ライフサイエンスコーパス: credit

1 ne C sequestration less a fossil fuel offset credit.

2 munity ties, and increase access to informal credit.

3 ore complex form of communication than given credit.

4 s but were required to do their own work for credit.

5 ablishes accountability, responsibility, and credit.

6 policies, and the motivation to maximize the credit.

7 unt of power displaced and the corresponding credit.

8 n complete the accompanying CME quiz for 1.5 credits.

9 epitomizes the winner-takes-all economics of credit allocation and distorts the history of science by

10 % higher than the cost of the Production Tax Credit, an important federal subsidy for wind energy.

11 Credit and accountability cannot be assessed unless the

12 e contributors, so that they can accept both credit and responsibility.

13 life sciences that provides authors with due credit and that can evolve via continual revision and tr

14 n them have become more complex; and as both credit and, even more, responsibility have become obscur

15 is 25% lower, including end-of-life material credits and 22% lower, when credits are excluded.

16 Second, financial credits and health may have several unmeasured common ca

17 d short-term relationships between financial credits and health outcomes using conventional regressio

18 se gas emissions by 400% (with sequestration credit) and water consumption by 80% when compared to co

19 eef supply chains, restrictions on access to credit, and expansion of protected areas appear to have

20 tice premium discounts, continuing education credits, and compensation for lost wages.

21 Incentives include financial support, tax credits, and perhaps most importantly, extended market e

22 Use of a performance measure that credits appropriate clinical action indicates that almos

23 sts have been slow to adopt ways of sharing "credit" appropriately.

24 boration, and appropriate models of academic credit are yet to be developed.

25 If government carbon-tax credits are available, or the oil price goes up or CO2 c

26 of-life material credits and 22% lower, when credits are excluded.

27 work tax credit called the Earned Income Tax Credit as an instrument to estimate the association betw

28 The orbitofrontal cortex is also credited as a major player in a host of neuropsychiatric

29 , a unique polyphenol produced by plants and credited as potentially being responsible for the 'Frenc

30 nsequential information can be retroactively credited as relevant, and therefore selectively remember

31 demy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology-are credited as the founders of the ABO.

32 der certain conditions, the use of financial credits as instruments could violate 2 key instrumental

33 tion in which the lateral OFC is involved in credit assignment and representation of reward identity

34 sleep-dependent processing was required for credit assignment and the establishment of task-related

35 l representation of information relevant for credit assignment in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

36 ks causes and effects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Credit assignment is the process by which we infer the c

37 ice biases are the behavioral byproduct of a credit assignment mechanism responsible for ensuring the

38 eward pairs, participants quickly solved the credit assignment problem and learned the implicit payof

39 tal problem in reinforcement learning is the credit assignment problem, or how to properly assign cre

40 Second, there is a credit assignment problem-action selection signals occur

41 ts should be improved; it needs to solve the credit assignment problem.

42 a mechanistically tractable solution to the credit assignment problem.

43 hat learning from movement errors involves a credit assignment problem: did I misestimate properties

44 om an object in the environment, they face a credit assignment problem: Did the absence of reward ref

45 sponse to any performance error results in a credit assignment problem: which timescale is responsibl

46 ntly, little is known about how humans solve credit assignment problems in the context of reinforceme

47 lesions do not lead to impairments in reward-credit assignment that are seen after lOFC lesions.

48 ons were most stable early in learning, when credit assignment was most needed.

49 how and when the nervous system solves this 'credit assignment' problem.

50 tex activity meets these two key criteria of credit assignment, and does so independently from bottom

51 basic requirements of a system that performs credit assignment, and that spiking activity can serve a

52 We found that credit assignment, as indexed by the normal influence of

53 When the same features were not needed for credit assignment, these neuronal representations were m

54 th lateral orbitofrontal damage had impaired credit assignment, whereas damage to medial orbitofronta

55 he microstructure of sleep reactivations and credit assignment, with downscaling of non-causal activi

56 yses that make it possible to measure reward-credit assignment--a crucial component of reward-value l

57 yed the necessary information for performing credit assignment.

58 y, providing possible eligibility traces for credit assignment.

59 urons conveyed the information necessary for credit assignment.

60 nique contributions to flexible behavior and credit assignment.

