ライフサイエンスコーパス: concentration gradient

1 to the phloem of leaf minor veins against a concentration gradient.

2 lycans (GAGs), which establishes a chemokine concentration gradient.

3 gen directs tissue patterning according to a concentration gradient.

4 oise ratio as the particles moved down their concentration gradient.

5 ic force in the PCM arising from an inherent concentration gradient.

6 es containing purified Cx26 in response to a concentration gradient.

7 senvelope bridge in discrete steps against a concentration gradient.

8 y the transmembrane diffusion of ions down a concentration gradient.

9 c device that generates continuously varying concentration gradient.

10 is depleted from the hot region and builds a concentration gradient.

11 nce of output droplets that define a digital concentration gradient.

12 rochannels in the presence of the surfactant concentration gradient.

13 ure controlled plate reader, and a multiwell concentration gradient.

14 nality as they migrated up a chemoattractant concentration gradient.

15 ransport solutes into the disk against their concentration gradient.

16 the DMB body into the cytosol, driven by its concentration gradient.

17 into the tail-fin epithelium as a decreasing concentration gradient.

18 fflux of inorganic phosphate (P(i)) down its concentration gradient.

19 endothelium into lung tissue, even against a concentration gradient.

20 bling cells to interpret their position in a concentration gradient.

21 t to be a negative regulator of the Hedgehog concentration gradient.

22 in which they reside, often against a steep concentration gradient.

23 transport protons across membranes against a concentration gradient.

24 nel-like mode cannot accumulate DA against a concentration gradient.

25 l molecules, provided the driving force of a concentration gradient.

26 tric field, and spontaneously diffuse with a concentration gradient.

27 port of sodium ions down their transmembrane concentration gradient.

28 bout the net ion flux through a pore under a concentration gradient.

29 -Rs and respond to S1P by migrating across a concentration gradient.

30 between the flux of any species and its own concentration gradient.

31 Most commonly, a component diffuses down the concentration gradient.

32 t TAPL translocates peptides against a large concentration gradient.

33 of retinol by maintaining an inward-directed concentration gradient.

34 reating nucleoid-bound, self-organizing ParA concentration gradients.

35 diatoms is a passive process driven by small concentration gradients.

36 ial for efficient transport of urea at small concentration gradients.

37 great enough to provide substantial vertical concentration gradients.

38 anization at least partly reflecting agonist concentration gradients.

39 ther type of ion to reproducibly generate pH/concentration gradients.

40 that minimizes smoothing in the direction of concentration gradients.

41 ctants because of steep temporal and spatial concentration gradients.

42 molecules, many of which are distributed in concentration gradients.

43 transport of Na(+) and other ions down their concentration gradients.

44 wn to drive the formation of solute-specific concentration gradients.

45 ll translocation of substrates against their concentration gradients.

46 of the genes they regulate and their protein concentration gradients.

47 junctions, and driven by local pressure and concentration gradients.

48 ithin SLO even in the absence of significant concentration gradients.

49 sue patterning through their distribution in concentration gradients.

50 or molecules across cell membranes, creating concentration gradients.

51 fect to indicate the disappearance of an ion concentration gradient across a thin ion-selective membr

52 s in the absence of an ion-ionophore complex concentration gradient across supported liquid ion-selec

53 border-associated enzymes, leading to a high concentration gradient across the cell monolayer.

54 his results in the establishment of a proton concentration gradient across the lipid membrane, which

55 nergy of O2 reduction to generate the proton concentration gradient across the membrane.

56 m ATP hydrolysis to pump protons against the concentration gradient across the membrane.

57 grammable pump control algorithm to generate concentration gradients across a chain of droplets.

58 The Na/K pump establishes essential ion concentration gradients across animal cell membranes.

59 ns responsible for transporting ions against concentration gradients across biological membranes.

