1 Noroviruses are the most
common cause of acute gastroenteritis in the developed w
2 Septic shock is a
common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), and fluid res
3 RSV is the most
common cause of acute lower respiratory infection and br
4 Seasonal influenza viruses are a
common cause of acute respiratory illness worldwide and
5 Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most
common cause of acute viral hepatitis globally.
6 ydration (1536 [38%] patients) were the most
common causes of acute kidney injury.
7 surgery, and nephrotoxic drugs are the most
common causes of acute kidney injury.
8 The most
common causes of admission in people who did not have an
9 Cryptococcus is the most
common cause of adult meningitis in Africa.
10 eading cause of otitis media and is the most
common cause of airway infections associated with chroni
11 Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is the most
common cause of AKI.
12 OCA1 is the most
common cause of albinism in European populations and is
13 piratory viral infections represent the most
common cause of allergic asthma exacerbations.
14 s, followed by Aspergillus flavus which is a
common cause of allergic rhinosinusitis, postoperative a
15 House dust mite (HDM) allergens are a
common cause of allergy and allergic asthma.
16 de repeat expansions in C9orf72 are the most
common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and
17 repeat GGGGCC (G4C2) in C9ORF72 is the most
common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and
18 otide (GGGGCC) repeat in C9ORF72 is the most
common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and
19 in intron 1 of the C9orf72 gene is the most
common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and fronto
20 Common causes of an epigastric mass include hepatomegaly
21 ted reactions to food allergens are the most
common cause of anaphylaxis in childhood.
22 Decreased drug accumulation is a
common cause of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms.
23 ific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most
common cause of aortic stenosis.
24 Acute pancreatitis is one of the
common causes of asparaginase intolerance.
25 Lack of sufficient efficacy is the most
common cause of attrition in late-phase drug development
26 ear palsy (PSP), previously believed to be a
common cause of atypical parkinsonism, is now recognised
27 ession of the gene product E6AP protein is a
common cause of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).
28 Cataract is a
common cause of avoidable blindness in children globally
29 Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most
common cause of bacteremia in Kilifi and was thus the fo
30 Campylobacter jejuni, the most
common cause of bacterial diarrhoeal disease, is normall
31 bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is the most
common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease i
32 lated macular degeneration (AMD) is the most
common cause of blindness for individuals age 50 and abo
33 Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), the most
common cause of blindness in premature infants, has long
34 roliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a
common cause of blindness in the developed world's worki
35 .SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Glaucoma is the most
common cause of blindness worldwide and, along with othe
36 Candida is the third most
common cause of bloodstream infections in hospitalized p
37 Ovarian carcinoma is the fifth
common cause of cancer death in women, despite advanced
38 As lung cancer has increased to the most
common cause of cancer death worldwide, prognostic bioma
39 common cancer worldwide and the second most
common cause of cancer death.
40 sk factor for gastric cancer, the third most
common cause of cancer-related death worldwide.
41 mmon cancer in the world and the second most
common cause of cancer-related death.
42 ocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most
common cause of cancer-related death.
43 (PDAC) is on track to become the second most
common cause of cancer-related deaths by 2030.
44 tocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most
common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
45 Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-most
common cause of cancer-related mortality.
46 reasing, and is now similar to the four most
common causes of cancer combined.
47 Aortic valvular stenosis (AS) is the most
common cause of cardiac valvular replacement surgery.
48 zoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is the most
common cause of cardiac-related deaths in endemic region
49 e role of the mutation BRAF(Q257R), the most
common cause of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), in
50 KRIT1 mutations are the most
common cause of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM).
51 activation during human pregnancy might be a
common cause of CHD.
52 INTERPRETATION: Globally, RSV is a
common cause of childhood ALRI and a major cause of hosp
53 Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most
common cause of childhood hearing loss and can lead to n
54 dysplasia, acquired scarring or both - are a
common cause of childhood hypertension and renal failure
55 fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most
common cause of chronic liver disease in Western countri
56 olic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most
common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide.
57 Common causes of chronic diarrhea among travelers worldw
58 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are
common causes of chronic liver disease throughout the wo
59 NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are
common causes of chronic liver disease.
60 240 million people in the world and it is a
common cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (
61 By ethnicity, NAFLD was the most
common cause of cirrhosis in Japanese Americans, Native
62 NAFLD was the most
common cause of cirrhosis in the entire cohort.
63 Alcoholic liver disease was the most
common cause of cirrhosis in whites (38.2%), while hepat
64 idney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most
common cause of CKD in the first three decades of life.
