ライフサイエンスコーパス: crust

1 ength heterogeneity of the Asian continental crust.

2 ear the base of thick, plateau-like basaltic crust.

3 a critical part in the sequestration of the crust.

4 o consider magmatic processes throughout the crust.

5 y buoyant melt migration to form the oceanic crust.

6 kali components extracted from the subducted crust.

7 Mountains, thereby thickening the overlying crust.

8 t least some ice in localized regions in the crust.

9 epresent subducted/recycled basaltic oceanic crust.

10 al fluxes and increase porosity in planetary crust.

11 an atmosphere and also deeper in the porous crust.

12 s under which magmas are retained within the crust.

13 composition of the Archean upper continental crust.

14 indicating an affinity to subducted oceanic crust.

15 luence the transfer of fluids in the Earth's crust.

16 ansformations and mass transfer in the upper crust.

17 Mars is most likely in the subsurface of the crust.

18 cean is chemically open or closed to the icy crust.

19 fraction of approximately 0.1% of the earth crust.

20 ltwater infiltration into the planet's upper crust.

21 bon are stored in the mantle lithosphere and crust.

22 those at the base of the Earth's continental crust.

23 ubrication of the slab interface by hydrated crust.

24 detected remanent magnetization in Mercury's crust.

25 ce for the diversity of the Earth's earliest crust.

26 outer 100 kilometres or so is mainly igneous crust.

27 date biotextures found in the modern oceanic crust.

28 ability or in the generation rate of oceanic crust.

29 ny conceivable rate of generation within the crust.

30 geochemistry, and generates a hydrous lower crust.

31 rtening, coincident with accretion of exotic crust.

32 ecoupling the surface layers from the deeper crust.

33 sition prevails near the base of the forearc crust.

34 s that penetrate kilometers into the Earth's crust.

35 dence concerning the nature of Earth's first crust.

36 chemical and isotopic composition of oceanic crust.

37 l distribution, and longevity of melt in the crust.

38 2-rich volatile phase while it traversed the crust.

39 ustal-scale outline of the subducting Indian crust.

40 te a long-term accumulation of stress in the crust.

41 ted in a strengthened dough and firmer pizza crust.

42 y modified in hydrothermally altered oceanic crust.

43 rmal exchange between seawater and the ocean crust.

44 linked to the age of the subducting oceanic crust.

45 n magmas that incorporate felsic continental crust.

46 ce of a "deep, hot biosphere" in the Earth's crust.

47 ma bodies several kilometers deep within the crust.

48 gin of a broad conductive region in the deep crust.

49 differences between Indian and Pacific Ocean crust.

50 sed along a structure that excised 25 km of crust.

51 horizontal advance of the subducting Indian crust.

52 of the formation and evolution of planetary crusts.

53 kilometres thickness located beneath an ice crust 30 to 40 kilometres thick.

54 roducing magmas that ascend to form basaltic crust 6 to 7 kilometers thick.

55 ry, indicating that the North China cratonic crust acts as a strong resistance to the northward growt

56 During convergence, a weaker Asian crust allows strain far north within the upper plate, wh

57 s in these BIFs relative to the contemporary crust, also signal oxidative mobilization of U.

58 ia terrestrial silicate weathering and ocean crust alteration plays a key role in determining atmosph

59 e uranium is a common element in the Earth's crust and a wide variety of metabolic groups of microorg

60 e the most abundant materials in the Earth's crust and are ingredients in traditional ceramics.

61 hich is mainly composed of Neoarchean felsic crust and forms the nucleus of the Northeastern Superior

62 Conversely, relatively buoyant mafic crust and hotter geothermal gradients on Earth reduced t

63 differentiated mantle-derived melt, Archean crust and hydrothermally altered shallow-crustal rocks.

64 mantle, fused to the base of the continental crust and isolated from mantle convection.

65 droxymethylfurfural was detected only in the crust and its model system.