60 ution in vivo, we quantified arterial-venous concentration gradients across the human cerebral and fe

61 and ion pumps that work together to form ion concentration gradients across the membrane to trigger t

62 t in pathway flux by the generation of large concentration gradients across the microcompartment shel

63 transport between neighboring cells to form concentration gradients across various plant tissues.

64 iomolecules, and notably transport against a concentration gradient, across these bilayers has yet to

65 ke allows development of a nuclear/cytosolic concentration gradient against a background of passive d

66 emporal pulses, spatial stripes and a linear concentration gradient, all delivered in the fluid phase

67 iption factor is distributed as a long-range concentration gradient along the anterior posterior (AP)

68 ints in the embryo, thus generating a stable concentration gradient along the anterior-posterior axis

69 single N phase, by generating an appropriate concentration gradient along the width of the microchann

70 dependent on the increasing strength of the concentration gradient and 3'-PI signaling.

71 However, in vivo measurement of a TNF-alpha concentration gradient and activities within a granuloma

72 rial population preparation, strength of the concentration gradient and duration of exposure to the g

73 n addition, if the directions of the applied concentration gradient and electric field are identical,

74 role because of their strong trans-membrane concentration gradient and involvement in cell dysfuncti

75 , the K+ inside exits the liposomes down its concentration gradient and the 86Rb outside accumulates

76 The concentration gradient and the initial rate of FFA influ

77 Flux was dependent on the direction of the concentration gradient and the R(S) of the individual tr

78 whereby partition complexes create an ATPase concentration gradient and then climb up this gradient t

79 AmtB-mediated K(+) uptake occurred against a concentration gradient and was membrane potential-depend

80 d not follow a consistent pattern across the concentration gradient and were imprecisely estimated.

81 of substrate to the movement of Na(+) down a concentration gradient and, in addition to their transpo

82 for nongeometric properties such as internal concentration gradients and mechanical tensile forces.

83 e plant hormone auxin to induce differential concentration gradients and modulate plant physiology.

84 roscopy and synchrotron techniques to assess concentration gradients and reactive processes, includin

85 ic environmental chamber, even under varying concentration gradients and slight changes of the chambe

86 motility depends on factors such as nutrient concentration gradients and soluble factor signaling.

87 connection between the apparent kinetics of concentration gradients and the rates of GFP maturation.

88 Cargo transport is performed against concentration gradients and through the exchange of chem

89 significantly affected by in planta and soil concentration gradients and when concentration centroids

90 icoid is present in an anterior-to-posterior concentration gradient, and binds DNA and stimulates tra

91 s depend on the membrane potential, the K(+) concentration gradient, and large scale motions of trans

92 chemotax in a wide range of chemoattractant concentration gradients, and thus need inhibitory proces

93 stigated the effect of cis/trans electrolyte concentration gradients applied over alpha-hemolysin nan

94 These findings suggest that the MEX-5/6 concentration gradients are directly coupled to the esta

95 onstrate that distinct time-averaged protein concentration gradients are established.

96 from an area where there is a strong arsenic concentration gradient as a consequence of mining impact

97 ely on spatial sensing, with cells following concentration gradients as long as these are present.

98 In particular, an ionic concentration gradient at the end of the nanopipette, ge

99 of extracellular CCL19 and CCL21, which form concentration gradients at specific microanatomical loca

100 e diffusive gas exchange is dependent on the concentration gradient between air and surface water and

101 tional transport of phospholipids down their concentration gradient between membrane leaflets.

102 ues measured by these probes reflect a steep concentration gradient between the CDOM macromolecules a

103 culating conjugates that produce a sustained concentration gradient between the vasculature and solid

104 cular half-life of such conjugates creates a concentration gradient (blood vs. tumor) for an extended

105 activity, therefore, depends not only on its concentration gradient, but also on its interactions wit

106 We propose that Wg establishes its concentration gradient by a restricted diffusion mechani

107 is transported, in many instances against a concentration gradient by transduction of the energy sto

108 K- channels regulate transmembrane salt concentration gradients by transporting K(+) ions select

109 We find that a concentration gradient can be established in a long dilu

110 ve led to conflicting ideas as to how useful concentration gradients can be established.

