ライフサイエンスコーパス: contingency

1 ) and other brain circuits (encoding the new contingencies).

2 tween stimuli and actions (stimulus-response contingencies).

3 acterized by prior experience with the CS-US contingency.

4 t scaled with each animal's preferred reward contingency.

5 tive to the abolishment of the reinforcement contingency.

6 S D2-MSNs facilitated acquisition of the new contingency.

7 required to assess an ambiguous cue-outcome contingency.

8 ddition, we highlight the importance of task contingencies.

9 epend on the a priori knowledge about reward contingencies.

10 dence-based shift to exploitation of learned contingencies.

11 adult human visual system is tuned to these contingencies.

12 high or low frequencies, depending on reward contingencies.

13 d responsiveness to change-points in outcome contingencies.

14 mediates adaption to changing environmental contingencies.

15 onvergent molecular evolution and historical contingencies.

16 ere context was dictated by response-outcome contingencies.

17 t behavior to changing stimulus-reward (S-R) contingencies.

18 formation processing according to behavioral contingencies.

19 nge is prompted by switches in reinforcement contingencies.

20 rovably optimal, regardless of environmental contingencies.

21 ontingencies than to merely instructed CS-US contingencies.

22 emerged in the acquisition of reinforcement contingencies.

23 pocampal activation when processing stimulus contingencies.

24 y to update a task-set in line with changing contingencies.

25 rately respond to repeated changes in reward contingencies.

26 mory that reflects the changed environmental contingencies.

27 and behavioral characteristics of reinforced contingencies.

28 rategy as a result of changes in associative contingencies.

29 vironment: a "cognitive map" of instrumental contingencies.

30 and execution of reinforced decision-outcome contingencies.

31 s, followed by a reversal of location-reward contingencies.

32 ete information about behaviorally important contingencies.

33 been developed that consolidate the multiple contingencies.

34 or in anticipation of changing environmental contingencies.

35 ns, in response to changes in action-outcome contingencies.

36 tate as a result of changes in environmental contingencies.

37 that required adaptation to changing reward contingencies.

38 ral flexibility by monitoring action-outcome contingencies.

39 d sensory stimulus or a change in behavioral contingencies.

40 l reflecting both physical effort and reward contingencies.

41 modified by the learning of the instrumental contingency; (2) GABAergic output from the substantia ni

42 s suggest that OFC mechanisms require stable contingencies across consecutive episodes to integrate r

43 inhibit previously encoded stimulus-outcome contingencies after their reversal, pointing to a critic

44 hange over time, as epistasis and historical contingency alter the strength of selection on different

45 a single final resistant genotype, epistatic contingencies among mutations restrict evolution to a sm

46 Estimating reward contingencies and allocating attentional resources to a

47 ited behaviors insensitive to action-outcome contingencies and are considered an etiological factor i

48 .SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Adapting to changing contingencies and making decisions engages the orbitofro

49 GNIFICANCE STATEMENT Tracking action-outcome contingencies and modifying behavior when those continge

50 hat VS can encode value independent of motor contingencies and that the role of VS in goal-directed b

51 ation first presents itself, stimulus-action contingencies and their relative value must be encoded t

52 not be reduced to contiguity, as it detects contingency and causality.

53 can be exploited to understand the roles of contingency and constraint in the evolution of phenotype

54 To gauge the relative importance of contingency and determinism in evolution is a fundamenta

55 r, highlighting the importance of historical contingency and indicating that natural selection would

56 to what extent do they depend on historical contingency and random chance?

57 d in updating responses to changes in reward contingency and that the roles are distinct.

58 behavior to reflect the learned instrumental contingency and the action duration.

59 redicted by selected actions (chosen-outcome contingencies) and associations between stimuli and acti

60 conflict between OFC (encoding pre-reversal contingencies) and other brain circuits (encoding the ne

61 ange their behaviour in the face of changing contingencies, and made poorer quality decisions despite

62 n, effectively neutral processes, historical contingencies, and/or constraints at the chemical and bi

63 inguished following changes in reinforcement contingency, and could be inhibited by pharmacological m

64 ts were slower to adapt to changes in reward contingency, and OFC encoding of response information wa

65 consistently encode action "goals"; (2) the contingency- and context-sensitive nature of associative

66 ting that OFC guides behavior optimally when contingencies apply consistently.

