ライフサイエンスコーパス: coal

1 ransformed into peat, lignite, and, finally, coal.

2 the amount of carbon sequestered within the coal.

3 , enriched in the heavy isotopes relative to coal.

4 he analysis of a pyrolysis liquid from brown coal.

5 ets of measured emission factors for Chinese coal.

6 easing argon injecting pressure for San Juan coal.

7 bioconverted coals compared to the untreated coal.

8 = 9) from TiO2 minerals naturally present in coal.

9 city demand currently projected to be met by coal.

10 helium did not change the T2 spectra of the coals.

11 n ashes from Illinois and Powder River basin coals (403 and 337 mg kg(-1), respectively).

12 onstitutes emissions from the consumption of coal (49%), petroleum (25%), natural gas (17%), and biom

13 stry are estimated up to 7.66 Mt of standard coal, 63.9 Mt of CO2 and 25.2 Mt of pig iron, respective

14 ovations between fungi and plants, Paleozoic coal abundance was likely the result of a unique combina

15 nlignified lycopsid periderm with equivalent coal accumulation rates continuing through several trans

16 osed subaerially during deposition, and high coal accumulation rates have continued to the present wh

17 chemical composition had little relevance to coal accumulation.

18 be approximately 15-60% higher than that of coal across sectors under GWP20.

19 estigate CO2 and water interactions in these coals across a variety of time-scales.

20 However, in recent years coal again has become the predominant source of global c

21 Here we have discovered that burning coal also produces large quantities of otherwise rare Ma

22 growth of poor countries is fueled mainly by coal, ambitious mitigation targets very likely will beco

23 ce from this study suggests that past use of coal among women in Shanghai is associated with excess a

24 We investigated the association of cooking coal and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a pro

25 s (five specific stations), river particles, coal and bulk Pb plate from past French Navy activities,

26 uring Belt, a region historically reliant on coal and dense with industry.

27 of fuel, with relatively low emissions from coal and higher contributions from heavy crude oils, tar

28 erformance data for 39 open- and closed-loop coal and natural gas plants from across the U.S., which

29 GHG reductions of about 13% when using 100% coal and reductions of about 20-37% when cofiring with 3

30 atistically significant impact on the use of coal and related emissions.

31 heating) and displacement of existing fuels (coal and Russian natural gas) affect GHG emissions shows

32 Women who lived closer to coal and solid waste power plants were exposed to higher

33 In this study, two coal and two shale samples were evaluated to estimate fr

34 f smoky coal, compared to users of smokeless coal and wood.

35 h, (228)Ra, (238)U, (226)Ra, and (210)Pb) in coals and associated CCRs from the Illinois, Appalachian

36 5-fold higher than NORM activities in parent coals and average U.S. soil, respectively.

37 scenario (including only natural bromide in coal) and from 16 to 190 mug/L for the Bromide Addition

38 ds for the fuel cycle (e.g., natural gas and coal) and power plant manufacturing (e.g., equipment and

39 oncentrations and ash contents of their feed coals, and we show that these relationships can be used

40 in eight coal samples of the Argonne Premium Coal (APC) series and in the NIST SRM 1632d is presented

41 Pyrolysis liquids from coal are complex mixtures of organic compounds with low

42 ors have found that TiO2 minerals present in coal are converted into titanium suboxides during burnin

43 including depth, type, plugging status, and coal area designation; and (iii) estimate attribute-spec

44 ed gas wells and plugged/vented gas wells in coal areas and appear to be unrelated to the presence of

45 Coal, as one of the most economic and abundant energy so

46 opic fingerprints that are characteristic of coal ash at all but one site.

47 Given the large number of coal ash impoundments throughout the United States, the

48 The risk of the mobilization of coal ash into the environment has highlighted the need f

49 Overall, As in coal ash is not environmentally stable and can participa

50 ates, the systematic evidence for leaking of coal ash ponds shown in this study highlights potential

51 , provide strong evidence for the leaking of coal ash ponds to adjacent surface water and shallow gro

52 Carolina) to evaluate possible leaking from coal ash ponds.

53 s potential environmental risks from unlined coal ash ponds.