65 s by underlying etiology; NAFLD was the most
common cause of CLD and cirrhosis in the entire cohort,
66 lic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was the most
common cause of CLD in all ethnic groups combined (52%),
67 The most
common cause of clinical failure was a temperature of gr
68 In addition, ARID1B is the most
common cause of Coffin-Siris syndrome, a developmental d
69 yees to speak up, employee silence remains a
common cause of communication breakdowns, contributing t
70 of the genus Legionella are recognised as a
common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and a rare
71 Coccidioidomycosis is a
common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in areas of
72 Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most
common cause of community-acquired pneumonia worldwide.
73 series reported to date, and by far the most
common cause of complex spastic paraplegia in the UK, wi
74 of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is the most
common cause of congenital heart defects (CHD), yet the
75 eteropelvic junction obstruction is the most
common cause of congenital hydronephrosis, yet the under
76 Breast cancer was the most
common cause of death (10550 deaths [49.9%]); 3444 death
77 The most
common cause of death (40%) was sudden unexpected death
78 Heart failure was the most
common cause of death (519 [30%] of 1758); stroke caused
79 Sepsis was the most
common cause of death (60%).
80 re, and 70 patients (7%) died, with the most
common cause of death being infection.
81 Oral cancer is the sixth most
common cause of death from cancer with an estimated 400,
82 Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is the most
common cause of death from gynecologic cancers largely d
83 n delays and arrhythmia, are the second most
common cause of death in DM.
84 Although the most
common cause of death in IgA anti-tTG positive participa
85 pected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most
common cause of death in patients with intractable epile
86 HS is still a
common cause of death in severely injured patients and i
87 HS is still a
common cause of death in severely injured patients and i
88 r for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the most
common cause of death in T2D.
89 are due to trauma, and it is the third most
common cause of death in the United States.
90 retically modifiable condition, and the most
common cause of death in the world, cardiovascular disea
91 Overall mortality rate was 0.6% and the most
common cause of death was related to acute liver insuffi
92 Trauma is the third most
common cause of death worldwide and is the leading cause
93 after a burn injury, infections are the most
common cause of death.
94 dures, with cardiac tamponade being the most
common cause of death.
95 VTE is among most
common causes of death after bariatric surgery.
96 The most
common causes of death after trauma are hemorrhage and t
97 ted with reduced risks of dying from several
common causes of death among urban Canadians.
98 auses of death were consistent with the most
common causes of death in the US population.
99 For the 15 contributory role cases,
common causes of death included sepsis, malignancy, and
100 Mortality by diet group for each of 18
common causes of death was estimated with the use of Cox
101 The most
common causes of death were cardiovascular (15%) and ext
102 The most
common causes of death were cardiovascular disease (28%)
103 The most
common causes of death were multiorgan failure (26%), he
104 study (15 [7%], 15 [7%], 11 [5%]); the most
common causes of death were respiratory failure and sept
105 en cardiac arrest (SCA) ranks among the most
common causes of death worldwide.
106 rdiac failure, or stroke, which are the most
common causes of death; risks of these outcomes are exac
107 e of death in the United States and the most
common cause of dementia in the elderly.
108 rative movement disorder and the second most
common cause of dementia.
109 Alzheimer's disease is the most
common cause of dementia.
110 edisposes to human type 2 diabetes, the most
common cause of diabetic retinopathy.
111 nteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a
common cause of diarrhea and is associated with a higher
112 ogen for immunocompromised individuals and a
common cause of diarrhea in young children.
113 Cryptosporidiosis is a
common cause of diarrhea morbidity and mortality worldwi
114 ber of high-priority domains: it is the most
common cause of diarrheal episodes globally, the princip
115 n with Giardia duodenalis is one of the most
common causes of diarrheal disease in the world.
116 Rotavirus infection is one of the most
common causes of diarrheal illness in humans.
117 The most
common causes of DILI were acetaminophen (35.0 %) and an
118 ssion is a major public health problem and a
common cause of disability.
119 Mutations in ABCA4 were the most
common cause of disease in this cohort (173 families), w
120 Although they are a
common cause of disease, no systematic cost-of-illness s
121 Although cancer remains the most
common cause of disease-related death in adolescents and
122 sensitive protein of rod cells, are the most
common cause of dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a ty
123 these highly specific alterations might be a
common cause of dominant Robinow syndrome.
124 transcriptional dysregulation of OVOL2 as a
common cause of dominantly inherited corneal endothelial
125 le in the Wnt-5a non-canonical pathway, is a
common cause of DRS.