66 When continents break apart, continental crust and lithosphere are thinned until break-up is achi

67 forming to thicker, less tectonically active crust and lithosphere.

68 ant flux of geo-neutrinos, predict sub-equal crust and mantle contributions, with ~1% of the total fl

69 suggested that multiphase deformation of the crust and mantle lithosphere leads to the formation of d

70 essional, and shear wave velocity across the crust and mantle.

71 flow is powered by radioactive decays in the crust and mantle.

72 mo-mechanical modelling, that hyper-extended crust and margin asymmetry are produced by steady state

73 s (1.7-5.6 kDa) were detected intact in both crust and model system.

74 relative weathering input of old radiogenic crust and more juvenile, mantle-derived substrate.

75 For this study, three manganese-crust and nodule-abundant regions of the deep Pacific we

76 smically determined thermal structure of the crust and reconciles previously incompatible models favo

77 in how ruptures unzip faults in the Earth's crust and release waves that cause destructive shaking.

78 constraint on the flux of K between oceanic crust and seawater.

79 ism for the generation of voluminous silicic crust and the development of Cordilleran plateaus remain

80 f Earth, usually defined to include both the crust and the solid but elastic upper mantle above the a

81 itions of magmas that formed a potential UPB crust and were complementary to the ultramafic ureilite

82 e low abundances of Ir and Ru in the earth's crust and, hence, cost make these catalysts nonsustainab

83 with the atmosphere, such as biological soil crusts and freshwater microbial mats covering riverbed,

84 se any significant textural changes in pizza crusts and partial replacement by KCl resulted in a stre

85 of the martian mid-to-low latitudes (average crust) and flows in northwest Elysium.

86 ich to identify ancient fragments of oceanic crust, and as a constraint on the flux of K between ocea

87 hat is characterized by low elevations, thin crust, and high surface concentrations of the heat-produ

88 e third only to those in the ocean and earth crust, and represent twice the amount currently present

89 ductivity zones (LV-HCZs) within the Tibetan crust, and their role in models for the development of t

90 gma that are stored at shallow depths in the crust, and to obtain theoretical bounds for the amount o

91 the industrial sections; cutting, shivering/crusting, and stitching were the principal contributors

92 belonging to built heritage (mortars, black crusts, and calcium carbonate formations).

93 he burial and metamorphism of hydrated mafic crusts, and calculate mineral transition-induced bulk-de

94 Thus, unlike on modern Earth, mafic crust apparently could survive for more than 1 billion y

95 ms required to induce foundering in deep arc crust are assessed using an example of representative lo

96 for understanding the formation of the lower crust are based largely on geophysical studies and ancie

97 ince the Apollo era that the lunar rocks and crust are magnetized.

98 nd storage of magma within the Earth's upper crust are of fundamental importance to volcanology.

99 Deep-sea hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts are both potential polymetallic resources and rec

100 ent from the center of the meat piece to the crust area.

101 olvable (41)K/(39)K effects arise in oceanic crust as a result of hydrothermal alteration.

102 ides: the elastic deformation of the Earth's crust as a result of tidal forces.

103 In California, water storage deforms the crust as snow and water accumulates during the wet winte

104 nd/or modifying large volumes of continental crust, as observed in the continents today.

105 s are observed within the subducting oceanic crust, as well as the mantle.

106 t 240 Ma and culminated with 60-70-km-thick crust at 215 Ma.

107 long the melting curve of carbonated oceanic crust at depths of approximately 300 to 700 kilometres,

108 uted over long distances to create new upper crust at divergent plate boundaries.

109 Crust at many divergent plate boundaries forms primarily

110 e assimilated 2-6% of underlying continental crust before differentiating to more evolved melts.

111 nce for rapid melt accumulation in the upper crust before many volcanic eruptions.

112 65 km, which is twice the normal continental crust beneath most of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, while

113 f the melt/fluid phase to a reservoir in the crust beneath Mt Rainier.