54 ms and is also promising for waste glass and coal ash recycling.

55 l power plants are producing huge amounts of coal ash that may be applied to a variety of secondary u

56 assessment of the environmental behavior of coal ash, particularly with respect to toxic trace eleme

57 odules of permineralized fossil soils called coal balls [2], which formed in the Carboniferous coal s

58 tems preserved as compression fossils and in coal balls from the Carboniferous period.

59 actively growing roots would be preserved in coal balls.

60 Major power generation in the world is from coal based power plants.

61 his increase to 18%, hypothetically enabling coal-based electricity with net-zero life-cycle GHG.

62 e show that this trend of rapidly increasing coal-based emissions is not restricted to a few individu

63 s an environmentally superior alternative to coal-based PAC for micropollutant removal from wastewate

64 istics such as the major element content and coal basin to elucidate trends in REE enrichment.

65 e San Juan Basin (SJB) is one of the largest coal-bed methane producing regions in North America and,

66 In addition, coal bioavailability is no longer a limiting factor.

67 East of England, a region with a history of coal burning and heavy industry.

68 ures from fossil fuel combustion, especially coal burning but also from diesel traffic, were associat

69 in the human lung.Solid-state emissions from coal burning remain an environmental concern.

70 l fuel combustion exposures, especially from coal-burning sources.

71 id-state emissions worldwide from industrial coal-burning.

72 Freeze-thaw induced fracturing coal by liquid nitrogen (LN2) injection exerts a signifi

73 e delta(15)NCN values for samples related to coal carbonization and blast furnaces overlapped within

74 11 samples of contaminated groundwater from coal carbonization sites, blast furnace operations, and

75 However, for coal carbonization sites, historical research into the m

76 Coal-carbonization-related cyanides had unique high mean

77 In the NCP region, coal combustion accounted for 66% (46-74%, 95% C.I.) of

78 fy that this fossil source is primarily from coal combustion activities in winter, especially from th

79 Thus, rising Hg emissions from coal combustion and artisanal and small-scale gold minin

80 Coal fly ash (CFA) is a byproduct of coal combustion and is a source of anthropogenic PM with

81 emissions from eight states with significant coal combustion and large downwind populations.

82 l composition between cities, but PM2.5 from coal combustion and metal sources varied across cities.

83 n and emissions estimates suggests that both coal combustion and the smelting of lead, zinc, copper,

84 isotope variations within the products from coal combustion and thermo-desorption experiments with l

85 tion provides direct evidence that intensive coal combustion could contribute to increased light-abso

86 The reclamation of REEs from coal combustion fly ash has been proposed as a way to su

87 Coal combustion is an important source to BrC in regions

88 Coal combustion is found to be the primary source of HMs

89 particles are mixed with sulfate and are of coal combustion origin.

90 predicted most poorly due to limitations in coal combustion plume monitoring and modeling.

91 A coal combustion PM2.5 IHD HR = 1.05 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.08)

92 dicated a risk roughly five times higher for coal combustion PM2.5 than for PM2.5 mass in general, on

93 sulfurization (WFGD) plants, focusing on oxy-coal combustion processes and differences when compared

94 Source testing on Chinese residential coal combustion provides direct evidence that intensive

95 pore waters, and resident fish species from coal combustion residual (CCR)-impacted lakes and paired

96 ly occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in coal combustion residuals (CCRs) from different coal sou

97 Coal combustion residuals (CCRs), the largest industrial

98 Coal combustion residues (CCRs) are enriched in Mo, and

99 European region had a clear predominance of coal combustion sources (75 +/- 6%; uncertainties repres

100 Coal fly ash (CFA) is a by-product of coal combustion that can affect human health.

101 account for Zn isotopic fractionation during coal combustion.