67 ions of the frontal lobes when reinforcement contingencies are assured, however, less is known about

68 inty), outcomes are surprising (surprise) or contingencies are more likely to change (hazard rate).

69 text dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked.

70 ks are not established until nutrient/energy contingencies are satisfied.

71 differ in the extent to which action-outcome contingencies are stable or volatile.

72 aviors in response to changing environmental contingencies, are important phenotypic dimensions of se

73 cal forms would probably have resulted; this contingency arises from the distribution of functional v

74 probable, non-deterministic events, and this contingency arose from intrinsic biophysical properties

75 This model highlights genomic contingency as a source of protein novelty at the edge o

76 esolve the fundamental problem of ecological contingency as it pertains to the strength of an underst

77 In phase 3, the contingency assigning CS(+) and CS(-) was reversed.

78 requires a complete knowledge of the reward contingencies associated with a given choice situation.

79 ent with a role for dopamine in facilitating contingency awareness that is critical for the preventio

80 interactions - namely, context-specific and contingency based learning.

81 es have indicated that cooperation is seldom contingency-based, and that interactions are not influen

82 Learning fear via the experience of contingencies between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an

83 suggesting that critical encoding of the new contingencies between a lever press and a cocaine reward

84 tion of active predictions, learned from the contingencies between actions and the consequent changes

85 supported contingent learning and reflected contingencies between outcomes and their causal choices.

86 contingency change task in which transition contingencies between states change every few trials; MB

87 layed the ability to adapt to changes in the contingency between actions and their outcomes.

88 These biases depend on the contingency between reward and task difficulty and are s

89 ct for both groups after training of initial contingencies, but impaired for Group CONTRA after rever

90 that contribute to the two components of the contingency calculation.

91 s that relative changes from previous reward contingencies can constrain how brain monitoring systems

92 changes in both reward values and transition contingencies can determine the relative influence of th

93 These reinforcement contingencies can influence how much attention is direct

94 Such historical contingencies can lead to deviations from expected funct

95 al, community or adaptive shifts; historical contingencies can result from the influence of historica

96 attention to another stimulus dimension when contingencies change ("extradimensional shift").

97 y) and subsequently alter behavior as reward contingencies change (cognitive flexibility) in a probab

98 tingencies and modifying behavior when those contingencies change is critical to behavioral flexibili

99 ant for flexible responding when established contingencies change, but the underlying cognitive mecha

100 etween expected outcomes when action-outcome contingencies change.

101 Therefore, we developed a novel two-level contingency change task in which transition contingencie

102 ngency changes in order to determine whether contingency change volatility would play a role in shift

103 rn predicted the behavioral insensitivity to contingency change.

104 dial maze tasks that varied the frequency of contingency changes and measured both perseverative and

105 cks that was not attributable to the rate of contingency changes but rather to the extent of training

106 We demonstrate that flexibility to contingency changes can distinguish MB and MF strategies

107 Additionally, we manipulated the rate of contingency changes in order to determine whether contin

108 predict different responses following these contingency changes, allowing their relative influence t

109 that, whereas OFC signals respond rapidly to contingency changes, they predict choices only when rewa

110 As no contingency could be detected between an individual's ch

111 In subsequent experiments using a Pavlovian contingency degradation procedure, we found that both OF

112 First, using a contingency degradation protocol, we demonstrate that ad

113 al-directed behaviors, including extinction, contingency degradation, outcome devaluation, and Pavlov

114 response training followed by action-outcome contingency degradation, we then found that oPFC GABAAal

115 Importantly, when cue-reward contingencies degrade, animals must exhibit behavioral f

116 S2-O2) and action-outcome (A1-O1 and A2-O2) contingencies during separate training phases.

117 igm, root physiological stress and lifespan, contingency effects that determine threshold responses a

118 ever, it is not known whether similar neural contingencies exist within adult-infant dyads.

119 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to quantify this contingency, finding differences in adaptability among 6

120 igm that involves flexible updating when the contingencies for a threatening (CS+) and safe (CS-) sti

121 uture vector-borne disease risks and prepare contingencies for future outbreaks.