126 e therapy era, vessel thrombosis is the most
common cause of early graft loss after renal transplanta
127 The most
common cause of early onset primary dystonia, a neuromus
128 n summary, somatic mutations in MAP2K1 are a
common cause of extracranial AVM.
129 e efficacy of this strategy and are the most
common cause of failed therapy.
130 Failures of coreference resolution are a
common cause of false negatives in information extractio
131 The most
common cause of false-positive findings was nutrient for
132 ntron of the C9orf72 gene represent the most
common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (
133 alpha-actin), encoded by ACTA2, are the most
common cause of familial thoracic aortic aneurysms that
134 A
common cause of female genital virilization is congenita
135 Because mutation in perforin is a
common cause of FHL, we used an experimental FHL mouse m
136 Hen's egg is the most
common cause of food allergy in early childhood.
137 Typhimurium), a
common cause of food-borne gastroenteritis, possesses tw
138 the years and still remains one of the most
common causes of food-related anaphylaxis.
139 Campylobacter is the most
common cause of foodborne bacterial illness worldwide.
140 elix-shaped enteric bacterial pathogen and a
common cause of gastroenteritis.
141 Mutations in LRRK2 are a
common cause of genetic Parkinson's disease (PD).
142 x virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is the most
common cause of genital ulcer disease.
143 Death and chronic rejection were the most
common causes of graft loss in both arms.
144 Acinetobacter baumannii is a
common cause of health care associated infections worldw
145 Clostridium difficile is the most
common cause of health care-associated infection in US h
146 Mutations of SLC26A4 are a
common cause of hearing loss associated with enlargement
147 titis media with effusion (COME) is the most
common cause of hearing loss in children, and known to h
148 The fourth most
common cause of heart failure in Afro-Caribbeans was car
149 In 211 Afro-Caribbean patients, the most
common cause of heart failure was nonischemic dilated ca
150 ve tubulointerstitial nephritis, is the most
common cause of hereditary end-stage renal disease in th
151 asculopathy and opportunistic infections are
common causes of HIV-related ischemic stroke.
152 used the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a
common cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia, as a model
153 Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a
common cause of hospital-related mortality; therefore, s
154 and skin-structure infections (ABSSSIs) are
common causes of hospital admissions.
155 Respiratory virus infection is a
common cause of hospitalisation in adults.
156 ease severity in patients with COPD, being a
common cause of hospitalization and a frequent cause of
157 Pneumonia is a
common cause of hospitalization and can be complicated b
158 ding remains a frequent clinical dilemma and
common cause of hospitalization, morbidity and mortality
159 The most
common causes of hospitalization were complications rela
160 ons in the spastin gene (SPAST) are the most
common cause of HSP and typically present with a pure fo
161 site Plasmodium knowlesi has become the most
common cause of human malaria in Malaysia and is present
162 Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a
common cause of hypercalcemia after kidney transplant.
163 metabolic iron overload syndrome (DIOS) is a
common cause of hyperferritinemia, accounting for a mild
164 The most
common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease, foll
165 inding protein C (cMyBP-C), are the two most
common causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).
166 Mutations in PROP1 are the most
common cause of hypopituitarism in humans; therefore, un
167 , and effective treatments are available for
common causes of impaired visual acuity, such as uncorre
168 on via the cardiovascular system is the most
common cause of infection mortality.
169 rate molecular diagnostic tests for the most
common causes of infectious meningitis and encephalitis
170 The most
common cause of inflammatory cardiomyopathies in develop
171 Usher syndrome (USH) is the most
common cause of inherited deaf-blindness, manifested as
172 at expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most
common cause of inherited forms of the neurodegenerative
173 se disorders is fragile X syndrome, the most
common cause of inherited intellectual disability and au
174 fumigata (Aspergillus fumigatus) is the most
common cause of invasive aspergillosis, a frequently fat
175 Kingella kingae is a
common cause of invasive disease in young children and w
176 esent before vaccine introduction emerged as
common causes of IPD.
177 nts (CCDs) in plants and insect venoms are a
common cause of irrelevant positive test results during
178 y prevalent condition worldwide and the most
common cause of irreversible sight loss.
179 lated macular degeneration is among the most
common causes of irreversible blindness and manifests wi
180 cranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) is a
common cause of ischemic stroke, and a low level of high
181 suggest heterozygous mutations in ACAN as a
common cause of isolated as well as inherited idiopathic
182 In developed nations the most
common cause of IUGR is impaired placentation resulting
183 is is the most prevalent joint disease and a
common cause of joint pain, functional loss, and disabil
184 Polyomavirus nephropathy (PVAN) is a
common cause of kidney allograft dysfunction and loss.
