ライフサイエンスコーパス: counterion

1 tion X-ray structure with a CHB(11)Cl(11)(-) counterion).

2 ure-jump or ion-jump (from rapid mixing with counterions).

3 er)) in both the presence and absence of the counterion.

4 ized by protons, with chloride acting as the counterion.

5 t position 7 of the heterobicycle and on the counterion.

6 rmed in the presence of the "superweak" TFPB counterion.

7 is controlled by pH, concentration, and the counterion.

8 ed with tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate as counterion.

9 and the resulting phosphate acts as a chiral counterion.

10 due to the ordering of the dimethylammonium counterion.

11 by stabilizing the corresponding carboxylate counterion.

12 rmed in the presence of the "superweak" TFPB counterion.

13 dation state (Au(III), 6a,b) and the anionic counterion.

14 ia a transition structure with a complicated counterion.

15 the presence of a hydrogen bond to the Cl(-) counterion.

16 6 crystals containing either BF4(-) or Br(-) counterions.

17 ectrostatic coupling between the DNA and its counterions.

18 the helicate promoted by the use of sulfate counterions.

19 nding on the temperature and the size of the counterions.

20 mental property of DNA: its interaction with counterions.

21 vent interface more effectively than smaller counterions.

22 es interact directly with the lipid and with counterions.

23 iate the chain propagation as intramolecular counterions.

24 un-base-paired regions and how it depends on counterions.

25 Th-nitrate solutions in the presence of A(+) counterions.

26 tes of different character, in some cases on counterions.

27 n different crystalline salts using suitable counterions.

28 lecular structure, basepairing, and explicit counterions.

29 water, the ionic surfactant headgroups, and counterions.

30 hat the genomes are largely packaged without counterions.

31 cerning the positions of H atoms and lighter counterions.

32 on in water is controlled exclusively by its counterions.

33 ticular conjugated polymers, (2) dopants and counterions, (3) insulating polymers, and (4) conductive

34 proximal electronic bias imposed by external counterions, a practical limitation in the use of molecu

35 details about the interactions of the buffer counterion acetate with various components of the separa

36 y of the mechanism reveals that the benzoate counterion acts as a proton shuttle to enable transfer h

37 This reversible counterion addition results in stable partitioning betwe

38 ecatalysts undergo complete and irreversible counterion addition to epoxide during the course of the

39 salen)Co-X precatalysts and demonstrate that counterion addition to epoxide is reversible in the case

40 We demonstrate by a simple model that counterions adsorption sites located on the inner face o

41 ic motion of the ammonium cation and bromine counterion, although the overall number of active modes

42 D121-H87 cluster of the retinal Schiff base counterion and a glutamate at position 132 that acts as

43 ntimately connected with the presence of the counterion and not just hydration water.

44 role in this transition, likely serving as a counterion and proton acceptor at least at high and neut

45 ontrol) and (iii) the nature of Cu catalyst (counterion and solvent dependence) will favor the C-C cl

46 acitor charging takes place by adsorption of counterions and desorption of co-ions from the pores.

47 sis facilitated irreversible partitioning of counterions and DNA.

48 ar salts are independent of the alkali metal counterions and have a value of 2.0 eV for the selenides

49 gh either addition or extraction of chloride counterions and is readily visualized in the separation

50 ction promotes ion pairing with longer-chain counterions and more effective screening.

51 CPEs with smaller counterions and shorter side chains exhibit higher dopin

52 IEs were more sensitive to interactions with counterions and solvation in the model structures than n

53 furthermore the cations may be perturbed by counterions), and the generation of gas-phase carbocatio

54 of ion-pairing reagent (IPR) concentration, counterion, and mobile phase pH on the quality of the RP

55 The novel results including ligand, counterion, and solvent effects uncovered during the cou

56 n into an entropic component, due to loss of counterions, and an enthalpic component, stemming from C

57 wo types of particles due to the presence of counterions, and hence a variety of three-dimensional st

58 factors such as solvent polarity, number of counterions, and sizes of the MNPs.