122 rly insensitive to switches in reinforcement contingencies, gradually losing outcome signaling while

123 entage of pCaMKII+ contacts) in the negative contingency group, but not in the free-exploration anima

124 ns) that dissociated between whether a CS-US contingency had been instructed and experienced versus m

125 curred after animals learned that the reward contingency had changed, but before their behaviour chan

126 man attention, orienting in response to such contingencies has been strongly associated with volition

127 s into the extent and causes of evolutionary contingency have been limited to experimental systems, b

128 The frequent changes in stimulus-outcome contingencies (i.e., reversals) allowed us to examine th

129 on in response to reward and reward reversal contingencies in the left medial orbitofrontal cortex in

130 represent a rare victory for generality over contingency in community ecology.

131 ations to select and update models of reward contingency in dynamic environments.

132 ontext, which demonstrates the importance of contingency in evolutionary trajectories and shows how t

133 ronmental constraints but also by historical contingency in forming new cell types with convergent fu

134 Despite contingency in life's history, the similarity of evoluti

135 ork within which the magnitude of historical contingency in species interactions can be predicted.

136 appreciation of the importance of historical contingency in the adaptive evolution of single proteins

137 g simulated robots, we found that historical contingency in the occurrence order of novel phenotypic

138 odulated by stimulus valence and performance contingency: in the performance-contingent condition, co

139 ocation of resources across space, time, and contingencies; in many situations, externalities accentu

140 ion of communities will depend on historical contingencies, including details of the adaptive process

141 DLS more strongly represented action-outcome contingencies independent from actions subsequently take

142 ience, or body growth; nor did the amount of contingency influence the overall rate of spontaneous vo

143 cer types and the dynamics, constraints, and contingencies inherent to tumor evolution.

144 By taking evolutionary historical contingency into account, a better biophysical understan

145 arena for 30 min, with or without a response contingency involving mildly aversive cues.

146 involving uncertain or probabilistic reward contingencies is an essential survival skill that is imp

147 Contingency is central for converging first- and second-

148 Additionally, groups did not differ in contingency knowledge or explicit ratings of shock expec

149 essions and anxiety, we recorded measures of contingency knowledge, explicit fear, and physiological

150 mining flexible threat updating and explicit contingency knowledge.

151 The magnitude of such historical contingency, known as priority effects, varies across sp

152 Here, we explored the effects of ketamine on contingency learning using a placebo-controlled, double-

153 ship by anhedonia, suggesting reduced reward-contingency learning with greater anhedonia.

154 ally evolvable, similar to the phenomenon of contingency loci observed in bacterial pathogens.

155 three pound10 vouchers), or escalating value contingency management ( pound5, pound10, and pound15 vo

156 ntive (treatment as usual), with fixed value contingency management (three pound10 vouchers), or esca

157 anisms underlying relapse after cessation of contingency management are largely unknown, and, until r

158 of the community reinforcement approach and contingency management components of TES.

159 Although participants in the contingency management condition were significantly less

160 We aimed to assess whether contingency management delivered in routine clinical pra

161 Contingency management encouraged the provision of urine

162 omarker (EtG) to demonstrate the efficacy of contingency management for alcohol dependence in outpati

163 od and were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of contingency management for EtG-negative urine samples an

164 ere randomly assigned to receive 3 months of contingency management for stimulant abstinence plus tre

165 ) of 65 participants in the escalating value contingency management group (14.0, 4.2-46.2; p<0.0001).

166 (45%) of 78 participants in the fixed value contingency management group met the primary outcome mea

167 Contingency management included the variable magnitude o

168 1200 mg) or placebo twice daily as well as a contingency management intervention and brief (<10 mi

169 The authors examined whether a contingency management intervention using the ethyl gluc

170 When added to treatment as usual, contingency management is associated with large reductio

171 However, when contingency management is discontinued, most addicts rel

172 Contingency management participants had significantly lo

173 Contingency management participants were 3.1 times (95%

174 ogic models of drug abuse and especially for contingency management programs seeking to reduce drug a

175 Both contingency management schedules rewarded on-time attend

176 The effectiveness of routine use of contingency management to achieve long-term behaviour ch

177 Drug treatment providers should employ contingency management to promote adherence to vaccinati

178 human condition of relapse after successful contingency management treatment.

179 condary objectives were to determine whether contingency management was associated with changes in he

180 ctive of this study was to determine whether contingency management was associated with increased abs

181 condary objectives were to determine whether contingency management was associated with reductions in

182 s that rely on reinforcement strategies (eg, contingency management) and for the long-term success of

183 only effective treatment for many addicts is contingency management, a behavioral treatment that uses

184 ychosocial treatments incorporating behavior contingency management, motivational enhancement, and ac

185 trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and/or contingency management.