61 A Bayesian credit-assignment model with built-in forgetting accurat

62 namic response involves a difficult temporal credit-assignment problem because this signal is both de

63 l stimuli, creating a potentially nontrivial credit-assignment problem.

64 we show that the resilience of HIV-1 can be credited, at least in part, to a robust response to pert

65 ransport from point of load reduction to the credit buyer.

66 " Subscribers can receive 1.5 category 1 CME credits by completing the CME quiz that accompanies this

67 e study of a program designed to earn carbon credits by distributing almost one million drinking wate

68 emissions and greatly increase the number of credits calculated.

69 nefits are not inherently included in carbon credit calculations, to achieve "win-win" outcomes, deli

70 urnal, Hamad and Rehkopf used an in-work tax credit called the Earned Income Tax Credit as an instrum

71 inuum of prevention services, and no partial credit can be given to achievement of one step in isolat

72 e a total of 83 purchase attempts, paying by credit card (n = 47) and by money order (n = 36).

73 more than four times less likely to pay off credit card balances in full.

74 t of asking for the payment of environmental credit card bills and implying delegation of centralized

75 persistent materials, all formulated under a credit card format, were incubated in an outdoor compost

76 at women are more reidentifiable than men in credit card metadata.

77 uccessfully received cigarettes for 93.6% of credit card purchase attempts and for 88.9% of money ord

78 n be interrogated in a manner analogous to a credit card reader.

79 We study 3 months of credit card records for 1.1 million people and show that

80 ith LED induced fluorescence detection and a credit card sized minicomputer to prove the concept of r

81 , gas-phase laser devices incorporated in a 'credit card' or even in a laser pointer.

82 The device, which is smaller than a credit card, can manipulate over 10 reagents in more tha

83 st, ultrathin format comparable in size to a credit card.

84 on-based microfluidic chip embedded within a credit-card-sized cartridge.

85 Patients used personal savings (53.9%) and credit cards (25.0%) to help offset these expenses, amon

86 Tobacco Vendors Study project offices using credit cards.

87 ce on the empirical and policy importance of credit constraints in forming skills is examined.

88 isplay structural change at the onset of the credit crisis of 2008, but never before.

89 s affected by prior treatment (CAPTs) or the credits' cumulative impacts over time.

90 Credit Default Swaps (CDS) spreads should reflect defaul

91 he expectations of the unrestricted (partial credit) derivation of the Rasch model.

92 tic work also translates into a multitude of credit-distribution arrangements, apparently dismissing

93 a program are: dedicate a coordinator, offer credit, diversify participation, create a tiered structu

94 The authors appropriately credit E.

95 me randomly or quasi-randomly from financial credits (e.g., tax credits or cash transfers) are increa

96 ed the associations of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on child development and used an instrumen

97 existing units than purchasing emission rate credits (ERCs) from a trading market at an average credi

98 that must be computed correctly is who gets credit for a shared outcome; this assignment is crucial

99 tically, we must be able to correctly assign credit for any particular outcome to the causal features

100 When asked to report errors, typists took credit for corrected errors and accepted blame for inser

101 ormula that reflects the principle of "equal credit for equal improvement" resulted in a more equitab

102 When analyzed to give FDT credit for identifying glaucoma, macular disease, or dec

103 ve near vision--each deserves a share of the credit for its discovery.

104 r consistent with a role in establishing how credit for reward should be assigned.

105 Credit for rewarding outcome thus appears to be assigned

106 relatively more concerned with assignment of credit for rewards to particular choices during value-gu

107 able build plan is sensitive to the capacity credit for solar but insensitive to the value for wind p

108 Advanced eusociality sometimes is given credit for the ecological success of termites, ants, som

109 ory of Western thought, deservedly receiving credit for the theory of evolution.

110 al for openness, allowing editors to receive credit for their work and making errors introduced durin

111 he fuel produced from that system receives a credit for this displacement.

112 The credit for this knowledge is generally given to Ernst Br

113 than the target article recognises, or gives credit for.

114 sticated than many neuroscientists give them credit for.

115 A pathway named T(H)17 is now credited for causing and sustaining tissue damage in the

116 ia for selection of living kidney donors are credited for favorable outcomes, recent practice changes

117 ercially as long as the original authors are credited for their work.

