole-chromosomal DNA probes.

199 cquisition of lineage-specific determinants (chromosomal DNA) rather than by signal-mediated differen

200 smid insertion in the tla2 strain, causing a chromosomal DNA rearrangement and deletion/disruption of

201 A DNA helicase/translocase that functions in chromosomal DNA repair and replication of some plasmids.

202 ndicate that RPA phosphorylation facilitates chromosomal DNA repair.

203 can speed up adaptive evolution and support chromosomal DNA repair.

204 responsible for unwinding duplex DNA during chromosomal DNA replication and is an essential componen

205 2, exogenous RPA4 expression did not support chromosomal DNA replication and lead to cell-cycle arres

206 DNA ligase I (Lig I) has key roles in chromosomal DNA replication and repair in the eukaryotic

207 nteraction results in elevated initiation of chromosomal DNA replication during an unperturbed cell c

208 Triggering new rounds of chromosomal DNA replication during the bacterial cell cy

209 bosomal RNA processing and the inhibition of chromosomal DNA replication following stress.

210 ssential helicase functions in eukaryotes at chromosomal DNA replication forks.

211 DNA primases are pivotal enzymes in chromosomal DNA replication in all organisms.

212 brogated the checkpoint response that blocks chromosomal DNA replication in egg extracts containing d

213 nase (CDK) is required for the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication in eukaryotes.

214 The Mcm10 protein is essential for chromosomal DNA replication in eukaryotic cells.

215 4 protein is essential for the completion of chromosomal DNA replication in fission yeast.

216 The initiation of chromosomal DNA replication in human cell nuclei is not

217 uman cell extract that trigger initiation of chromosomal DNA replication in this system.

218 from bacteriophage RB69, and could carry out chromosomal DNA replication in yeast with remarkable hig

219 Chromosomal DNA replication intermediates, revealed in l

220 Our results indicate that control of chromosomal DNA replication is an additional function of

221 Chromosomal DNA replication is dependent on processive D

222 es, indicating that the defect in supporting chromosomal DNA replication is not due to competition wi

223 gram provides new insights into the way that chromosomal DNA replication is organized during S phase.

224 The onset of chromosomal DNA replication requires highly precise and

225 Chromosomal DNA replication requires one daughter strand

226 Chromosomal DNA replication requires the spatial and tem

227 uminate how lesion bypass is integrated with chromosomal DNA replication to limit ICL repair-associat

228 olymerase delta (pol delta), a key enzyme of chromosomal DNA replication, consists of four subunits a

229 a nucleo-protein structure that can obstruct chromosomal DNA replication, especially under conditions

230 ol delta) plays a central role in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA replication, repair and recombination.

231 During chromosomal DNA replication, the replicative helicase un

232 Treslin from egg extracts strongly inhibits chromosomal DNA replication.

233 lication fork during the elongation phase of chromosomal DNA replication.

234 e in initiation and elongation of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA replication.

235 the role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in chromosomal DNA replication.

236 ell cycle events including the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication.

237 y occurred around the origin and terminus of chromosomal DNA replication.

238 effects of nucleolin GAR or TM expression on chromosomal DNA replication.

239 complexes are believed to unwind DNA during chromosomal DNA replication.

240 omplex, that culminates in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication.

241 ubunit enzyme required for the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication.

242 es are highly vulnerable to perturbations to chromosomal DNA replication.

243 anti- proliferative effects by inhibition of chromosomal DNA replication.

244 appears to play a role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication.

245 se (AEP) in eukaryotic cells, is involved in chromosomal DNA replication.

246 se DnaG synthesizes RNA primers required for chromosomal DNA replication.

247 y with electrochemical detection analysis of chromosomal DNA revealed higher levels of 8-oxoG in P. g

248 ltiplex assay was applied to the analysis of chromosomal DNA samples from a collection of 48 A. fumig

249 ence may serve as the origin of transfer for chromosomal DNA secretion.