59 A wide variety of gold catalysts, counterions, and solvents were examined to elucidate the

60 eties, the [Nb6O19](8-) polyanion, its Cs(+) counterions, and the DMMP substrate, were tracked under

61 nds with DMA guests residing in the pores as counterions, and thus ideally suited for proton conducti

62 th increasing ion-pairing contact with their counterions, and thus provides a rare opportunity to obs

63 hiral ligand and the chiral TADDOL-phosphate counterion are described.

64 ted charged substituents with an appropriate counterion are found to enhance their Bronsted acidities

65 ganocatalyst, substrate, additive, and metal counterion are reaction partners that can be held togeth

66 enium complex modified by a chiral phosphate counterion are reported.

67 Cationic compounds with chloride as counterion are soluble in water (70-100 mg/mL).

68 s several orders of magnitude when exogenous counterions are added to DNA.

69 The Na(+) counterions are also repelled from the polypeptide.

70 Cp*2M(+) counterions are much less effective than protons at stab

71 nic polymethine dyes with different aromatic counterions are prepared to improve their compatibility

72 creases several orders of magnitude when DNA counterions are removed by dialysis against deionized wa

73 e for pyrene in BlueCage(6+) when the PF6(-) counterions are replaced by much bulkier anions.

74 and 2 crystallized as salts with AlCl(4)(-) counterions are revealed by single-crystal X-ray diffrac

75 g a mechanical work, both water and hydrated counterions are squeezed out from the nanoconfined solut

76 d at the Ag electrode as AgCl and the sodium counterions are transported across the membrane.

77 ing electrode as AgX, while their respective counterions are transported across the perm-selective me

78 These counterions are very difficult to remove from DNA; there

79 fter electrical separation from neutrals and counterions, are deposited on a surface.

80 ssed theoretically by explicitly considering counterions around the macromolecules.

81 both individual ligands and a suitably sized counterion as template.

82 structure and allows us to rank and classify counterions as structure stabilizers in the absence of b

83 s vary with the diffusion coefficient of the counterion, as well as with cation concentration and ele

84 acroions are largely affected by the type of counterions, as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR

85 A physical understanding of the counterion-assisted folding process requires addressing

86 transition from overscreening to crowding of counterions at the interface at the highest applied pote

87 neutralized by an accumulation of dissolved counterions at the interface.

88 ion solvation to maintain a nearly spherical counterion atmosphere around each micelle, while maximiz

89 udy led to the straightforward proposal that counterions bind to a polyelectrolyte by distributing th

90 on to the hydrophobic pocket of the host and counterion binding to its external carboxylate groups su

91 The distribution of metal counterions binding onto the oppositely charged surface

92 the addition of divalent positively charged counterions, both experimentally and numerically.

93 more uniform: removal of strongly bound DNA counterions by electro-dialysis against deionized water.

94 Our results thus show how a Li(+) counterion can alter the reactivity of an organocopper s

95 t as the proton source and the corresponding counterion can help enhance the reactivity and selectivi

96 oach to perform realistic modeling of chiral counterion catalysis in solution.

97 electric to enforce ion pairing to a SbF6(-) counterion changes the regioselectivity by up to a facto

98 t recent experimental studies of the role of counterion charge, structure, and chemistry.

99 H(2)SO(4), or H(3)PO(4) and their respective counterions, chlorides, sulfates, and phosphates.

100 The counterion cloud around the nanoparticles is proposed to

101 ent enhancement phenomena because associated counterion cloud is believed to increase the ion density

102 istinctly different from the dynamics of the counterion cloud surrounding RNA and depend on the numbe

103 coupled dynamics of macromolecules and their counterion clouds in salt-free conditions are shown to l

104 ng between the Gdm(+) groups and the sulfate counterions compensates for the loss of homoion pairing

105 iport mechanism, in which both substrate and counterion compete for a shared binding site in the tran

106 etwork between chromophore, Schiff base, and counterion complex explaining the altered optical and ki

107 ed, suggesting structural changes within the counterion complex upon mutation.