102 dimension decreases for the two bioconverted coals compared to the untreated coal.

103 to controls were observed for users of smoky coal, compared to users of smokeless coal and wood.

104 y ascending trend along with the increase of coal consumption and industrial production, which are es

105 from 2004 to 2008, but then decreased due to coal consumption reduction, energy structure reconstruct

106 arbon levels were positively correlated with coal consumption through midcentury, after which they de

107 As Chinese emissions from coal decline in coming decades, transboundary pollution

108 sition occurred in a shelf environment, with coal deposition, subordinate fluvial facies, and abundan

109 The bulk of Earth's coal deposits used as fossil fuel today was formed from

110 aleozoic is so named for massive, widespread coal deposits.

111 cance of the fossil carbon stored in Earth's coal deposits.

112 ntation is limited to the bioavailability of coal-derived compounds and is considered carbon positive

113 use of wood biochar, biosolids biochar, and coal-derived PAC to remove sulfamethoxazole from wastewa

114 g that explosive reactions between magma and coal during the Siberian flood-basalt eruptions released

115 tent with silica and silicates; carbonaceous coal dust was less prominent.

116 1-2 orders of magnitude less than the HTI of coal electricity (0.016-0.024 DALY/GWh versus 0.69-1.7 D

117 lifetime of a well also has a lower HTI than coal electricity.

118 excess deaths per year from Southeast Asian coal emissions at present, increasing to 69660 (40080-12

119 ransboundary pollution influence from rising coal emissions in Southeast Asia may become an increasin

120 echnologies, i.e., oxyfuel combustion, clean coal energy delivery, and catalytic membrane reactors fo

121 orth most likely related to a combination of coal-eroding bedrock and the biological pump.

122 tained for char cofiring substituting fossil coal, even assuming high long-term stability of the char

123 umented or compared among the major types of coal feedstocks that determine fly ash composition.

124 R, NOx, CO2, and SO2 emissions from a 585 MW coal fired power plant, in Boardman OR, were found to be

125 aft measurements made downwind from specific coal fired power plants during the 2013 Southeast Nexus

126 that for about 60 gigawatts of the existing coal-fired capacity, the implementation of partial CO2 c

127 s under the ERC trading scheme, retrofitting coal-fired EGUs with CCS may be significantly cheaper th

128 Using data on the coal-fired electric generating units (EGUs) in Texas we

129 ty from PV would further reduce the share of coal-fired electricity by 4-6% resulting in a system-wid

130 We present a Life Cycle Assessment of coal-fired electricity generation that compares monoetha

131 o redispatching (i.e., substituting gas- for coal-fired electricity generation), wind, and normal CCS

132 if NPPs operate flexibly, then the share of coal-fired electricity will be reduced from 37% to 22%.

133 enic sources other than on-road vehicles and coal-fired energy generating units.

134 d-Atlantic PJM system that relies heavily on coal-fired generation.

135 mall number of power plants, mainly baseload coal-fired generators.

136 natural gas in the power sector, in place of coal-fired power generation, drove reductions in average

137 orks yet record both the opening of a nearby coal-fired power plant and amendments to the Clean Air A

138 nium has unique fate and transport through a coal-fired power plant because of high vapor pressures o

139 on has focused on oil and gas wastewater and coal-fired power plant wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD

140 his study was done at full-scale on a 900 MW coal-fired power plant with electrostatic precipitator (

141 Coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) generate air, water, and

142 nergy, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emitted from coal-fired power plants and industry is a major pollutan

143 Coal-fired power plants equipped with wet flue gas desul

144 n pose serious health risks to consumers and coal-fired power plants have been identified as the majo

145 Coal-fired power plants in the United States are require

146 d gas-produced water discharges and 33% with coal-fired power plants operating wet FGD, with 18% deri

147 From a detailed analysis of coal-fired power plants presently planned or under const

148 a possible method of replacing conventional coal-fired power plants to meet the demands for lower CO