111 tumor cells than in normal tissues, and such concentration gradients can be exploited as a tool for t

112 tical and numerical results demonstrate that concentration gradients can foster a mode of adaptation

113 d to the Debye layer, the region with strong concentration gradients close to the membrane, which is

114 as diffusion constantly strives to erase all concentration gradients, concentration cells produce onl

115 nd net efflux of K(+), down their respective concentration gradients, converts the erythrocyte cytoso

116 bottom of the well, it is conceivable that a concentration gradient could arise across the fluid laye

117 ear a surface resulting from, for example, a concentration gradient, depletion in density, or surface

118 governed by the interplay between the local concentration gradient, diffusion, and collective intera

119 ed by the spatial variations in the cosolute concentration gradients, directly affecting the final st

120 Accumulation of galactoside against a concentration gradient does not involve a change in Kd f

121 onally fast transport of water vapor under a concentration gradient driving force.

122 ticle theory is exploited to approximate the concentration gradients during the sedimentation process

123 p, a DYRK-family protein kinase that forms a concentration gradient emanating from the nongrowing cel

124 Protein concentration gradients encode spatial information acros

125 pendence of the motor speed borne out of the concentration gradient evolution within the motor soluti

126 pically acceptable, and all models predicted concentration gradients extending approximately 100 m fr

127 transport of matter associated with chemical concentration gradients (Fick's law), is treated as a se

128 These elongated domains provide a concentration gradient for directional charge diffusion

129 phogen systems employ to establish a precise concentration gradient for patterning tissue architectur

130 pistil, especially, free Ca(2+) providing a concentration gradient for pollen tube guidance and invo

131 show that tubular structures tend to retain concentration gradients for a longer time compared with

132 that maximizes drift velocity along chemical concentration gradients for a wide range of environments

133 rt here the application of nonlinear analyte concentration gradients for determining kinetic rates an

134 Similar concentration gradients for weak acid (e.g., CO(2)) occu

135 Second, antibiotic concentration gradients form within granulomas, with low

136 dymal cilia is required for normal CSF flow, concentration gradient formation of CSF guidance molecul

137 y preferentially loads target tissues with a concentration gradient from the surface or point of rele

138 We demonstrate a variety of combined pH/concentration gradients from a mixture of ethylenediamin

139 , niclosamide dissipated protons (down their concentration gradient) from lysosomes to the cytosol, e

140 the potential of the system to be used as a concentration gradient generator through analysis of the

141 components to design and construct a tunable concentration gradient generator with a scalable number

142 across Droplet Interface Bilayers against a concentration gradient gives a new facet to droplet netw

143 the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum against the concentration gradient, harvesting the required energy b

144 We also find that the concentration gradients have a fine resolution and are r

145 ive flux of species i is proportional to its concentration gradient; however, in the context of compl

146 ce-based competition immunoassay, termed the concentration gradient immunoassay uses surface plasmon

147 inhomogeneous samples such as a biochemical concentration gradient in a capillary configuration.

148 The natural myosin concentration gradient in a muscle fiber allows observat

149 maternally provided bicoid mRNA, establish a concentration gradient in Drosophila early embryonic dev

150 ranscription factor, Dorsal, forms a nuclear concentration gradient in the early Drosophila embryo, p

151 By creating a radial drug concentration gradient in the nanoparticle, controllable

152 ees were subjected to subsurface contaminant concentration gradients in a greenhouse study.

153 he challenge of producing microfluidic-based concentration gradients in a way that every droplet repr

154 These trees were then analyzed for azimuthal concentration gradients in aboveground tree tissues, rev

155 Thermal gradients induce concentration gradients in alkali halide solutions, and

156 idea behind the discussed model is that the concentration gradients in both membrane and sample solu

157 If concentration gradients in the contacting diffusion laye

158 ns are sufficient to generate stable protein concentration gradients in the cytoplasm.