108 c field promoted the dissociation of the DNA-counterion complexes, while dialysis facilitated irrever

109 how zeta potential trends for varying pH and counterion concentration and demonstrate that SEBS has a

110 Moreover, additional counterion condensation (physisorption) occurs on the NT

111 h the conformational ensemble accessed after counterion condensation and collapse of the chain is dis

112 cape from the collapsed state accessed after counterion condensation.

113 e switching states of the device whereas the counterions control the hysteresis.

114 surface potential is better compensated when counterion crowding happens.

115 ing V-ATPase requires charge compensation by counterion currents that are commonly attributed to chlo

116 drogen bonds of internal water molecules and counterions (D238 and Cl(-)) in the active site induce c

117 iphiles, these hybrids show pH-dependent and counterion-dependent self-assembly behaviors with contro

118 We propose that the chiral ammonium counterion differentiates between rapidly equilibrating

119 mix in blends with a common ion is caused by counterion dissociation competition from the common ion.

120 Counterintuitively, when deprived of counterions, DNA precipitated from the solution into amo

121 nse coacervate phase and a 1D confinement of counterions due to patterns along polymers in the supern

122 te reagent, transferable ligand, and cuprate counterion (e.g., Li(+) vs MgX(+)).

123 vities imposed by the different anilines and counterions employed.

124 These results highlight counterion engineering as a versatile strategy to tailor

125 oteins significantly compensates for the low-counterion environment of the cell.

126 An approach that modulates the achiral counterion (equimolar to the neutral chiral ligand-proto

127 l trifluoromethanesulfonate, we can effect a counterion exchange of the catalytic nickel complex, suc

128 is soluble in its protonated form, and after counterion exchange with a surfactant, it can be depolym

129 s the gold catalyst with more basic triflate counterion favor boryl migration toward C3-borylated fur

130 In contrast, fluoride as a counterion favors dual hydrogen bonding to both hydroxy

131 e the conditions (e.g., fabrication methods, counterions, flow rates, concentrations of reagents) for

132 r element, accompanied by outward and inward counterion fluxes.

133 translation initiation and functioning as a counterion for ATP.

134 L) with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide as counterion for lubrication.

135 Using a Hofmeister series of counterions for a common polycation, poly(diallyldimethy

136 We therefore suggest that sulfatides act as counterions for interstitial ammonium facilitating its r

137 Yet the counterions for these polycations or polyanions are ofte

138 upon exchanging four triflate or triflimide counterions for two oxocarbon anions, resulting in stron

139 Additionally, these counterions form a weak but attractive electrostatic bri

140 e converted to Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba mobile counterion forms as a novel approach to investigate the

141 makes available a new class of dipole-rich, counterion-free, pH insensitive polymer interlayers with

142 lations indicate that PAH pulls in condensed counterions from solution to avoid charge-repulsion alon

143 x nonlinear electrostatic phenomenon whereby counterions from the solvent effectively overscreen and

144 We investigated whether removal of counterions from the strongly bound counterion layer wou

145 an acylpyridinium donor and its carboxylate counterion further promoted site-divergent functionaliza

146 w identical peaks denoting that there are no counterions, further reinforcing the accuracy of the ass

147 Inclusion of extra-framework K(+) counterions has minimal effect on framework flexibility

148 The nanoion/counterion hybrids combine the properties of electronic

149 net effect being dependent on the choice of counterion, i.e. bromide vs tetrakis(1-imidazolyl)borate

150 (i) DNA can form very stable complexes with counterions, (ii) these complexes can be dissociated by

151 rior studies, these results suggest that the counterion in Drosophila Rh1 may not be located at Glu-1

152 he proposal that Glu-181 may function as the counterion in other invertebrate visual pigments as well

153 tudy illustrates the deleterious role of the counterion in tail-to-head carbocationic polycyclization

154 chanism and reveal the role of the phosphate counterion in the CAPT catalysis.

155 iologic anion may compensate for the missing counterion in the E194Q mutant.

156 state with greater charge separation by the counterion in the ion paired case.