114 some areas) 3-D shear velocity model of the crust beneath southeast Australia.

115 reconstructions, we propose that continental crust beneath southeast Iceland is part of approximately

116 The indication that the lower crust beneath the LMS was folded and pushed upwards and

117 face of arid soils, building biological soil crust (biocrusts) that provide a variety of ecosystem be

118 bolite composition of desert biological soil crusts (biocrusts) and the substrate preferences of seve

119 Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) soil surface communities of lichens,

120 within three microhabitats: biological soil crusts (biocrusts), soil below biocrusts, and the plant

121 Biological soil crusts (biocrusts)-communities of mosses, lichens, cyano

122 mportant component of desert biological soil crusts (BSCs) and is emerging as a model system for stud

123 nic degree-2 topography is consistent with a crust-building process controlled by early tidal heating

124 on-uniformity in the lava gas content and/or crust bulk density across the patera.

125 rsts are therefore not an indicator of a hot crust, but may point instead to an unknown local heating

126 ng the geographic arrangement of continental crust, but the data required to fully test the hypothesi

127 is usually confined to the upper half of the crust, but the Newport-Inglewood fault (NIF), a major fa

128 Since removal of crust by ablation would also remove the heat-producing e

129 ally radiogenic helium-4 produced within the crust by alpha-decay of uranium and thorium.

130 bout 150 metres, cool the outer neutron star crust by emitting neutrinos while also thermally decoupl

131 th or to loss of an early-formed terrestrial crust by impact ablation.

132 s following the removal of nodule fields and crusts by commercial exploitation.

133 he resultant loaves had acceptable crumb and crust characteristics.

134 oved dough handling, bread crumb texture and crust color.

135 functional roles of dryland biological soil crust communities (biocrusts), which are expected to und

136 namic and mostly horizontal movements of the crust could be envisioned.

137 of the thickened and buoyant oceanic plateau crust, creating a buoyant 'Hikurangi' melange beneath th

138 the large basins that have formed since the crust crystallized.

139 any do this to the extent required of desert crust cyanobacteria.

140 Many areas of the Earth's crust deform by distributed extensional faulting and com

141 arthquake of year 2008 occurred in the upper crust, directly at the structural discontinuity between

142 nception applies large stresses as the ocean crust domes in response to magma ascension and is loaded

143 y explains how large plateaux or continental crust drawn into subduction zones can cause slab loss an

144 ncrease in the mass of the upper continental crust due to addition of granitic rocks, suggesting the

145 that Hg-MIF can be recorded into the Earth's crust during geological recycling of crustal material.

146 describing the fragmentation of continental crust during supercontinental coalescence-breakup cycles

147 Necking is triggered by thickened buoyant crust entrained into a subduction zone, in which case gr

148 acterized by sterile pustules, erosions, and crusts, EPD is difficult to treat and heals slowly.

149 This crust evolved from a highly mafic bulk composition befor

150 ructural deformation shows that the Tianshan crust experienced strong shortening during the Cenozoic.

151 the chemical composition of the continental crust exposed to weathering and found that shales of all

152 erature effects can also explain why colored crust failed to reproduce the plateauing and decrease in

153 ropanal, whereas hexanal was promoted in the crust fermented with lower yeast level.

154 nt melting processes on magma production and crust formation.

155 yered gabbroic rocks from the lower plutonic crust formed at a fast-spreading ridge, sampled by the I

156 Three-quarters of the oceanic crust formed at fast-spreading ridges is composed of plu

157 s are a key constituent of the lower oceanic crust formed at fast-spreading ridges.

158 data reveal that this large block of Archean crust formed by reworking of much older (>4.2 billion-ye

159 extends the range of known ancient volcanic, crust-forming rocks and documents that volcanic rocks, s

160 ck magnetic study of four hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts from the Pacific Ocean (PO-01), South China Sea (

161 Evidence is found for a water-ice crust, geologically young surface units, surface ice con

162 The heated crust has been thought to affect observable phenomena at

163 Typical intraplate continental crust has hydrostatic fluid pressure and a near-surface

164 ontrolled by magnetic field anomalies in the crust have been observed at an altitude of 130 kilometre

165 tions influence the evolution of the Earth's crust in a range of tectonic settings.