159 f the effects of spin-lattice relaxation and concentration gradients in the D-DNP experiment, the sub

160 Commonly used diffusion models, based on concentration gradients in the external bulk water phase

161 stly be described by diffusion driven by the concentration gradients in the external bulk water phase

162 ulates FGF9 and FGF20's receptor binding and concentration gradients in the extracellular matrix.

163 concentrations in tree trunks reflected the concentration gradients in the groundwater around the tr

164 d RNA and Bcd protein distribute in matching concentration gradients in the interior of nuclear cycle

165 ity, also spontaneously generating myosin II concentration gradients in the solution phase of the sim

166 this type of diffusion can be independent of concentration gradients in the system but governed by th

167 This resulted in stable concentration gradients in water (>24 h).

168 RP colocalized with the mitotic spindle in a concentration gradient increasing toward the chromosomes

169 ed by steep Ran guanosine triphosphate (GTP) concentration gradients, indicating that RanGTP-activate

170 which actively transports the CORM against a concentration gradient into the cells.

171 matical calculation of the conversion of ion concentration gradients into action potentials across di

172 ey intermediate by producing H(+) flow along concentration gradients into adjacent normal tissue.

173 uired to transport proteins against cellular concentration gradients into or out of cilia.

174 This concentration gradient is created by the chromatin-bound

175 active accumulation of substrate against its concentration gradient is driven by the transmembrane Na

176 ion thresholds, but our knowledge of how the concentration gradient is interpreted into the activity

177 Thus, a high cell concentration gradient is required to make branching str

178 selectivity of the nanopore occurs when the concentration gradient is sufficiently large.

179 Cell concentration gradient is the key factor that determines

180 ion during wound healing--cell and chemokine concentration gradients--is unknown.

181 cally involves the establishment of an auxin concentration gradient mediated by polarly localized aux

182 +) ATPase to maintain the Na(+) and K(+) ion concentration gradients necessary for AP production.

183 eports show that significant basal-to-apical concentration gradients occur, with the potential to imp

184 5) atoms m(-3)) and reveal a strong vertical concentration gradient of (129)I.

185 acids from blood to bile against a measured concentration gradient of 4,000.

186 emporal oscillations are induced either by a concentration gradient of a diffusible signal, or by spo

187 ive transport that is generated by a lateral concentration gradient of a redox-active surfactant acro

188 notaxis is, in effect, chemotaxis toward the concentration gradient of ACh, which it creates in a DC

189 unohistochemical analysis indicated a marked concentration gradient of cGMP across the thickness of s

190 of the Drosophila embryo is controlled by a concentration gradient of Dorsal, a sequence-specific tr

191 fusion in conjunction with an imposed linear concentration gradient of electroactive molecules over t

192 dominant driving force for diffusion is the concentration gradient of exchangeable cations in the na

193 rom osmotic/phoretic particle transport in a concentration gradient of fuel, hydrogen peroxide, induc

194 ly leukocyte recruitment to wounds through a concentration gradient of hydrogen peroxide.

195 nd per OmpF trimer in the presence of a 1 mM concentration gradient of norfloxacin.

196 r complex exhibits a biased migration into a concentration gradient of NTPs, resembling chemotaxis.

197 In Drosophila embryos, a concentration gradient of nuclear Dorsal protein control

198 The concentration gradient of one ion can drive the flow of

199 pressin, and in the maternal-to-fetal plasma concentration gradient of oxygen and glucose relate to t

200 nt, the developing long bone is exposed to a concentration gradient of oxygen, with lower oxygen tens

201 However, when presented with a concentration gradient of pheromone, Ste4(K340R) mutant

202 ts are recruited into the clotted wound by a concentration gradient of platelet-derived growth factor

203 The transfer energetics follows the concentration gradient of polar atoms across the bilayer

204 nocrystals, leads to a magnetic-field-driven concentration gradient of redox molecules.