149 If the planned retirement of coal-fired power plants together with new installations

150 y correlated with distances from the studied coal-fired power plants, and the mercury contents in let

151 roducts were investigated in three different coal-fired power plants, and the results were used to de

152 ers from anthropogenic contamination through coal-fired power plants, conventional oil and gas extrac

153 Stationary combustion, in particular in coal-fired power plants, is found to be the main respons

154 f mercury pollution in food crops grown near coal-fired power plants, we measured the total mercury c

155 , which have been affected by emissions from coal-fired power plants.

156 greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions for existing coal-fired power plants.

157 ean Power Plan's emission regulation for new coal-fired power plants.

158 crops collected from farms located near two coal-fired power plants.

159 emoval of CO2 from the flue gas emissions of coal-fired power plants.

160 C) with historic selenium inputs from nearby coal-fired power plants.

161 combustion capture process integrated with a coal-fired power station.

162 ys facile step-shaped adsorption of CO2 from coal flue gas at 40 degrees C and near complete CO2 deso

163 in the optimal range for carbon capture from coal flue gas.

164 Coal fly ash (CFA) is a by-product of coal combustion th

165 Coal fly ash (CFA) is a byproduct of coal combustion and

166 1) would be uniquely responsive to insoluble coal fly ash compared with the prototypical soluble agon

167 ift to other gallium sources such as zinc or coal fly ash may be required.

168 The I585V variant was less responsive to coal fly ash particles due to reduced translation of pro

169 Overall, this study shows that coal fly ash production could provide a substantial dome

170 Here, we examined As speciation in coal fly ash samples and transformations in response to

171 thelial cells, IL-8 secretion in response to coal fly ash treatment was reduced for cells heterozygou

172 However, the typical REE contents in coal fly ash, particularly in the United States, have no

173 riants were more responsive to capsaicin and coal fly ash.

174 ehold air pollution from combustion of smoky coal for cooking and heating.

175 Use of household coal for cooking was assessed through a residential hist

176 d N footprint, while the heavy dependence on coal for electricity explains the large energy N footpri

177 global savings from U.S. LNG displacement of coal for electricity generation are $1.50 per thousand c

178 Both countries rely heavily on coal for energy, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emitted from c

179 ajor mineral content and origins of the feed coal for the ash.

180 rtantly, the widespread use of high-selenium coals for electricity generation extends the potential r

181 Earth's penultimate icehouse and widespread coal formation, was dominated by extinct lineages of ear

182 residential combustion of solid biomass and coal fuel for cooking and heating.

183 ted in regions containing a high fraction of coal generation or a large chemical manufacturing indust

184 hermore, a large proportion of Carboniferous coal horizons are dominated by unlignified lycopsid peri

185 shale gas is about 30-50% lower than that of coal in all sectors under both 20 year and 100 year glob

186 sions in most cases due largely to increased coal in the marginal generation mix at night; (2) the Ch

187 siness-as-usual scenario that emissions from coal in the region will triple to 2.6 Tg a(-1) SO2 and 2

188 ular mortality as the time since last use of coal increased emphasizes the importance of reducing use

189 nomer is based in regions of the world where coal is abundant.

190 production and usage of natural gas, oil and coal) is thought to contribute 15 to 22 per cent of meth

191 il sands and oil shale) alongside shale gas, coal, lignite, wood and conventional oil and gas, and co

192 r, we are witnessing a global renaissance of coal majorly driven by poor, fast-growing countries that

193 w that in the increasingly integrated global coal market the availability of a domestic coal resource

194 ly augment the permeability of frozen-thawed coal masses.

195 olves into the capillary water to access the coal matrix interior, which promotes desorption of water

196 stored as an adsorbed phase in fine pores of coal matrix, the nano-pore structure directly influences

197 ly associated with the organic matter of the coal, may be preferentially released into the vapor phas

198 d hydraulic connectivity between the Walloon Coal Measures (WCM, the target formation for gas product

199 tion of water molecules from the surfaces of coal micropores and mesopores.