166 ient overplating and burial of early Martian crust in a stagnant-lid tectonic regime, in which the li

167 d the anomalously low density of the Martian crust in comparison with expectations.

168 veloped over tectonically stable continental crust in response to deep weathering during northwardly

169 sed using an example of representative lower crust in SW New Zealand.

170 tally distinct from silicates in the Earth's crust in that carbon binds to three oxygen atoms, while

171 Bacterial biomass in the nutrient-rich crust increased three-fold one week after watering, wher

172 ogel, while CV deposition created a discrete crust, indicating that CV electrodes were limited by dif

173 s and with the low iron content of Mercury's crust inferred from MESSENGER elemental composition data

174 The mineralized weathering crusts inherited REE signature of the granites, but show

175 tectonic plate, with only the warmer, lower crust involved in mantle convection.

176 formation and evolution of the primary lunar crust is based on geochemical systematics from the lunar

177 The continental crust is central to the biological and geological histor

178 magnitude of Hg-MIF in interior pools of the crust is largely unknown.

179 t the field strength within the star's outer crust is orders of magnitude larger than the dipole comp

180 to surface reservoirs, subduction of oceanic crust is responsible for replenishment of mantle reservo

181 omplex coating in which the outer dehydrated crust is superimposed on layers enriched in water ice.

182 One region of ancient crust is the Hudson Bay terrane of northeastern Canada,

183 Melting experiments reveal the crust is very fusible, but thermodynamic modelling indic

184 on of planets, brown dwarfs and neutron star crusts is determined by the properties of dense and comp

185 Silicon, the second abundant element in the crust, is beneficial for plant growth, mechanical streng

186 of the most abundant minerals in the earth's crust, is determined by the molecular details of its int

187 in the geographic arrangement of continental crust, it is difficult to identify a specific causal mec

188 of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust, its low solubility in soils restricts Fe uptake b

189 ueous salt solution to one side of the pizza crust led to an enhancement of saltiness perception thro

190 ission measurements of the desiccated desert crust Leptolyngbya ohadii strain identified (i) reduced

191 r mantle imposed by deformation of the lower crust localizes uplift, which is predicted to take place

192 igrate within the upper layer of the Earth's crust make it particularly hazardous.

193 lyse the data on Vesta and conclude that the crust-mantle boundary (or Moho) is deeper than 80 kilome

194 e crust of bread throughout baking, and in a crust model system.

195 the fresh finished bread, and its crumb and crust moisture contents.

196 5, 4 or 23 degrees C, the extent of crumb to crust moisture migration and amylopectin retrogradation

197 The extent of crumb to crust moisture migration during parbaked bread storage l

198 hese relationships suggest that the deep arc crust must have primarily involved significant igneous a

199 peridotite exhumed in tectonized slow-spread crust near fracture zones may increase water transport t

200 jections of anti-mLAMalpha3 IgG erosions and crusts occurred predominantly around the snout, eyes, an

201 e carbon content of the mantle lithosphere + crust + ocean + atmosphere must be increasing.

202 ition of deep mantle material to the Archean crust, oceans, and atmosphere, while also providing a fu

203 f the evolution of the magnetic field in the crust of a neutron star through 3D simulations.

204 tion were also followed in the crumb and the crust of bread throughout baking, and in a crust model s

205 rater transition diameters indicate that the crust of Ceres is neither purely icy nor rocky.

206 lic aromatic amines (HAAs) are formed in the crust of cooked meat products.

207 ur both during passage of magmas through the crust of Mars and at sites of emplacement.

208 decrease of seismic velocity in the shallow crust of the affected region.