250 Changes in the copy number of chromosomal DNA segments [copy number variants (CNVs)] h

251 and striking visualization of non-Caucasian chromosomal DNA segments interspersed within the chromos

252 wth of this species, while 1.5 Mb and 2.3 Mb chromosomal DNA segments lateral to this core encode aux

253 In normal conditions, 70S-polysomes and the chromosomal DNA segregate, while 30S and 50S ribosomal s

254 ndrical wall and at the endcaps, whereas the chromosomal DNA segregates in the more centrally located

255 ions of proteins and epigenetic marks on the chromosomal DNA sequence are believed to demarcate the e

256 The chromosomal DNA sequence duplications were aligned to ea

257 Up to 63 kb of new chromosomal DNA sequences unique to this pathogen were o

258 ed specific binding of both CsrR and Ape1 to chromosomal DNA sequences upstream of PI-1.

259 using quantitative PCR of genotype-specific chromosomal DNA sequences.

260 Sequencing of the chromosomal DNA showed that excision of the FRT-hyg-FRT

261 amily that we show accelerates the repair of chromosomal DNA single-strand breaks in avian DT40 cells

262 levels of PNKP protein, and reduced rates of chromosomal DNA strand break repair.

263 Additionally, induction of chromosomal DNA strand breaks was observed in IR-exposed

264 ts the processed 3'-viral DNA ends into host chromosomal DNA (strand transfer).

265 and quantification of extra-chromosomal and chromosomal DNA suggest that the daughter cells have hal

266 K1 by ATR and the accompanying inhibition of chromosomal DNA synthesis in UVB-irradiated keratinocyte

267 Furthermore, little chromosomal DNA synthesis occurs during development, ind

268 and peptide nucleic acids for recognition of chromosomal DNA targets.

269 onorrhoeae type IV secretion system secretes chromosomal DNA that acts in natural transformation.

270 during evolution through destabilization of chromosomal DNA, thereby inducing repair and mutation.

271 has a role in reducing the susceptibility of chromosomal DNA to damage rather than promoting DNA dama

272 A synthesis by separating the two strands of chromosomal DNA to provide the single-stranded (ss) subs

273 replication by separating the two strands of chromosomal DNA to provide the single-stranded substrate

274 These rupture events expose chromosomal DNA to the cytoplasmic environment and have

275 gous system is sufficient for recruitment of chromosomal DNA to the membrane.

276 Upon stimulation, neutrophils release their chromosomal DNA to trap and kill microorganisms and inhi

277 associated protein involved in adjusting the chromosomal DNA topology to changing cellular physiology

278 erial enzyme required for the maintenance of chromosomal DNA topology.

279 , we present unique experimental evidence of chromosomal DNA transfer between tubercle bacilli of the

280 Here we describe novel aspects of a chromosomal DNA transfer system in Mycobacterium smegmat

281 ectrophoresis revealed, besides the expected chromosomal DNA, two non-DNA species that we have identi

282 In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, chromosomal DNA undergoes replication, condensation-deco

283 ale study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosomal DNA variation in indigenous populations from

284 rols access of transcriptional regulators to chromosomal DNA via several mechanisms that act on chrom

285 NA sequencing confirmed that this segment of chromosomal DNA was not transcribed.

286 d could act as cryptic sites for transfer of chromosomal DNA when R1162 is present.

287 How the intasome interfaces with chromosomal DNA, which exists in the form of nucleosomal

288 Within these aggregates, chromosomal DNA, which is used for the repair of DNA dou

289 de and therefore do not incorporate EdU into chromosomal DNA, which would obscure the detection of in

290 omere repeat element (SRE) regions to unique chromosomal DNA while simultaneously measuring the (TTAG

291 hly efficient and directional replacement of chromosomal DNA with incoming DNA.

292 oloney murine leukemia virus, degradation of chromosomal DNA with McrBC and DpnI restriction enzymes,

293 ve and may allow for accurate restoration of chromosomal DNAs with closely spaced DSBs.

294 ation forks follow the path of the compacted chromosomal DNA, with no structure other than DNA anchor

295 cts as a novel topological device that traps chromosomal DNA within a large tripartite ring formed by

296 The intasome engages chromosomal DNA within a target capture complex to carry

297 ing bacteriophage/plasmid DNA and endogenous chromosomal DNA within Escherichia coli at 37 degrees C.

298 We further hypothesized that Y chromosomal DNA would be detected in banked whole blood

299 We hypothesized that Y chromosomal DNA would be detected in the peripheral bloo

300 Recognition of chromosomal DNA would have many applications, such as in