205 storage concentration cells are based on the concentration gradient of redox-active reactants; the in

206 d in an H(+) electrochemical gradient into a concentration gradient of substrate.

207 namically establishes, and interacts with, a concentration gradient of the ATPase.

208 01 s after contact simulation, an increasing concentration gradient of the free membrane proteins dev

209 of the Drosophila embryo is patterned by the concentration gradient of the homeodomain transcription

210 ell and the strength of the external, linear concentration gradient of the signaling molecule cyclic

211 cal conductance, and a steep transepithelial concentration gradient of virus, indicating integrity of

212 ntial bathochromic shifts over an increasing concentration gradient of Zn(ClO(4))(2) in acetonitrile.

213 ar that such gradients are not always simple concentration gradients of a single morphogen; however,

214 be driven to form AB complexes, based on the concentration gradients of a substrate or product that t

215 The concentration gradients of ACh and choline toward the ca

216 iate patterning, but direct visualization of concentration gradients of activators and inhibitors has

217 tively investigate chemotaxis in response to concentration gradients of attractants and repellents.

218 P-type ATPase pumps generate concentration gradients of cations across membranes in n

219 We show, by altering the concentration gradients of Dachsous during development,

220 sm levels through the application of precise concentration gradients of exogenous hormone (insulin an

221 was developed that allows (1) generation of concentration gradients of HOCs under the microscope, (2

222 Without tight junctions, transepithelial concentration gradients of ions and nutrients would be d

223 Modeling results show the concentration gradients of methane and nitrogen would ca

224 Concentration gradients of morphogenic proteins pattern

225 sinus blood sampling (to derive transcardiac concentration gradients of PINP, PIIINP, and C-terminal

226 ake specific predictions about transport and concentration gradients of proteins both over time and a

227 sults of this study demonstrate that lateral concentration gradients of redox-active surfactants form

228 Concentration gradients of soluble proteins are believed

229 ed in the extracellular space in the form of concentration gradients of specific classes of extracell

230 The steep temperature and concentration gradients of such cycles result in an RNA

231 on the chromosome to drive the kinetics and concentration gradients of TFs depending on the number o

232 Concentration gradients of the activator, HetR, were obs

233 Concentration gradients of the hormone auxin are associa

234 ons in opposite directions and driven by the concentration gradients of the ions.

235 wall were used to electrochemically generate concentration gradients of the redox-active surfactant 1

236 platform to measure vertical and horizontal concentration gradients of trace gases and aerosol parti

237 esis was adapted to quantify the role of the concentration/gradient of vascular endothelial growth fa

238 tion pattern in the vitellarium, Upd forms a concentration gradient on the apical surface of the foll

239 chment, followed by the formation of a metal concentration gradient on the steel surface.

240 n the solution close to the endpoints of the concentration gradient, or fail altogether, especially f

241 pecifies positional information by forming a concentration gradient over a field of cells.

242 That concentration gradient produces an exchange rate that is

243 ein, which actively effluxes drugs against a concentration gradient, producing an MDR phenotype.

244 show that as Zn(2+) ions diffuse down their concentration gradients, protons are antiported.

245 ng development, Wg acts as a morphogen whose concentration gradient provides positional cues for wing

246 activation by establishing agonist-specific concentration gradients radiating from the site of injur

247 y is transformed into electric energy as the concentration gradient reaches equilibrium between two h

248 ignalling molecules that form spatiotemporal concentration gradients, requiring cells to respond to a

249 anisms were identified to lead to the solute concentration gradients: solubilization of solutes by mi

250 proportionate to the magnitude of tree-core concentration gradients (spearman's coefficient of -0.61

251 In experimental tests involving concentration gradients such as inhibitor library screen

252 s dependent on transmembrane Na(+)- and K(+) concentration gradients suggesting the currents were rel

253 The resulting concentration gradient supports passive DO diffusion fro

254 We show that, to drive the kinetics and concentration gradients, TFs belonging to big and small

255 long the anterior-posterior boundary forms a concentration gradient that controls the expression doma

256 accomplished the reconstitution of a protein concentration gradient that directs the assembly of the

257 pse to increase store [Ca2+] and sustain the concentration gradient that drives release flux.