200 -14 isolated from the Rock Creek underground coal mine acid drainage site.

201 opium metal ion from various soil samples of coal mine areas.

202 these miners was associated with exposure to coal mine dust containing high concentrations of respira

203 pipeline leaks, and well pads, as well as a coal mine venting shaft.

204 l plants) may be inaccurate 'canaries in the coal mine' for CC without pertinent demographic analyses

205 ational surveillance program offered to U.S. coal miners over an approximate 36-year period.

206 , the location of Canada's major steelmaking coal mines, were characterized and quantified by analyzi

207 Mountaintop removal coal mining (MTM) is a form of surface mining where ridg

208 healthy survivors, who experienced the same coal mining flood disaster.

209 ountaintop mining is the most common form of coal mining in the Central Appalachian ecoregion.

210 solid waste landfills, oil and natural gas, coal mining, and agricultural manure management.

211 onplace pollutants associated with metal and coal mining.

212 In this cohort, 63% of the women ever used coal (n = 46,287).

213 onversion is a promising route to converting coal, natural gas, or biomass into synthetic liquid fuel

214 verts syngas, generated from gasification of coal, natural gas, or biomass, into lipids that can be u

215 Reference Material (SRM) 2682c Subbituminous Coal (nominal mass fraction 0.5% sulfur).

216 cting the onset of acidic mine drainage from coal operations.

217 ne material for indirect carbon capture from coal or natural gas power plants.

218 climate implications of fuel switching from coal or petroleum to natural gas.

219 uyuan females who used smoky coal, smokeless coal, or wood and 10 local controls who used electricity

220 components of the flue gas emanating from a coal- or natural gas-fired power plant, have never been

221 deling option for a hybrid cooling system at coal- or natural-gas-fired power plants with and without

222 sequestration (CCS) retrofits of pulverized coal (PC) and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power pl

223 asonic waves had a negative correlation with coal permeability, and the freeze-thaw cycles significan

224 hifting loads to lower-cost, higher-emitting coal plants.

225 for example, substitution of natural gas for coal) playing a comparatively minor role.

226 y the interaction between bird predation and coal pollution.

227 Building new coal power plant capacities will lead to lock-in effects

228 Improvements to coal power plant technology and the cofired combustion o

229 Coal power plants are producing huge amounts of coal ash

230 om upgrading existing subcritical pulverized coal power plants to increase their efficiency, improvin

231 mpared with that from traditional bituminous coal power plants.

232 lower impact than electricity generated from coal power.

233 Yet, burning coal produces more global warming CO2 relative to all ot

234 methane emissions from natural gas, oil and coal production and their usage are 20 to 60 per cent gr

235 widely accepted explanation for this peak in coal production is a temporal lag between the evolution

236 mo-desorption experiments with local Tl-rich coal pyrite.

237 /- 6%; uncertainties represent 1 SD), mainly coal pyrolysis at low temperature ( approximately 650 de

238 o emissions, food production and industries, coal pyrolysis, and various biological activities).

239 echanisms by which CO2 and water interact in coal remain unclear and these are key questions for unde

240 tions and nature of the world's oil, gas and coal reserves and resources, and which is shown to be co

241 the fracture permeability enhancement of the coal reservoir.

242 l coal market the availability of a domestic coal resource does not have a statistically significant

243 al benefits in a future grid with sufficient coal retirements and wind penetration.

244 high moisture content, was restricted by the coal's moisture saturation limit.

245 her trace, minor, or major elements in whole coal samples by means of electrothermal vaporization ind

246 ermination of total oxygen contents in eight coal samples of the Argonne Premium Coal (APC) series an

247 strates for gas generation by the indigenous coal seam microorganisms.