157 is found that the chiral phosphate acts as a counterion in the stereocontrolling event rather than th

158 monstrate that the presence of iodide as the counterion in the triazole moiety has direct influence o

159 e demonstrated that Glu-181 functions as the counterion in this pigment.

160 lopments have considered the exchange of POM counterions in an electrostatically driven approach: imm

161 Also, significant displacement of counterions in an extended solid may result from the cha

162 that observed using BINOL-derived phosphate counterions in combination with (S)-SEGPHOS, the same en

163 de secondary structure and interactions with counterions in HILIC.

164 These results show that charge screening by counterions in solution enables negatively charged side

165 between the different peptide oligomers and counterions in solutions, above and below the critical a

166 ractions in determining the locations of the counterions in the current system.

167 tability of the junction and distribution of counterions in the junction interior.

168 nusual charge neutrality of both Schiff base counterions in the P2 (380) conducting state suggests th

169 ext, we have studied the role of charges and counterions in the self-assembly of lanreotide, a cation

170 tinction between the hydration states of the counterions in the Stern layer; we propose counterions t

171 The pivotal role played by the gold counterion, in terms of molecular arrangement (i.e. "fol

172 finding not previously reported is that the counterion, in this case the perchlorate anion, competes

173 nanoparticles with a variety of hydrophobic counterions including oleic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic

174 Recent studies of counterion-induced condensation of nucleic acid helices

175 state model capable of rationalizing chiral counterion-induced enantioselectivity.

176 raphy, and confirms the presence of a PF6(-) counterion inside its cavity.

177 We furthermore show that the counterions interacting with the NTs play a structural r

178 the structure of the auxiliary and the metal counterion involved.

179 es contain a lipophilic cation for which the counterion is initially Cl(-).

180 ascade in which size and coordination of the counterion is key.

181 catalyst loading is high and the copper(II) counterion is noncoordinating.

182 K(+), Cl(-), or Ca(2+) to the E(1) form as a counterion is not required for activation of phosphoryla

183 A closely attached counterion is shown to be compatible with the preferred

184 The resulting 'shell' of counterions is able to carry away excess energy from the

185 with precipitation of its protecting Bi(3+)-counterions, it rapidly aggregates to ~22 angstrom spher

186 r-order magnesiate) and on the nature of the counterion (K(+) > Ca(2+)).

187 -established theories, little is known about counterions' lateral organization at the surface of the

188 moval of counterions from the strongly bound counterion layer would elicit any novel DNA properties o

189 s due to entropic-stabilization of condensed counterion layers.

190 The presence of these counterions leads to novel structures of these crystals,

191 We find that the number of counterions liberated upon DNA unfolding is a nonmonoton

192 er surfactant molecule, in which the bromide counterions maintain their hydration shells.

193 This so-called counterion may be either a cation (moving out of the lys

194 hanism by which this cohesion might occur is counterion-mediated attachment between glycan components

195 Counterion-mediated attraction is considered as the main

196 ure of the attractive force among macroions (counterion-mediated attraction), to the blackberry forma

197 ures in their dilute solution, driven by the counterion-mediated attraction.

198 This work confirms that the long-range counterion-mediated electrostatic attraction is sensitiv

199 sphere around each micelle, while maximizing counterion-mediated electrostatic cohesion among the ens

200 These results indicate that counterion-mediated interactions in the glycocalyx contr

201 mental evidence, a unique combination of the counterion-mediated translocation of CPPs with the under

202 ults also add much corroborative support for counterion-mediated uptake as the productive mode of act

203 al collapse of the chain within 8 mus of the counterion mixing time.

204 kinetics comparable to those of a rhodopsin counterion mutant, Rho(E113Q), both requiring hydroxylam

205 NCOCMe(2)NCO)(2)CMe(2)}(OH(2))](-) (1) with counterions Na(+) (a) and PPh(4)(+) (b) function similar

206 zothiadiazole) backbones, but with different counterions (Na(+), K(+), vs tetrabutylammonium) and len

207 ning and also with substitution of different counterions (Na:AOT, K:AOT, and Mg:AOT) that consequentl

208 The actinyl peroxide clusters have counterions not only external, but internal to the hollo

209 per describes the role of tetraalkylammonium counterions [NR4(+), R = -CH3, -CH2CH3, -(CH2)2CH3, or -

210 In the solid state, depending on the counterion, O-protonated or N-protonated cations can be

211 These results demonstrate that the primary counterion of cone visual pigments is necessary for effi

212 hobicity) often involves simply altering the counterion of the organic salt.