185 Tubulointerstitial nephritis is a
common cause of kidney failure and may have diverse etio
186 polycystic kidney disease, an important and
common cause of kidney failure.
187 hondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) is a
common cause of lameness in commercial broiler chickens
188 olic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most
common cause of liver dysfunction in the Western world a
189 vokes liver injury and it is the second most
common cause of liver failure.
190 onizing the upper respiratory tract and is a
common cause of localized respiratory tract disease.
191 Poor sperm motility is a
common cause of male infertility for which there are no
192 s a ubiquitous colonizer of human skin and a
common cause of medical device-associated infections.
193 Viruses are the most
common cause of meningitis and encephalitis in the Unite
194 Cryptococcus is the most
common cause of meningitis in adults living with HIV in
195 we have identified mutations in DONSON as a
common cause of microcephalic dwarfism and established D
196 The m.3243A>G MTTL1 mutation is the most
common cause of mitochondrial disease; yet there is limi
197 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most
common cause of mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome (MCS).
198 ibility.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Epilepsy is a
common cause of morbidity after traumatic brain injury i
199 Depression is a
common cause of morbidity and disability worldwide.
200 ge associated with iron overload is the most
common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with
201 Bacterial bloodstream infection is a
common cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan A
202 verse drug reactions (ADRs) are a relatively
common cause of morbidity and mortality.
203 Acute lung injury (ALI) is a
common cause of morbidity in patients after severe injur
204 y altered hemostasis, remains the third most
common cause of mortality among all cardiovascular condi
205 ations differing in prevalence of an unknown
common cause of mortality and a time-varying confounder.
206 Depression is a
common cause of mortality and morbidity, but the biologi
207 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a
common cause of mortality in congenital heart disease (C
208 promote metastasis, which is one of the most
common causes of mortality among cancer patients.
209 the effects of statins on Rhizopus oryzae, a
common cause of mucormycosis.
210 dication-resistant epilepsy and are the most
common cause of neocortical epilepsy in children.
211 Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is the most
common cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction.
212 of adult bacteremia, and is the second most
common cause of neonatal meningitis.
213 Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the most
common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, and one-th
214 Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most
common cause of neurodegenerative movement disorder and
215 A proposed
common cause of neurodevelopmental disorders is an imbal
216 ompose a diverse range of disorders that are
common causes of neurodevelopmental delay and epilepsy.
217 Axonal injury is a
common cause of neurological dysfunction.
218 Obesity is a
common cause of non-communicable disease.
219 Enterococcus faecium is a
common cause of nosocomial infections, of which infectiv
220 occus aureus (MRSA) which is one of the most
common causes of nosocomial infections.
221 Variants of TYR and OCA2 genes were the most
common cause of nsOCA, occurring in 43 and 30 families,
222 Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a
common cause of ocular morbidity in children in warm dry
223 tions in FOXC1 and PITX2 constitute the most
common causes of ocular anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD
224 Norovirus is the most
common cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Na
225 Osteoarthritis (OA) is a
common cause of pain and disability and is often associa
226 Subglottic edema is the most
common cause of pediatric extubation failure, but few st
227 , but norovirus persists and is now the most
common cause of pediatric gastroenteritis requiring medi
228 Graves disease is the most
common cause of persistent hyperthyroidism in adults.
229 rmation of cortical development, is the most
common cause of pharmacoresistant epilepsy associated wi
230 Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most
common cause of pneumonia, which claims the lives of peo
231 negative Staphylococci and Bacillus spp. are
common causes of post-operative and post-traumatic endop
232 oronary artery dissection (SCAD) is the most
common cause of pregnancy-associated myocardial infarcti
233 ODA defects are the most
common cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a cong
234 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are a
common cause of primary mitochondrial disorders, and hav
235 tions decreased protein solubility, the most
common cause of protein design failure.
236 secondary to left heart disease is the most
common cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH).
237 uired high-level antibiotic resistance, is a
common cause of pulmonary infections.
238 e of 69.2% [95% CI: 63.2-74.7%] was the most
common cause of pulmonary NTM disease.