186 specific behavioral interventions, primarily contingency management.

187 s critical to relapse after the cessation of contingency management.

188 gaging in a 3-week quit attempt supported by contingency management.

189 nmental perturbations, but that evolutionary contingencies may have been important as well.

190 opriate behavioral strategies, but important contingencies may not arise during initial learning.

191 Here, we consider how historical contingencies might alter those responses because functi

192 Thus, behavioral adaptations to task contingency modifications requiring a shift toward the u

193 elative to previous states of learned reward contingencies modulated the Feedback-Related Negativity

194 ers, like proboscideans; and (ii) historical contingencies must have provided the ecosystem with plan

195 ce of goods, independent of the sensorimotor contingencies of choice.

196 cocaine use can be influenced by behavioral contingencies of cocaine availability.

197 ic biological contexts probably reflects the contingencies of evolutionary history, an intriguing pos

198 ctivated with learning, and sensitive to the contingencies of the behavioral paradigm.

199 can be made independently of the visuomotor contingencies of the choice task (space of goods).

200 gical reasoning strategy to match the reward contingencies of the task and successfully choose on the

201 d card game in which they learned the reward contingencies of three cues.

202 s' knowledge about condition management, and contingency of a student's professional self-esteem upon

203 s and mechanisms, as well as recognizing the contingency of contextual effects on different social gr

204 ning is an essential brain process where the contingency of different items increases after training.

205 h the nature of an infectious agent, and the contingency of differentiation depends minimally on TCR,

206 ble community dynamics can occur despite the contingency of local behavioral interactions.

207 One emphasizes the contingency of parental responsiveness, regardless of it

208 res of common interest, information use, and contingency of payoff under environmental variation that

209 cognitive control depends on the performance contingency of the affect-inducing stimuli, and they doc

210 If historical contingencies on microbial activities prove to be persis

211 ristics of their environment, with potential contingencies on species traits and phylogenetic relatio

212 Moreover, the effects of reward contingency on choice were similar for patients with les

213 s of sustainment through response delays and contingency on foreknowledge of stimulus-response mappin

214 The PGC-PTSD faces challenges related to the contingency on trauma exposure and the large degree of a

215 to the Gulf region in support of more recent contingency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.

216 ubjects' investment of effort to exploit the contingencies optimally.

217 pulse-control, and making decisions based on contingencies or rules.

218 t updating choices after reversals in reward contingencies or when there were multiple options associ

219 ons generated based on learned action-reward contingencies, or when rewards themselves, rather than s

220 disrupting effects of changes in contextual contingencies, perhaps by recruiting habitual learning s

221 failure modes, and require a pre-programmed contingency plan for every type of potential damage, an

222 Modelling is an important component of contingency planning and control of disease outbreaks.

223 This method can also be used for contingency planning in collaboration with policy makers

224 e very useful for oil spill risk assessment, contingency planning, and environmental impact statement

225 Offshore oil exploration, oil spill contingency planning, and fish larval connectivity asses

226 al deployment of vaccination is critical for contingency planning.

227 elect the optimal control action via careful contingency planning.

228 to energy supplies and develop strategies or contingency plans that mitigate those risks.

229 ut requiring self-diagnosis or pre-specified contingency plans.

230 e universal importance of a healthy panel of contingency plans.

231 fits of sex, parallelism, and the role which contingency plays in the evolutionary process.

232 for these brain regions: the dlPFC supports contingency processing, while the vlPFC evaluates affect

233 d responding in accordance with the original contingencies, providing direct evidence of modulation o

234 elease signaled the animals preferred reward contingency, regardless of the future choice.

235 levant to niche-based processes) and spatial contingency (relevant to neutrality-based processes) on

236 in behavior in response to changes in these contingencies remains unclear.

237 discrete cues bridging the response-outcome contingency rescued breakpoints in Bdnf(+/-)mice.

238 After contingency reversal in phase 3, the later P2m component

239 uditory relearning, which was induced by the contingency reversal of a frequency-modulated tone discr

240 periments, we used backward conditioning and contingency reversal to establish outcome-specific condi

241 y in accord with an updated expectancy after contingency reversal, whereas the earlier auditory compo

242 cortex induced by classical conditioning and contingency reversal.