118 lexible policy based on RFS2, which includes credits for chemical use of bioethanol (to produce bioet

119 The opportunity to apply for carbon credits for cookstove projects creates a source of fundi

120 sociation (AMA) has proposed a system of tax credits for the purchase of individually owned health in

121 Although capacity credits for wind power have been embodied in power syste

122 these communities by receiving feedback and credit from individuals who reuse their work.

123 usses the potential environmental debits and credits from dispersant use and concludes that, in most

124 years of receiving New Zealand's Family Tax Credit (FTC) and self-rated health (SRH) in 6,900 workin

125 approach for reducing nutrient loads through credit generation from agricultural or point source redu

126 appear more ill than they actually are, and crediting hospitals for a sicker patient population.

127 untries, as well as when trying to attribute credit in multiauthored papers.

128 t scenarios for calculating cookstove carbon credits, including comparing different types of stoves u

129 One prominent question is how credit is assigned to environmental stimuli that are act

130 In sum, while credit is due to the nurses and music therapists who pio

131 uncertainties about assigning "credit where credit is due" serve as a disincentive for clinicians co

132 With a tax credit large enough to make coverage affordable and the

133 y making investment decisions, and had fewer credit lines.

134 A key element in estimating credit losses is the distribution of credit rating chang

135 atient in which he also used pulse tracings, credited Luciani with this discovery.

136 uable co-products are produced, but only tax credits make fuel ethanol commercially viable because oi

137 First, some financial credits may directly influence health, for example, thro

138 , education, employment, earnings, benefits, credit, media, health care, and criminal justice.

139 of different assumptions made within carbon credit methodologies, 2) discussion around potential tra

140 s are sensitive to time spent on MOC and MOC credits obtainable from current continuing education act

141 hejiang, and Fujian) should merit a capacity credit of 12.9%, the fraction of installed wind capacity

142 The credit of the presented protocol includes high yields an

143 of the literature concerning tmRNA, careful crediting of tmRNA sequence identifications, and a split

144 tests of hypotheses concerning the effect of credit on productivity, the sharing of idiosyncratic ris

145 cessful, he or she needs to be able to claim credit or priority for discoveries throughout their care

146 i-randomly from financial credits (e.g., tax credits or cash transfers) are increasingly being analyz

147 The evolutionary success of Bilateria is credited partly to the origin of bilateral symmetry.

148 ubject's own likely prediction, participants credited people more than algorithms for correct predict

149 ounting and generally calculated more carbon credits per scenario than the Clean Development Mechanis

150 s (ERCs) from a trading market at an average credit price above $28 per MWh under the final state sta

151 ficantly exceed current and projected carbon credit prices.

152 hether they qualify for health insurance tax credits provided by the Patient Protection and Affordabl

153 lity of digital methods that could apportion credit quantitatively, academic leaders, including fundi

154 versus Z, we demonstrate how this continuous credit rating approach and its dynamics can be used to e

155 imating credit losses is the distribution of credit rating changes, the functional form of which is u

156 ts came at the expense of employment, sales, credit ratings, or firm survival.

157 For continuous credit ratings, the Altman Z score, we find that P(Delta

158 DFs describe both the static and dynamics of credit ratings.

159 y infinite variance, models several multiple credit ratios used in financial accounting to quantify a

160 cific knowledge (crystallized intelligence), credit report data, and other measures of decision quali

161 nc., Dayton, Ohio), a commercially available credit reporting company, to construct residential histo

162 the propagation of defaults via counterparty credit risk.

163 ach and its dynamics can be used to evaluate credit risk.

164 Chinook eggs were sampled from the Credit River, ON, Canada, and brought to an aquaculture

165 e test if the same factors that lead to poor credit scores also lead to poor health.

166 ive ability, and self-control-predicted both credit scores and cardiovascular disease risk and accoun

167 members, we examined the association between credit scores and cardiovascular disease risk and the un

168 ion ( approximately 22%) of the link between credit scores and cardiovascular disease risk at midlife

169 approximately 45% of the correlation between credit scores and cardiovascular disease risk.

170 We find that credit scores are negatively correlated with cardiovascu

171 dit scoring has outpaced knowledge about why credit scores are such useful indicators of individual b

172 Credit scores are the most widely used instruments to as

173 Credit scoring has been so successful that it has expand

174 The pervasive application of credit scoring has outpaced knowledge about why credit s

175 1601 individuals in the Philippines through credit scoring.