239 Pfhrp2-deleted P. falciparum is a
common cause of RDT-/PCR+ malaria among asymptomatic chi
240 The most
common cause of readmission was procedural complications
241 The most
common causes of readmission were dehydration (42%), int
242 ulmonary complications of care were the most
common causes of readmissions with 46.3% occurring betwe
243 ulmonary complications of care were the most
common causes of readmissions with 46.3% occurring betwe
244 nfluenza A and B viruses are one of the most
common causes of respiratory infections in humans, causi
245 fluenza A viruses (IAVs) are one of the most
common causes of respiratory infections in humans, resul
246 nfluenza A viruses (IAVs) are among the most
common causes of respiratory infections in humans.
247 Mutations in rhodopsin (RHO) are a
common cause of retinal dystrophy and can be transmitted
248 (retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator) are
common causes of RP-associated photoreceptor degeneratio
249 Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most
common cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide
250 Renal artery stenosis is a
common cause of secondary hypertension refractory to med
251 Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most
common cause of secondary hypertension with a prevalence
252 infections and is one of the most lethal and
common causes of sepsis.
253 Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia is the most
common cause of severe and persistent hypoglycaemia in n
254 Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia is a
common cause of severe community-acquired and hospital-a
255 Historically, rotavirus was the most
common cause of severe disease in young children globall
256 Degenerative mitral valve (MV) disease is a
common cause of severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and acc
257 losure process leads to open spina bifida, a
common cause of severe neurologic disability in humans.
258 Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a
common cause of severe respiratory disease among infants
259 oliferative diabetic retinopathy is the most
common cause of severe sight impairment in people with d
260 ary tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is the most
common cause of severe TR in the Western world.
261 genitalium is increasingly appreciated as a
common cause of sexually transmitted disease syndromes,
262 Staphylococcus aureus is the most
common cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs),
263 Humoral rejection is the most
common cause of solid organ transplant failure.
264 Norovirus is the most
common cause of sporadic gastroenteritis and outbreaks w
265 tic polymorphisms can influence risk of more
common causes of stroke, due to both other risk factors
266 It is also the most
common cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults and
267 is decision reflects the fact that ARVC is a
common cause of sudden death in young people and that su
268 Cardiorespiratory failure is the most
common cause of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SU
269 , which is now recognized as one of the most
common causes of systemic amyloidosis in North America.
270 elligence is the common consequence, not the
common cause of the covariance among tests is more in li
271 form discrete chromosome territories is the
common cause of the defects observed in the absence of c
272 ronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a
common cause of the development of liver cancer.
273 res, have overtaken streptococci as the most
common cause of the disease.
274 Rhinoviruses are the most
common causes of the common cold.
275 inal vein obstruction appears to be the most
common cause of this presentation, although primary arte
276 years in understanding and managing the more
common causes of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy.
277 Sepsis and trauma are the most
common causes of thrombocytopenia in the ICU.
278 Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a
common cause of transient cerebral hypoperfusion in the
279 tes, a key health care-acquired infection, a
common cause of travel-associated diarrhea, and a bane f
280 her illicit drugs (39 [13.5%]) were the most
common causes of type 2 MIs.
281 The most
common cause of UGIB among the 86 patients who underwent
282 ents (2.4%) Oesophageal varices was the most
common cause of UGIB.
283 ted macular degeneration (NVAMD) is the most
common cause of uncorrectable vision loss among the elde
284 bdominal pain, and perforation were the most
common causes of unplanned hospital visits.
285 espiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most
common cause of US infant hospitalization.
286 Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most
common causes of vaginal symptoms in US women, but its c
287 espiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most
common cause of viral acute lower respiratory tract illn
288 ated with 1-2% of normal tension glaucoma, a
common cause of vision loss and blindness that occurs wi
289 Glaucoma is a
common cause of vision loss or blindness and reduction o
290 Myopia is a
common cause of vision loss, with uncorrected myopia the
291 OCA is amongst the most
common causes of vision impairment in children.
292 TATION: The number of people affected by the
common causes of vision loss has increased substantially
293 Inherited retinal disease is a
common cause of visual impairment and represents a highl
294 Amblyopia is the most
common cause of visual impairment in childhood, with a p
295 Uncorrected refractive errors are the most
common cause of visual impairment in children despite co
296 ble macular pathologic features are the most
common cause of visual impairment in this group.
297 es (optic neuropathies) are some of the most
common causes of visual loss, and can present in isolati
298 ater sources with wastewater discharges is a
common cause of waterborne outbreaks.
299 mbitious and compelling attempt to isolate a
common cause of what they call the behavioral constellat
300 is pigmentosa GTPase regulator) are the most
common cause of X-linked RP, a severe blindness disorder