209 rallel to the Moho are observed in the lower crust of the basins south of Qilian, which we interpret

210 ilicic plutonic material is generated in the crust of the central South American Cordillera.

211 Silica is the most abundant mineral in the crust of the Earth.

212 ed from depths up to 30 km, representing the crust of the lunar farside.

213 n the formation of volatile compounds in the crust of whole meal wheat bread was investigated.

214 EE) are dominantly mined from the weathering crusts of granites in South China.

215 ormation during the development of a colored crust on the surface of a beef meat piece.

216 in part due to the episodic nature of lunar crust or parent body formation.

217 nts of low-temperature exchange with oceanic crust or that the weathering flux of continentally deriv

218 eir way towards the surface to reside in the crust or to be extruded as lava.

219 ecycled pelagic sediments, lower continental crust, or recycled subcontinental lithosphere.

220 on days 10-11 after treatment, without pain, crusting, or ulceration.

221 of much older (>4.2 billion-year-old) mafic crust over a 1.5-billion-year interval of early Earth hi

222 e data indicate that the silicate Earth (its crust plus the mantle) has a samarium to neodymium eleme

223 ent by potassium chloride in pizza dough and crusts prepared by a traditional long fermentation proce

224 e elements and thus resemble the continental crust produced in modern subduction settings.

225 This occurs when saltation events break salt crusts produced by the efflorescence of brine in the sal

226 constant, approximately 6 cm/y: Higher ocean-crust production is associated with longer total subduct

227 lengths with previously reconstructed ocean-crust production rates over the past 140 My suggests ave

228 predictions of geoneutrino emission from the crust provide the critical test needed to define the man

229 ve velocity (vP/vS) of the overlying forearc crust ranges between 1.6 and 2.0 and is linearly related

230 of these clays was formed when Mars' primary crust reacted with a dense steam or supercritical atmosp

231 It is thought that the Martian basaltic crust reacted with liquid water during this time to form

232 stars, because previous models computed the crust reactions using a zero-temperature approximation a

233 an be used as an effective tracer of oceanic crust recycled into the mantle, as a diagnostic criterio

234 oceanic and continental crust, together with crust recycling through plate tectonics, are the primary

235 gests the volume of plutonic material in the crust related to Cordilleran magmatic systems is much la

236 An implicit assumption is that the crust relaxes accumulated stress after each episode.

237 t is extracted, in particular from the lower crust, remains largely unclear.

238 nts to account for the fact that Precambrian crust represents over 70 per cent of global continental

239 arge-scale injection of CO2 into the Earth's crust requires an understanding of the multiphase flow p

240 e but at levels 7 and 5 times lower than the crust, respectively.

241 ng element/Th ratio of the Upper Continental Crust) reveal maximum values 10 to 40 cm below the surfa

242 ferent soil compartments: surface biological crust, root-attached, and the broader rhizosphere.

243 In all crust samples 28 volatile compounds out of 58 compounds

244 agnetic measurements revealed that the Fe-Mn crust samples from the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean we

245 The degree of gelatinization in crust samples was significantly reduced with a depletion

246 tic synthesis of hydrocarbons during oceanic crust-seawater interactions.

247 iment and peridotite, or assimilation by arc crust sediment, unlikely to be the main mechanism to mod

248 ither primitive nor evolved hydrated Martian crust show noticeably different bulk densities compared

249 e bulk composition of fast-spreading oceanic crust so far.

250 e isotopic compositions from a Pacific Fe-Mn crust spanning the past 76 My.

251 ithosphere with normal or slightly thickened crust subducts without necking.

252 environments over thin (sinking) continental crust such as the Lake Eyre Basin.

253 , the widespread serpentinization of Martian crust suggests that metamorphic hydration reactions play

254 components, interpreted as recycled oceanic crust supplied by the plume, and subcontinental lithosph

255 In contrast, a stronger Asian crust suppresses the plateau formation, while the orogen

256 sents over 70 per cent of global continental crust surface area.