213 The tetrafluoroborate counterion of the palladium catalyst is proposed to play

214 he nature of the photo-leaving group and the counterion of the precursor phosphonium salt do not affe

215 tal community to the important role that the counterion of the precursor salt must play in the synthe

216 FT) calculations revealed the cyclopropenium counterion of this Au(I)-precatalyst imparts stability t

217 rosophila Rhodopsin 1 (Rh1) may serve as the counterion of this visual pigment.

218 single-crystal cation metathesis, the Ca(2+) counterions of a preformed chiral MOF of formula Ca6(II)

219 close inspection reveals that the six PF6(-) counterions of BlueCage(6+) occupy the cavity in a fleet

220 ces when alkyl-ammonium ions are used as the counterions of DNA.

221 The metal halides, which serve as counterions of positively charged surfactant heads, scre

222 ffect in gold catalysis explains the role of counterion on Au/Ag-catalyzed regiodivergent pathways.

223 The important role of the tetraphenylborate counterion on the stability and accessibility of the vin

224 irst time, the influence of a large range of counterions on gas-phase protein structure and allows us

225 The dipoles arising from adsorbed counterions on polymer backbones can form many pairwise

226 demonstrated the impact of the alkali metal counterions on the geometry of the [Ce horizontal lineN(

227 reveals the distinct effect of the nature of counterions on the structural features of diradical dica

228 eters, substrate patterns, and type of metal counterions on the yield and stereochemical outcome of t

229 ns (S85D and D108A) was designed to move the counterion one alpha-helical turn into the transmembrane

230 nvestigated leisurely, and in the absence of counterions or other perturbing effects, by various form

231 teractions such as secondary coordination of counterions or solvent molecules.

232 ns and their counterions results in macroion-counterion pairing which leads to the inter-macroanionic

233 We find a Stern layer of 0.7 bromide counterion per surfactant molecule, in which the bromide

234 The number of counterions per molecule plays a major role in determini

235 Although the density distribution of counterions perpendicular to the interface obeys well-es

236 anwhile, the radioactive element thorium and counterions phosphate and citrate were separated effecti

237 For these reasons, charges and counterions play a prominent role in self-assembly proce

238 The Cu-counterions play a role in both selecting different path

239 The nucleophile counterion plays a critical role by ensuring high reacti

240 he swelling from excluded volume effects and counterion pressure with elasticity of the microgel, we

241 ormation of ion pairs with these hydrophobic counterions, producing nanoparticles with exceptionally

242 tween negatively charged phosphate groups by counterion recruitment.

243 provided through the measurement of API and counterion release profiles using high-performance liqui

244 l entropy of the mobile solution ions, i.e., counterion release.

245 ecause their completion requires solvent and counterion reorganization.

246 ze disparity between the macroions and their counterions results in macroion-counterion pairing which

247 ene) to complexes containing noncoordinating counterions ([Rh(cod)2X]; X = OTf, BF4, PF6; cod = 1,5-c

248 The low wavevector ionomer peak in the counterion scattering is observed for all systems, and i

249 This result indicates that bulkier counterions screen repulsive interactions at the ligand/

250 atin, a mechanism in consonance with reduced counterion screening in vitro and phosphorylated LH in v

251 sted, sulphonic acid bonded silica with H(+) counterion (SCX) proved to be the most efficient one for

252 m complexes containing a weakly coordinating counterion showed that nucleophilic attack on the less s

253 ubstituting polyamines in place of elemental counterions significantly enhanced the structural rigidi

254 local deviations in surfactant headgroup and counterion solvation to maintain a nearly spherical coun

255 position of neighboring solvent molecules or counterion species.