258 In vivo, MEG-3 forms a posterior-rich concentration gradient that is anti-correlated with a gr

259 Bicoid (Bcd) protein distributes in a concentration gradient that organizes the anterior/poste

260 which is a target of the dorsal (dl) nuclear concentration gradient that patterns the dorsal/ventral

261 trafficking is highly regulated and requires concentration gradients that are achieved by interaction

262 low device uses diffusive mixing to generate concentration gradients that are stable throughout the c

263 battery electrolyte can directly capture the concentration gradients that arise when current is appli

264 Morphogen concentration gradients that extend across developmental

265 rentiation diffuse from source cells to form concentration gradients that in turn mediate patterning,

266 tumor tissue in order to avoid generation of concentration gradients that induce drug resistance.

267 ncentrations are typically different, a salt concentration gradient through a charged nanopore is pro

268 and the third a biasing of run directions up concentration gradients through modulation of small head

269 posterior compartment cells distributes in a concentration gradient to adjacent cells of the anterior

270 ls, allowing the behavior of the electrolyte concentration gradient to be studied and correlated with

271 further demonstrate the ability of the local concentration gradient to drive autonomous motion of col

272 ve electrolytes could further induce a sharp concentration gradient to improve the energy density and

273 able process of solute transport against its concentration gradient to the energetically favorable tr

274 ed monolayers and complex nonlinear chemical concentration gradients to be easily prepared.

275 Secondary multidrug transporters use ion concentration gradients to energize the removal from cel

276 selective channel that exploits in vivo zinc concentration gradients to move zinc ions into the cytop

277 along the cell bodies, forming a decreasing concentration gradient toward the lagging cell pole.

278 nity components, HemAT can respond to oxygen concentration gradients under both hypoxic (0-10 microM)

279 omprehensive set of well-controlled chemical concentration gradients using a newly developed microflu

280 murine lymphocyte motility in the absence of concentration gradients, using videomicroscopy to direct

281 ive mesophyll cells into the phloem down its concentration gradient via plasmodesmata, i.e. symplasti

282 nt of posterior-rich PIE-1, POS-1, and MEX-1 concentration gradients via the formation of anterior-fa

283 No significant net positive transcardiac concentration gradient was detected for either biomarker

284 An exponential spatial concentration gradient was found in the concentration of

285 A concentration gradient was simultaneously established fo

286 microfluidic device to generate a substrate concentration gradient, we show that both catalase and u

287 nce in bicarbonate and simulated interfacial concentration gradients, we conclude that bicarbonate is

288 range of chemoattractant concentrations and concentration gradients, we directly computed the chemot

289 For HA500 and HA140 the trans-synovial concentration gradients were less pronounced, and absent

290 mediate transport of vitamin B(12) against a concentration gradient when coupled to ATP hydrolysis by

291 sing bacteria immediately encounter a stable concentration gradient when they enter the chemotaxis ch

292 e free-fat of P3 increased, largely due to a concentration gradient which contributed to the increase

293 ess than 3 mumol cm(-2) day(-1) (for a 1.0 m concentration gradient), which exceeds performance targe

294 em exploits Taylor-Aris dispersion to create concentration gradients, which are then segmented into p

295 CX3CR1-bearing cancer cells on a fractalkine concentration gradient, while leaving unaltered their ab

296 Spatial monitoring showed a decreasing TCE concentration gradient with increasing distance from the

297 The result would be a concentration gradient, with the lowest concentration of

298 The lattice distortion caused by oxygen concentration gradient within the silver nanoparticles p

299 This makes it possible to generate a cell-concentration gradient within whole-blood samples, a beh

300 glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-stabilized chemokine concentration gradients within the allograft plays a cru