257 y a lower average temperature in the colored crust than in the meat slices.

258 HAs formation was lower in the crust than previously measured in meat slices subjected

259 these models differ in terms of the ages of crust that are juxtaposed at the site of subduction init

260 Most exposed continental crust that can be dated back to the Archaean eon (4 bill

261 The meat crust that develops during cooking is desired by consume

262 ting the protoliths of metamorphosed oceanic crust that is formed by underthrusting at the beginning

263 t (more than 3.5 billion years old) basaltic crust that is predicted to have existed if Archaean mant

264 'filling' and amino-functionalized graphene 'crust', the free-standing paper electrode (S mass loadin

265 itnessed the production of early continental crust, the emergence of life, and fundamental changes to

266 natural abundance of silicon in the Earth's crust, their low toxicity compared to many Group II-VI a

267 aced as a succession of sills into the lower crust they generate deep crustal hot zones.

268 he plutonic samples were formed in the lunar crust, they were not subjected to degassing into vacuum.

269 et as the top of a mechanically strong lower crust thrusting several tens of kilometers underneath Qi

270 force significant quantities of magma in the crust to build laccoliths.

271 metasomatized the thickened eclogitic lower crust to produce high levels of HREE and Mo.

272 to the formation of oceanic and continental crust, together with crust recycling through plate tecto

273 Here we present high-resolution, whole-crust, two- and three-dimensional simulations of hydroth

274 ss fractions normalized to upper continental crust (UCC) decreased in the order Cs > Rb > Ba > K > Sr

275 A solitary, painful, black, crusted ulcer with a peripheral erythematous halo was no

276 ht of the ice in Sputnik Planitia causes the crust under it to slump, creating its own basin (as has

277 ue to the abundance of cobalt in the Earth's crust; unfortunately, the activity of these materials is

278 a from thickened mid-Proterozoic continental crust via two-sided subduction can account for both the

279 In early Earth history, the continental crust was enriched in uranium.

280 he western Philippines, we find that oceanic crust was less than approximately 1 My old when it was u

281 This can only be explained if the emerged crust was predominantly felsic (silica-rich) since 3.5 b

282 was folded and pushed upwards and the upper crust was removed by exhumation, supports the concept of

283 Soil crusts we have obtained can sustain up to 4.8 x 10(3) kP

284 On EVD images, squames and crusts were lost in 56 of 404 observations (13.9%) and 4

285 responses were observed, especially in soil crusts where Betaproteobacteria, Sphingobacteria, and Ba

286 km wide areas of hyper-extended continental crust, which are partitioned between conjugate margins w

287 elow the lithosphere) underlying the oceanic crust, which covers about 60 per cent of Earth's surface

288 ts, in contrast to hydrous mafic terrestrial crust, which transforms to denser eclogite upon dehydrat

289 However, microbiota in the crust, which was relatively enriched in nutrients and or

290 The nature of the first continental crust, which was the interface between the surface and d

291 Chestnut flour darkened crumb and crust while no effects on colour were observed for sourd

292 xtent, differentiated and should have an icy crust with few or no impact craters.

293 ere are droplets of liquid on the arsenolite crust with high As concentration (80,000-130,000 mg.L(-1

294 melt generation and segregation in the lower crust with new evidence for rapid melt accumulation in t

295 ory features were dominated by a thick brown crust, with marked toasted odor, coupled to yellow and c

296 re emplaced at low latitude onto continental crust within the tropical humid belt.

297 ent strategies for sodium reduction in pizza crust without any topping were evaluated by sensory anal

298 ks, so the addition of seawater K to oceanic crust would be expected to generate (41)K/(39)K variatio

299 istant from nuclear reactors and continental crust, would best reveal the mantle flux, however, no su

300 can induce high-energy bursts through local crust yielding, and the localized enhancement of Ohmic h