243 Studies of embodiment show how contingencies scaffold first-person perspective and how

244 al pattern response to experience-based fear contingencies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In our study, we ad

245 ndly constrained by epistasis and historical contingency, similar to the evolution of proteins and ph

246 logenetic signal and implies that historical contingency strongly influences the evolution of new phe

247 Two-way contingency table analysis was used to determine the cor

248 chi-square test for the [Formula: see text] contingency table generated by associated variants.

249 he reference standard, and for which a 2 x 2 contingency table of lesion diagnosis could be construct

250 We fit a log-linear model to the contingency table of spine features such as spine type a

251 FIPSA maximizes the likelihood ratio of the contingency table of the allele counts multiplied by the

252 nicopathologic variables were assessed using contingency table tests and Cox proportional hazard mode

253 ity, and diagnostic odds ratio using a 2 x 2 contingency table.

254 explored variables by defining double-entry contingency tables and calculating Odds Ratio (OR) with

255 Contingency tables exceeding 2x2 with ranked alternative

256 We constructed contingency tables for each diagnostic test and calculat

257 stic analyses or Fisher exact test for 2 x 2 contingency tables using subsequent histologic analysis

258 rs in sufficient detail to reconstruct 2 x 2 contingency tables were reviewed.

259 vel, with sufficient data to construct 2 x 2 contingency tables.

260 ios (ORs) extracted or calculated from 2 x 2 contingency tables.

261 analyses and by Fisher exact test for 2 x 2 contingency tables.

262 pairwise t test and the McNemar test in 2x2 contingency tables.

263 Contingency tests and binary logistic modeling were used

264 eas respond differently to experienced CS-US contingencies than to merely instructed CS-US contingenc

265 nist medications may be most effective under contingencies that engender choice of relatively low coc

266 llocation during the execution of reinforced contingencies that may be a result of additive effects o

267 structed with prior information about reward contingencies that may or may not be accurate.

268 ity as rodents performed tasks controlled by contingencies that varied reward history.

269 ion for predicting the reward and punishment contingencies that will help groups function as more tha

270 d cognition, common coding, and sensorimotor contingency that do not sequentially separate sensory an

271 tly inactivates FOXO1 to initiate a Tfh cell contingency that is completed in a FOXO1-dependent manne

272 sted in all three species following rules of contingency that may reflect strategically adaptive resp

273 en one experiences a change in environmental contingencies, that is, when an expected outcome fails t

274 Contingency, the persistent influence of past random eve

275 interlacing new and existing action-outcome contingencies to control goal-directed action.

276 Animals respond to changing contingencies to maximize reward.

277 We review evidence for constraints and contingencies to tumor evolution and highlight the clini

278 a week, rats were challenged by a change in contingency to seek cocaine during a 15-min period uninf

279 to pertinent environmental cues when reward contingencies unexpectedly change so that learning can o

280 ormed a task in which stimulus-reinforcement contingencies varied between two sets of associations, e

281 ersal learning, memory for the newly learned contingencies was poor.

282 ategies following changes in stimulus-reward contingencies was significantly impaired following expos

283 The temporal contingency was detected by rapid regulation of adenosin

284 ere, by systematically manipulating the task contingencies, we demonstrate that this is the maximum t

285 When contingencies were changed rapidly, however, rats with s

286 When contingencies were changed rarely, rats with sham lesion

287 activation than CTL during late trials when contingencies were familiar (as opposed to being learned

288 Although the reinforcement contingencies were identical in both task versions, rats

289 rumental learning task, in which cue-outcome contingencies were probabilistic and reversed between bl

290 Reinforcement contingencies were reversed repeatedly within a session.

291 Contingencies were reversed repeatedly within a session.

292 y to track rewarded behaviors when the RS/NS contingencies were reversed.

293 r behavioral responding when the cue-outcome contingencies were reversed.

294 crose and pellet outcomes, after which these contingencies were reversed.

295 When contingencies were stable, OFC neurons signaled past, pr

296 aled past, present, and pending events; when contingencies were unstable, past and present coding per

297 verbal self-reports of arousal, valence, and contingency were recorded.

298 sks often involve the acquisition of dynamic contingencies, which requires adjusting the rate of lear

299 cts were instructed to expect the same CS-US contingencies while only one condition was characterized

300 ity to respond flexibly to changes in reward contingencies, with the medial versus orbitofrontal cort