176 Potentially important drivers such as credit, supply-chain strengthening, and social marketing

177 ng the amount of an unconditional, universal credit that an individual or group has received as the i

178 with the goal of creating restoration-based credits that can be bought and sold.

179 which is due to legacy GHG flex-fuel vehicle credits that expire in 2016.

180 he electric power system evaluating capacity credits that should be recognized for offshore wind reso

181 o develop new concepts without giving up the credit they deserve, because it is usually clear who did

182 We regretfully omitted to give credit to a previous figure upon which the surface-tensi

183 ssignment problem, or how to properly assign credit to actions that lead to reward or punishment foll

184 ng approaches for cancer biomarker owes much credit to functionalized nanomaterials due to their uniq

185 n states passed tax deductions and one a tax credit to help defray potential medical, lodging and wag

186 r, improvement is defined so as to give less credit to initial low performers than initial high perfo

187 es evidence for assigning virus disinfection credit to similar MBRs used to reclaim wastewater for re

188 that we do not come close to giving adequate credit to the great creativity of chemists in the field.

189 Credit to the multibore configuration, a 65% improvement

190 The price of a single dose credited to a CBRHA was 3 birr ($0.17) and they provide

191 nd one-third intracellularly with the latter credited to cathepsin V.

192 n factor (TF) binding regions can largely be credited to chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technol

193 and host-immune response disparities may be credited to differential gene regulation rather than gro

194 ns in which the diagnosis is intentional and credited to hematologists, the discovery of MGUS is most

195 ve and other health effects of ALA have been credited to its precursor role in converting to EPA in t

196 rinic activation in the VTA can primarily be credited to M5R activation at postsynaptic plasma membra

197 ical effects of oxysterols have largely been credited to the activation of nuclear hormone receptors.

198 n is striking and must, at least in part, be credited to the lack of a clear conceptualisation of the

199 his highly efficient catalytic chemistry was credited to the tandem effect between the acidic Al modi

200 en correlates with poorer clinical outcomes, credited to their ability to suppress antitumor immunity

201 oring data to determine the number of carbon credits to be awarded.

202 use an axiomatic approach to assign relative credits to the coauthors of a given paper, referred to a

203 oring should be a key requirement for carbon credit verification in future international carbon tradi

204 roject-level evaluation of CO2 sequestration credits, we developed a geodatabase (CoBluCarb) and high

205 reported estimates used to determine carbon credits; we found 19% (n = 4,041) of households reported

206 reported estimates used to determine carbon credits; we found 19% (n = 4,041) of households reported

207 the inherent uncertainties about assigning "credit where credit is due" serve as a disincentive for

208 Moreover, history can help to assign credit where it is due and call attention to evolving et

209 ol (vitamin A) activation into atRA has been credited widely as a mechanism of ethanol toxicity.

210 ls present in the stationary phase have been credited with a role in determining peak shape.

211 Alexander D. Langmuir is credited with articulating the concept of disease survei

212 Screening mammography is credited with contributing to the substantial decrease i

213 Chemokines are credited with guiding the multistep recruitment of CD8(+

214 rkers (HEWs) at the community level has been credited with increased identification and referral of p

215 Resting B lymphocytes have been credited with inducing T cell tolerance to Ig-derived an

216 Old Italian violins are routinely credited with playing qualities supposedly unobtainable

217 a key role in screening colon cancer and is credited with preventing deaths through the detection an

218 in the central nervous system are generally credited with regulating extracellular levels of L-gluta

219 Vitamin A distribution programs are now credited with saving the sight and lives of nearly half

220 rtain bacterial microbiota species have been credited with strong immunomodulatory effects.

221 atalysis in which metal-metal cooperation is credited with the ability to achieve multielectron photo

222 BMDCs are also credited with the creation of premetastatic niches to wh

223 In 1956, Jack Cannon is credited with the first animal orthotopic liver transpla

224 John Hughlings Jackson is widely credited with the first electrical theory of epilepsy (1

225 ion (PSS), fuelled by female promiscuity, is credited with the rapid evolution of sperm quality trait

226 , if any, public health interventions can be credited with this stability.

227 ging the Nobel Prize to more fairly allocate credit would reduce the potential for controversy and di