248 t-derived carbohydrates (monosaccharides) to coal seams to be converted by indigenous microbes into n

249 l formations (e.g., shales, tight sands, and coal seams) has raised concern about potential environme

250 microbially generated, likely within shallow coal seams.

251 removed with explosives to access underlying coal seams.

252 ng Xuanwei and Fuyuan females who used smoky coal, smokeless coal, or wood and 10 local controls who

253 l combustion residuals (CCRs) from different coal source basins have not been fully characterized in

254 -thaw cycling caused much more damage to the coal strength.

255 balls [2], which formed in the Carboniferous coal swamp forests over 300 million years ago [3-9].

256 eight, were the tallest in the Carboniferous coal swamp forests.

257 Soil contaminated with coal tar (prebioremediation) from a former manufactured

258 ted with common PAH sources (fuel oil, soot, coal tar based skeet particles) and direct spike with a

259 s enabled the separation of three classes of coal tar compounds: (1) nonaromatic hydrocarbons; (2) un

260 d for differential blood cell counting using coal tar dyes and mentions the eosinophil for the first

261 A total of 3700 kg of coal tar over 12 days in the shallow test and 860 kg ove

262 For example, the coal tar S-containing compounds were pinpointed through

263 We applied a coal tar sealcoat to conventional asphalt and collected

264 Coal tar sealcoats applied to asphalt surfaces in North

265 ture of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from coal tar.

266 t chromatographic separation, in a reference coal-tar sample is made possible with the combination of

267 s been paid to the presence of seven PAHs in coal-tar samples, namely, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[k]-fl

268 ic, high-molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) in coal-tar samples.

269 pproach for the routine analysis of numerous coal-tar samples.

270 Runoff from coal-tar-based (CT) sealcoated pavement is a source of p

271 nd soil adjacent to parking lots sealed with coal-tar-based products.

272 modify the mechanical properties of treated coals, the effects of freezing time, number of freeze-th

273 Bromide can be added to coal to enhance mercury removal, and increased use of br

274 ysis is blended and co-fired with bituminous coal to form a bio-oil co-firing fuel (BCF).

275 widely attributed to a shift from the use of coal to natural gas in US electricity production.

276 -growing countries that increasingly rely on coal to satisfy their growing energy demand.

277 GHG emission reductions when switching from coal to shale gas, we estimate the breakeven methane lea

278 Cooking coal use and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a

279 The association between coal use and ischemic heart disease mortality diminished

280 Owing to the dramatic differences of coal use by industrial and power sectors among provinces

281 However, household coal use remains widespread.

282 uce emissions of air pollutants and CO2 from coal use, China is attempting to duplicate the rapid dev

283 tality increased with increasing duration of coal use, compared with the risk in never users.

284 Compared with never coal use, ever use of coal was associated with mortality

285 hed with increasing years since cessation of coal use.

286 risk of mortality associated with household coal use.

287 em and compares them with GHG emissions from coal used in the power, residential, and industrial sect

288 ited for the fast determination of oxygen in coals, varying in rank from lignite to semianthracite, i

289 Compared with never coal use, ever use of coal was associated with mortality from all causes [haza

290 Coal was central to the industrial revolution, but in th

291 es, how freeze-thaw induced fractures in the coal was quantitatively analyzed.

292 Selenium (Se) reservoirs in coal waste rock from the Elk Valley, southeastern Britis

293 eze-thaw cycles, and the moisture content of coal were studied using combined uniaxial compression an

294 the importance of reducing use of household coal where use is still widespread.

295 ibuted HS-DAC with photovoltaics (instead of coal) while including recapture of all background GHG, r

296 er than the HTI of electricity produced from coal, with 90% confidence using a Monte Carlo Analysis.

297 ing amounts of time degraded the strength of coal within a certain limit.

298 sources such as paints/pigments (PCB 11) and coal/wood combustion showed significant contributions ac

299 e for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program (CWHSP) is a s

300 Only four had classic lesions of simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis.