ライフサイエンスコーパス: deamination

1 (imitating a product of spontaneous cytosine deamination).

2 A is, by contrast, highly proficient at C/mC deamination.

3 he presence of A3A did not yield evidence of deamination.

4 -stranded nucleic acids and is important for deamination.

5 mation (or sugar pucker) are compatible with deamination.

6 tosine (m(3)C) as a pre-requisite for C-to-U deamination.

7 pair to remove uracils arising from cytosine deamination.

8 can survive the bisulfite treatment without deamination.

9 protein function through targeted nucleotide deamination.

10 Cytosine methylation promotes deamination.

11 target cytosine is sufficient to compromise deamination.

12 ther PPR protein is believed to catalyze the deamination.

13 in the conversion of cytidine to uridine by deamination.

14 -41, whose neural expression is dependent on deamination.

15 ay that starts with a transaminase-dependent deamination.

16 in part on their frequency of formation and deamination.

17 transferases and spontaneous methyl-cytosine deamination.

18 ation hotspots are largely determined by AID deamination.

19 curring somatic mutations caused by cytosine deamination.

20 from DNA, particularly those resulting from deamination.

21 te the role played by the C3 hydroxyl during deamination, 3-deutero-3-fluoro analogues of both substr

22 ptor 2C (5-HT2CR) by site-specific adenosine deamination (A-to-I pre-mRNA editing) substantially incr

23 artially purified NTD did not show intrinsic deamination activity and did not enhance the activity of

24 ned that virion-packaged APOBEC3 retains its deamination activity and that allelic differences in APO

25 but another deaminase is able to supply the deamination activity for the third site.

26 The mC deamination activity is later demonstrated for APOBEC3A

27 virus (HBV), we found that Hsp90 stimulates deamination activity of APOBEC-3G (A3G), A3B, and A3C du

28 tively regulates the potentially harmful DNA deamination activity of APOBEC3H while, at the same time

29 lobal metabolite analysis indicated that the deamination activity of GDH might regenerate 2-oxoglutar

30 The deamination activity of these A3H variants correlates we

31 in locus RNA substrates to stimulate AID DNA deamination activity on its in vivo substrate sequences

32 Here we assessed APOBEC3A deamination activity on ssDNA and in dynamic systems mod

33 Hsp90 directly stimulated A3G deamination activity when the purified proteins were use

34 argets have adopted to escape the impacts of deamination activity, including changing the GC content

35 cular Hsp90, stimulate APOBEC-3-mediated DNA deamination activity, suggesting a potential physiologic

36 ntify mutations in Coq6 that abrogate the C4-deamination activity, whereas preserving the C5-hydroxyl

37 activities were also found to affect its RNA deamination activity.

38 tion activity to a primarily decarboxylation-deamination activity.

39 mRNA translation, virion encapsidation, and deamination activity.

40 and VifHXB2-mediated inhibition of APOBEC3G deamination activity.

41 nd this activity is comparable to its C to U deamination activity.

42 ect base stacking shown to be imperative for deamination activity.

43 For efficient cytosine deamination, AID requires single-stranded DNA and needs

44 RNA editing by adenosine deamination alters genetic information from the genomic

45 nfectivity factor Vif, through deoxycytidine deamination and a deamination-independent mechanism.

46 nce-intrinsic properties, which regulate AID deamination and affect the preferential access of downst

47 3A that are known to be required for its DNA deamination and anti-retrotransposition activities were

48 reactions including oxidative demethylation/deamination and myeloperoxidation, it is unclear whether

49 : T mispairs caused by 5-methylcytosine (mC) deamination and other lesions including uracil (U) and 5

50 mechanistic insights into APOBEC3A-mediated deamination and provide the structural basis for further

51 herichia coli and other bacteria, sequential deamination and reduction steps in riboflavin biosynthes

52 els of HBV cccDNA in hepatocytes by inducing deamination and subsequent cccDNA decay.

53 sequences and their ability to regulate AID deamination and subsequent repair process.

54 work, we examined the mechanism of cytosine deamination and the response of the uncatalyzed reaction

55 s of its C4-aminated substrate, allowing its deamination and ultimately its conversion into coenzyme

56 d cytidine deaminase (AID) mediates cytosine deamination and underlies two central processes in antib

57 e-like) protein family catalyze DNA cytosine deamination and underpin a variety of immune defenses.

58 gated their sensitivity toward oxidation and deamination and we studied the C-C bond cleaving reactiv

59 ucturally diverse enzymes which catalyze the deamination and/or isomerization of amino acids in natur

60 ne dinucleotides are 'hotspots' for cytosine deamination, and others experience little or no editing

61 ute an essential time window for AID-induced deamination, and provide a novel DNA damage mechanism re

62 damage resulting from oxidation, alkylation, deamination, and spontaneous hydrolysis.

63 arguing against a 1,2-migration mechanism of deamination-and that homolysis of SAM concomitant with H

64 d enzymatic basis of RNA editing by cytidine deamination are incompletely understood.

65 he mutagenic effects of spontaneous cytosine deamination are sufficient to increase cancer incidence

66 Deaminations arise randomly, spatially distributed as is

67 Among many forms of nucleic acid damage, deamination arises from several unrelated mechanisms, in

68 sidues shared many attributes with bisulfite deamination artifacts and were observed at comparable le

69 quencing and perfect mapping, using cytosine deamination as a model for mutation.

70 ral infection and highlight APOBEC3-mediated deamination as a previously unidentified mechanism for a

71 s observation, the immunoglobulin (Igh) gene deamination as measured by uracil accumulation occurs pr

72 ting factors has been proposed to catalyze C deamination, as it shows sequence similarities with cyti

73 Next, using an in vitro deamination assay, we determined that virion-packaged AP

74 s purified partially and used in an in vitro deamination assay.

75 We address the specific issue of deamination asymmetry within the general context of ssDN

76 es but demonstrated elevated global cytidine deamination at deaminase intrinsic binding sites.

77 skin lesions suggests that enzyme-catalyzed deaminations at adjacent C sites followed by normal repl

78 g transcription suggests a genomic cost of a deamination-based retroviral restriction system.

79 lection of local dinucleotide substrates for deamination but is unlikely to be part of the higher lev

80 ymidine inhibited mycoplasma-associated dFdC deamination but were efficiently catabolized (removed) b

81 The beneficial effects of DNA cytidine deamination by activation-induced deaminase (AID; antibo

82 No viruses showed evidence of cytidine deamination by mouse or human APOBEC3s.

83 own by lack of inhibition of AID-mediated dC deamination by other bivalent metal ions, such as Zn(2+)

84 the viral genome from lethal levels of cDNA deamination by promoting APOBEC3 protein degradation; ho

85 d a chromophoric styrylacrylate product upon deamination by the aminomutase.

86 In spite of this in vitro activity, cytidine deamination by virion-packaged APOBEC3 of MMTV early rev

87 tudy informs how methylation, oxidation, and deamination can interplay in the genome and suggests A3A

88 tor has faster local motions than GMP in the deamination complex but is more constrained than IMP in

89 ches that result from spontaneous hydrolytic deamination damage of 5-methyl cytosine.

90 of Coq9 impacts Coq6, thus explaining the C4-deamination defect observed in Deltacoq9 cells.

91 We show in this study that lowering the deamination density at the Igh locus increases DSB resol

92 Mechanistically, lowering deamination density increases exonuclease I recruitment

93 In aqueous solvent, deamination depends largely on the prototropic form of t

94 -methylcytosine (mC), and it processes other deamination-derived lesions including uracil (U).

95 all ox-mCs by >3700-fold, arguing that ox-mC deamination does not contribute substantially to demethy

96 m G:C base pairs, a hallmark of AID-mediated deamination during replication.

97 canning trajectories, ssDNA contraction, and deamination efficiencies depend on motif sequence, locat

98 C (mC), with hap II displaying almost equal deamination efficiency on both.

99 thway involving separate decarboxylation and deamination enzymatic steps from tyrosine to the key int

100 re, we observe a comparable frequency of AID deamination events between the c-myc intronic sequence a

101 ns (PPRs) are required for specific cytidine deamination events.

102 We find cytosine deamination follows a conventional thermal age model, bu

103 The deamination frequency depends on the motif and its surro

104 However, precise mechanisms regulating AID deamination frequency remain incompletely understood.

105 .1 channels undergo a specific enzymatic RNA deamination, generating a channel with a single amino ac

106 , in vitro biochemical analyses of adenosine deamination have been conducted using vertebrate-like io

107 ed samples, where both DNA fragmentation and deamination have been limited.

108 de the first demonstration that A3G cytosine deamination hotspots are defined by both the sequence co

109 potentially function as spacers between AID deamination hotspots.

110 DNA synthesis, as well as excessive cytidine deamination (hypermutation) of the DNAs that are synthes

111 Rather, it inhibited AID-mediated dC deamination in a dose-dependent fashion.

112 an result from AID/APOBEC-catalysed cytidine deamination in the vicinity of DNA breaks, likely throug

113 isplatin ICLs undergo preferential oxidative deamination in vitro, and AP endonuclease 1 (APE1) can c

114 Genome-wide patterns of APOBEC3-catalyzed deamination in yeast reveal APOBEC3B and 3A as the deami

115 ism contributing to the burden of nucleobase deamination: incorporation of hypoxanthine and xanthine

116 amination of viral single-stranded DNA and a deamination-independent mechanism.

117 Vif, through deoxycytidine deamination and a deamination-independent mechanism.

118 ing G-to-A hypermutation in viral DNA and by deamination-independent mechanisms.

119 for human LINE1 (L1) restriction, which was deamination-independent.

120 n progress can be monitored by following the deamination-induced change in fluorescence of the (th)A-

121 hat are known for restriction of HIV through deamination-induced mutational inactivation, e.g. APOBEC

122 RNA editing by adenosine deamination is a process used to diversify the proteome.

123 find that whereas photoproduct formation and deamination is greatly inhibited for the CPDs closest to

124 For a long, perfectly matched hybrid, deamination is more efficient with full length ADAR2 tha

125 The rate of cytosine deamination is much higher in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA

126 AID deamination is not exclusive to immunoglobulin loci; it

127 ta background, indicating that Fcy1-mediated deamination is one cause of breakage and contractions in

128 Adenosine deamination is one of the most prevalent post-transcript

129 Deamination is rapidly followed by excision of uracil re

130 itous among true metazoans, and so adenosine deamination is thought to be universal.

131 e deaminase (AID) initiates CSR by promoting deamination lesions within Smu and a downstream acceptor

132 Our study suggests a TET1-induced oxidation-deamination mechanism for active DNA demethylation in ma

133 filamentous ascomycetes, involving adenosine deamination mechanisms distinct from metazoan ADARs.

134 This is most likely a deamination mediated de-methylation process and is expec

135 e agents and (2) inhibition of deoxycytidine deamination might enhance dTMP+dCMP therapy.

136 The DNA deamination model accounting for AID's functional role p

137 However, the data indicate that the target deamination motif (5'-TC for APOBEC3A and 5'-CC for APOB

138 heir ssDNA substrate for cytosine-containing deamination motifs.

139 ults obtained are consistent with amino acid deamination occurring by a stepwise E1 cB elimination me

140 eously in mammalian DNA with several hundred deaminations occurring in each cell every day.

141 ss of genome editing tools based on directed deamination of 2-deoxyadenosines in DNA/RNA hybrids.

142 ine from mutagenic G.T mispairs generated by deamination of 5-methylcytosine (mC), and downstream bas

143 s the repair of G.T mismatches that arise by deamination of 5-methylcytosine (mC), and it excises 5-f

144 ine from mutagenic G.T mispairs arising from deamination of 5-methylcytosine (mC), and it processes o

145 ne from mutagenic G.T mispairs that arise by deamination of 5-methylcytosine (mC).

146 ial step in the demethylation process can be deamination of 5-methylcytosine producing the TpG altera

147 Moreover, mC deamination of A3H displayed a strong preference for the

148 In particular, deamination of adenine moiety in (deoxy)nucleoside triph

149 These enzymes do not catalyze the deamination of adenine or the hydrolysis of dihydroorota

150 The deamination of adenine yields inosine, which is treated

151 on double-stranded RNA (ADARs) catalyze the deamination of adenosine (A) to produce inosine (I) in d

152 e deaminase acting on RNA, catalyzes the C-6 deamination of adenosine (A) to produce inosine (I) in R

153 cting on RNA (ADARs) catalyze the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded R

154 ich catalyzes in double-stranded RNA the C-6 deamination of adenosine to produce inosine, which is re

155 vulinic acid as nucleophile in the oxidative deamination of an N-acetylneuraminic acid thioglycoside

156 sp(3) carbon (2-methylaza-arenes) occurs via deamination of benzylamine followed by C-sp(3)-H bond ac

157 robust AID- and transcription-dependent DNA deamination of both strands of transcribed SHM substrate

158 that are generated daily by the spontaneous deamination of C (U/G) and methyl-C (T/G).

159 G cells, IFNgamma and TNF-alpha each induced deamination of cccDNA and interfered with its stability;

160 Our results show that pathogen-induced deamination of cytidine and the DNA-damage response to v

161 During somatic hypermutation (SHM), deamination of cytidine by activation-induced cytidine d

162 mily consists of seven enzymes that catalyze deamination of cytidine nucleotides to uridine nucleotid

163 icts HIV-1 replication by inducing excessive deamination of cytidine residues in nascent reverse tran

164 enter (GC) B cells and are initiated through deamination of cytidine to uracil by activation-induced

165 CYTIDINE DEAMINASE (CDA) catalyzes the deamination of cytidine to uridine and ammonia in the ca

166 APOBEC3 proteins catalyze deamination of cytidines in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA),

167 Deamination of cytosine (C), 5-methylcytosine (mC) and 5

168 The hydrolytic deamination of cytosine and 5-methylcytosine residues in

169 The kinetic constants for the deamination of cytosine are as follows: k(cat) = 45 s(-1

170 The spontaneous deamination of cytosine is a major source of transitions

171 Spontaneous hydrolytic deamination of cytosine to uracil (U) in DNA is a consta

172 minase (CDase), an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytosine to uracil.

173 Arrhenius plots for the uncatalyzed deamination of cytosine were linear over the temperature

174 age, including 8-oxo-guanine and spontaneous deamination of cytosine.

175 nes and elicits a biochemical preference for deamination of cytosines in 5'-TC dinucleotides.

176 C protects replicating DNA from AID-mediated deamination of cytosines in both strands.

177 DH) catalyzes the flavin-dependent oxidative deamination of D-arginine and other D-amino acids to the

178 A3G mutates the HIV genome by deamination of dC to dU, leading to accumulation of viru

179 (A3G) is a cytidine deaminase that catalyzes deamination of deoxycytidine (dC) on single-stranded DNA

180 tion, and gene conversion of Ig genes by the deamination of deoxycytidine, followed by error-prone mi

181 SHM is triggered in activated B cells by deamination of deoxycytosine residues mediated by activa

182 Pronounced deamination of dFdC to its less cytostatic metabolite 2'

183 ylase (PyNP) activity indirectly potentiated deamination of dFdC: the natural pyrimidine nucleosides

184 repeat instability: one mediated by cytosine deamination of DNA engaged in R-loops and the other by M

185 Spontaneous deamination of DNA is mutagenic, if it is not repaired b

186 Oxidative deamination of dopamine produces the highly toxic aldehy

187 roposed to function in DNA demethylation via deamination of either 5-methylcytosine (mC) or TET-oxidi

188 LOXL2 catalyzes the oxidative deamination of epsilon-amines of lysine and hydroxylysin

189 etabolic enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate.

190 catalyzed a strict NADPH-dependent reductive deamination of GMP to produce IMP.

191 thosine is exclusively generated through the deamination of guanosine by GSDA in A. thaliana, excludi

192 ision repair, C-C bond cleaving reactions or deamination of hmdC to 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (

193 Oxidative deamination of intestinal d-aa by DAO, which yields the

194 m Escherichia coli was shown to catalyze the deamination of isoguanine (2-oxoadenine) to xanthine.

195 The kinetic constants for the deamination of isoguanine at pH 7.7 are as follows: k(ca

196 dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-glutamate and, in animals, is extensive

197 carbonylation pathway involves the oxidative deamination of lysine residues to yield a carbonyl compo

198 crosslinks collagens by mediating oxidative deamination of lysine residues.

199 mCpG/TpG mismatches arising from spontaneous deamination of methyl-cytosine.

200 dehydrogenase (MADH) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of methylamine to formaldehyde and ammonia.

201 difference can be attributed to spontaneous deamination of methylated cytosine residues in the colon

202 C-->T and G-->A transitions, consistent with deamination of methylated cytosine.

203 s during replication as a result of cytidine deamination of minus-strand DNA transcripts.

204 suggest that while APOBEC3-mediated cytidine deamination of MMTV may occur, it is not the major means

205 The specific deamination of mRNAs can generate novel binding sites in

206 is a membrane flavoenzyme that catalyzes the deamination of neutral and aromatic l-amino acids into a

207 use lethal hypermutation of retroviruses via deamination of newly reverse-transcribed viral DNA.

208 Deamination of nucleobases in DNA and RNA results in the

209 y pseudoknot that is absolutely required for deamination of one particular adenosine in the central d

210 AL) isoforms that catalyze the non-oxidative deamination of Phe to trans-cinnamic acid, the committed

211 ses (CAOs) are responsible for the oxidative deamination of primary amines to their corresponding ald

212 ive amine oxidase (SSAO) catalyses oxidative deamination of primary amines.

213 (amination of ketones) or an amine acceptor (deamination of racemic amines).

214 hermotoga maritima was shown to catalyze the deamination of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) to S-inosylh

215 n (CSR) via transcription-dependent cytidine deamination of single-stranded DNA targets.

216 RNA editing by deamination of specific adenosine bases to inosines duri

217 RNA and DNA binding interfaces differ and no deamination of ssRNA is detected.

218 D and revealed its preferred recognition and deamination of structured substrates.

219 ethionine (SAM) enzyme that catalyzes the C4-deamination of TDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose through a

220 itial burst of product, with reactivation by deamination of the adduct.

221 encoded by exon 5 (E5) allows very efficient deamination of the AID target regions but greatly impact

222 A study of the mechanism of the oxidative deamination of the N-nitroso-N-acetyl sialyl glycosides

223 restricts its viral targets through cytidine deamination of viral DNA during reverse transcription or

224 Inhibition of HIV replication occurs by both deamination of viral single-stranded DNA and a deaminati

225 cessively on ssDNA, we have established that deaminations of AGC hot motifs occur at a low rate, appr

226 to explain how T. brucei escapes 'wholesale deamination' of its genome while harbouring both enzymes

227 ng either decarboxylation or decarboxylation-deamination on various combinations of aromatic amino ac

228 Here, we examine the patterns of deaminations on naked single-stranded DNA and during tra

229 In neither case was deamination or oxidation observed; however, in both case

230 tion either undergo nonenzymatic spontaneous deaminations or aberrant replication.

231 y transfer data in terms of a model in which deamination polarity occurs as a consequence of Apo3G bi

232 A-to-I editing is a hydrolytic deamination process, catalyzed by adenosine deAminase ac

233 xternal nucleophile in the general oxidative deamination process.

234 APOBEC3G catalyzes these deaminations processively on single-stranded DNA using s

235 idine deaminase (AID), which catalyzes C-->U deaminations processively on ssDNA, we have established

236 n specificity, deamination spectra, and high deamination processivity.

237 We suggest that inefficient, haphazard deamination produces antibody diversity associated with

238 We further show that the deamination product of 5hmC could be excised by thymine

239 EIL1 binds to 5-hydroxyuracil, the oxidative deamination product of C, in replication protein A-coate

240 thymine and 5-hydroxymethyluracil (i.e., the deamination products of 5mC and 5hmC) when paired with a

241 These are, respectively, the deamination products of cytosine, 5-methylcytosine (5mC)

242 suggest a model in which APOBEC3B-catalysed deamination provides a chronic source of DNA damage in b

243 se kinetic analysis was used to evaluate the deamination rate of the aminated-methylidene imidazolone

244 n a T=(m)CG CPD with A greatly decreased the deamination rate.

245 ow determined the photoproduct formation and deamination rates for 10 consecutive T=(m)CG CPDs over a

246 Deamination rates for T(m)CG CPDs have been found to var

247 ine the influence of nucleosome structure on deamination rates in vivo, we determined the deamination

248 deamination rates in vivo, we determined the deamination rates of CPDs at TCG sites in a stably posit

249 is limited by the fast post-mortem cytosine deamination rates of methylated epialleles.

250 synthesis of coenzyme Q from pABA requires a deamination reaction at position C4 of the benzene ring

251 es, cytidines are converted to uridines by a deamination reaction in the process termed RNA editing.

252 nditions of high ammonia concentration, this deamination reaction is reversible and hence there is co

253 5-Hydroxymethyluracil may be formed in deamination reaction of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine or can b

254 in a C4-amine and provide information on the deamination reaction that takes place when para-aminoben

255 phenylalanine and l-tyrosine, conferring the deamination reaction through either the Friedel-Crafts o

256 ch less is known regarding the course of the deamination reaction.

257 Comparisons are drawn with oxidative deamination reactions of 4-amino-4-deoxy and 2-amino-2-d

258 ploiting differential kinetics of hydrolytic deamination reactions of cytosine and its naturally occu

259 In contrast, deamination reactions were found to occur only to a mino

260 to determine kinetic parameters of A3Gctd's deamination reactions within a 5'-CCC hot spot sequence.

261 um yields because the excited states undergo deamination reactions, and for all cresols the formation

262 c acid (TCA) cycle intermediate, through two deamination reactions, the first requiring glutaminase (

263 DAT2/3 is unique in catalyzing two different deamination reactions.

264 Efficient deamination requires rapid binding to and dissociation f

265 s expected of A3G- and A3F- or A3DE-mediated deamination, respectively.

266 and analysis of the rate of ADAR1 catalyzed deamination revealed similarities and differences in the

267 he observed mutational pattern resembles the deamination signature of cytidine to uridine carried out

268 n to the C > U modifications due to cytosine deamination, so represents a time-dependent process of D

269 pecific activity is accompanied by relaxed C deamination specificity at pH 7.4-8.

270 Apo3A activity and C motif deamination specificity exhibit a striking dependence on

271 of WT AID for motif recognition specificity, deamination spectra, and high deamination processivity.

272 anesulfonate as nucleophile in the oxidative deamination step when the 5-O-triflyl KDN derivative is

273 from the positions of AID-mediated cytidine deamination, suggesting DNA end resection before strand

274 The most efficient deamination takes place when monoamine is in the zwitter

275 itch (S) region is a much more efficient AID deamination target than the V region.

276 d synergistically modulate CPD formation and deamination that contribute to C to T mutations associat

277 ytosine is prone to conversion to thymine by deamination, the methylation of this cytosine in normal

278 ine-based protection from bisulfite-mediated deamination, thereby confirming sites of 5fC accumulatio

279 tic resolution by tandem hydrodefluorination/deamination, thus giving the corresponding amines with u

280 ts the enzymes activity from decarboxylation-deamination to decarboxylation.

281 dyrhizobium sp. strain JS329 is a hydrolytic deamination to form 5-nitrosalicylic acid (5NSA), follow

282 ltaneous enantioselective dehalogenation and deamination to form the corresponding acetophenone deriv

283 ase enzymes, respectively, catalyzes adenine deamination to hypoxanthine with an apparent K(m) of 15.

284 tides released from cells and catabolized by deamination to inosine.

285 nscription, which could allow for collateral deaminations to occur in genomic DNA similar to the acti

286 ons, both mA3 and hA3G preferentially induce deaminations toward the 5' end of minus-strand viral DNA

287 cs often arise from the artifact of cytosine deamination upon cell lysis.

288 in MLV particles does not induce detectable deaminations upon infection, its deaminase activity is e

289 3Gctd as well as full-length A3G showed peak deamination velocities at pH 5.5.

290 agreement with earlier reports, uncatalyzed deamination was found to proceed at very similar rates f

291 knockout mice to determine whether cytidine deamination was important for APOBEC3's anti-MMTV activi

292 methylated cytosine (mC) on DNA, and this mC deamination was proposed to be involved in the demethyla

293 Consistent with the in vitro observations, deamination was slower for one CPD located at an interme

294 of nucleosome structure on CPD formation and deamination, we have developed a circular permutation sy

295 e, all four haplotypes that were active in C deamination were also highly active on methylated C (mC)

296 However, off-target deaminations were detected more than 150 bp away from th

297 osomes can modulate both their formation and deamination, which could contribute to the UV mutation h

298 ription as well as the induction of cytidine deamination within nascent viral cDNA.

299 nversion or switch recombination by cytidine deamination within the immunoglobulin loci.

300 e (AID) that catalyzes numerous DNA cytosine deaminations within switch regions.