256 The effect of the counterion stability on the outcome of the reaction is i

257 e present a detailed mechanism of action for counterion stabilization of proteins and their complexes

258 However, counterions such as ammonium rearrange those structures

259 of reaction barriers through templation with counterions, such as potassium.

260 controlled by the ionic gradients of mobile counterions surrounding the 'jammed' nanoparticles.

261 dynamic, long-range gradients of both mobile counterions surrounding the nanoparticles and conduction

262 thiolate-capped [Au23(SR)16](-) nanocluster (counterion: tetraoctylammonium, TOA(+)).

263 terms of the presence of a strongly binding counterion that competes with DNA to bind to the micelle

264 h the order-disorder of the dimethylammonium counterion that is weakly anchored in the cavities of th

265 n the photoinduced oxidation of its sulfidic counterion, the Cd(2+) ions reprecipitated at the paint/

266 Surrounding counterions then provide a background source of charge b

267 e thermopower, compared to those with larger counterions, thereby leading to a higher power factor.

268 Depending on the counterion, this face-capped tetrahedral capsule is solu

269 The proximity of a counterion to a charged catalyst in an ion paired comple

270 This reaction employs a chiral ammonium counterion to direct the acylation of an in situ generat

271 This process uses a chiral counterion to direct the addition of thiophenolate to a

272 with silyl triflates by binding the triflate counterion to form a stable, yet highly Lewis acidic, co

273 from the chromophore and the pK(a) of an Asp counterion to the protonated chromophore.

274 sidue (the homolog of Arg-82) form a complex counterion to the protonated retinylidene Schiff base, a

275 en bonding of the key aspartate residue, the counterion to the retinal Schiff base, to a histidine.

276 e counterions in the Stern layer; we propose counterions to be inner- and outer-sphere calcium ions,

277 g29(S2R)12, and Ag44(SR)30 (often with a few counterions to compensate charges) are known now.

278 of the tetrahedron that allows the necessary counterions to freely flow in and out of the host.

279 f this strategy involves the use of divalent counterions to temporarily perturb the packing features

280 t stands as a unique model system, absent of counterions, to study the transformation of clusters to

281 Both dilution and exchange of counterions, transforms this cuboctahedron into two iden

282 Both the V-ATPase and the counterion transporter are likely to be important player

283 or pendant to the polymer backbone, with the counterions treated explicitly.

284 olding by decreasing the entropic penalty of counterion uptake and by reducing disorder of the unfold

285 Mutation of the primary Schiff base counterion (VCOP(D108A)) produced a pigment with an unpr

286 he dynamic behavior of these internal alkali counterions via solid-state and liquid NMR experiments.

287 n between AZD2811 and pamoic acid as a model counterion was investigated using solubility enhancement

288 nium catalyst modified by a chiral phosphate counterion, we report the direct redox-triggered carbon-

289 n solution with Na(+), K(+), Rb(+), or Cs(+) counterions, we mathematically decompose the scattering

290 In order to remove the tightly bound counterions, we used dialysis against deionized water in

291 was turned off but readily redissolved when counterions were reintroduced.

292 ic rings and Br(-) (3a,b) or BF(4)(-) (7a,b) counterions were synthesized, characterized, and investi

293 Radioactive counterions were used to track the ratio of positive to

294 re labile and sensitive to interactions with counterions, which vary with processing and application

295 as also isolated by encapsulation of a Cs(+) counterion with 2.2.2-cryptand.

296 pH from 5 to 8 indicate deprotonation of the counterion with a pK(a) of 6.3, which is also the pK(a)

297 noparticles could be controlled by employing counterions with various hydrophobicities and structures

298 ged polyelectrolyte repeat units balanced by counterions-within thin films of polyelectrolyte complex

299 leofuge (PPh(3) or P(p-Cl-C(6)H(4))(3)), the counterion (X(-) = BF(4)(-), SbF(6)(-), Cl(-), or Br(-))

300 photolyses of phosphonium salts with complex counterions (X(-) = BF(4)(-) or SbF(6)(-)), while photol