ライフサイエンスコーパス: decay of

1 er of 1 was revealed through the accelerated decay of 1 in the presence of the substrates, including

2 excess radiation could be expected from the decay of (137)Cs produced by the US nuclear testing prog

3 the wide-angle lens to image light from the decay of (18)F-FDG emission signal.

4 s/(188)Os ratio that is based on the beta(-)-decay of (187)Re to (187)Os (t1/2 = 41.6 billion years)

5 rtaking was based on the fact that the alpha decay of (238)Pu present in the investigated samples pro

6 ed by the following: (1) (240)Pu produced by decay of (244)Cm may exist predominantly in high oxidati

7 (240)Pu, which is derived primarily from the decay of (244)Cm, had a value of 10 +/- 2 mL g(-1), wher

8 ics of aminyl diradical 3 indicates that the decay of 3 is faster than that of 1, possibly due to int

9 ere found to be consistent with unimolecular decay of 3, and [2+1]-cycloaddition with radical clocks

10 However, at pH 11 the decay of 4-T followed exponential kinetics with a rate c

11 78.32-kilo-electron volt emission lines from decay of (44)Ti produced in the supernova explosion.

12 As a result, the decay of 5-HT1A -IPSCs was independent of the intensity

13 Slight capacity decay of 6% in the battery using the electrode in stretc

14 biquitinated and accelerated poststimulatory decay of a "trafasome" comprised of IRAK1, TRAF6, and MA

15 One example of such a transition is the decay of a beauty quark into a strange quark.

16 ithin 100-200 mus, followed by a much slower decay of a few seconds.

17 tly alter the impact of these factors in the decay of a particular mRNA.

18 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (1,5-HAT) in the decay of a PEGylated carbazyl (aminyl) radical in soluti

19 ransfer transition (PICTT), that enables the decay of a plasmon by directly exciting an electron from

20 rophore number that correlates the intensity decay of a population of molecule complexes with the dec

21 ance depends on the balance of synthesis and decay of a population of mRNAs.

22 fission process, including the formation and decay of a quintet state that precedes formation of the

23 ophila Tis11 promoted both deadenylation and decay of a target transcript in this heterologous cell s

24 obtained from the kinetics of formation and decay of a tyrosyl radical.

25 r, a difference we attribute to preferential decay of aberrantly spliced transcripts.

26 gain-space trajectories for the learning and decay of adaptation and (2) for combined motion-state pe

27 ase A pathway did not affect glucose-induced decay of ADH2 mRNA.

28 rging new approach harnesses the exponential decay of admixture-induced linkage disequilibrium (LD) a

29 light exposure accelerated significantly the decay of all the DNA markers.

30 wned for being central to the processing and decay of all types of RNA in many species of bacteria, a

31 This was also reflected in decay of alpha-tocopherol during storage being similar i

32 el analysis revealed that the slower current decay of alpha2-containing GABAARs was due to longer bur

33 ent of the CCR4-NOT complex and TTP-directed decay of an mRNA containing an AU-rich element in its 3'

34 ive opposing evolutionary processes: massive decay of ancestral genes and convergent acquisition and

35 We have analyzed the fluorescence decay of anthocyanins by fluorescence lifetime imaging m

36 st tumor cells by selectively enhancing mRNA decay of antiapoptotic gene transcripts, including Bcl2L

37 The rapid decay of antibodies following exposure to malaria and th

38 and the largest length-dependent conductance decay of any molecular systems measured to date.

39 A first-order electron and hole decay of approximately 1 ps suggests a Shockley-Read-Hal

40 further revealed that AtTZF1 can trigger the decay of ARE-containing mRNAs in vivo.

41 and pasteurization led to the most extensive decay of ARGs and intI1, often to levels similar to that

42 scopy to compare the rates and mechanisms of decay of ASQ generated photochemically in bifurcating NA

43 93T cells, GCaMP6fu revealed a 4-fold faster decay of ATP-evoked intracellular calcium transients tha

44 AS event leading to a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay of BARD1.

45 and decreases in titratable acidity loss and decay of both cultivars.

46 Where the decay of both modes is slow compared to the rate of reso

47 In vitro, recombinant TSN initiated the decay of both protein-free and Argonaute 2-loaded miRNAs

48 The decays of both foci were similar to that of gammaH2AX fo

49 tagenesis of YX4L, and modestly enhanced the decay of bound mRNA, compared with wild-type 4E-T, media

50 ns for monochloramine autodecomposition, the decay of bromamines in the presence of bromide, bromochl

51 the literature were not able to capture the decay of bromochloramine, and therefore we proposed an e

52 on the host cell surface by accelerating the decay of C3 convertase.

53 on the host cell surface by accelerating the decay of C3 convertases.

54 The degree of leak determines whether decay of Ca waves, biphasic or monophasic, occurs.

55 jective was to model the short and long-term decay of CA-HIV-DNA blood reservoir in patients initiati

56 The decay of CA-HIV-DNA over time while on successful cART w

57 ring impairment likely via nonsense-mediated decay of CABP2-mRNA.

58 -transient decay was faster in pAF, but the decay of caffeine-induced Ca2+ transients was unaltered,

59 Thr286 phosphorylation slows the decay of CaMKII and thus lowers the frequency required t

60 Ethosuximide's effect on rate of decay of CaV 3.2 was significantly less for P640L channe

61 are therefore consistent with time-dependent decay of cells and body fluids during incubation ex vivo

62 the impairment of the exosome-mediated 3'-5' decay of CER3 transcript in the cer7 mutant that trigger

63 iate species that promoted the autocatalytic decay of chlorine.

64 study also suggests a possible link between decay of cleaved target mRNAs and miRNA stability in RIS

65 e initial Co(III) species concomitant to the decay of Co(I), thus closing the catalytic cycle.

66 2 and 3 T magnetic field and an exponential decay of coherence at high fields.

67 ilibrium two-dimensional bosonic gas, with a decay of coherence in both spatial and temporal domains

68 The decay of colinearity with other grass genomes correlates

69 In this study, the decay of coliphages, an indicator for enteric viruses, w

70 fect of temperature and trophic state on the decay of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) eDNA was evaluate

71 The rapid decay of compound 0 enabled calculation of the limits fo

72 re, we find that RVFV infection triggers the decay of core translation machinery mRNAs that possess a

73 such links between model sensitivity and the decay of correlation properties are not limited to this

74 peak corticosterone (CORT) and a more rapid decay of CORT following restraint stress.

75 he atmosphere, proceeds through unimolecular decay of Criegee intermediates.

76 ions: insufficient supply of electron donor, decay of dechlorinators' biomass, and reduction in bacte

77 rom single layer graphene as a result of the decay of deep holes in the valence band.

78 s of the vortex line density during the free decay of different types of turbulence: ultraquantum and

79 o consideration the resolving power (and its decay) of different mass analyzers.

80 The dramatic decay of dipole geomagnetic field intensity during the l

81 iplet sensitizers is extremely fast, and the decay of dithiane radical cations was not affected by th

82 ongitudinal analyses revealed an exponential decay of DRM (BF = 0.05) while genetic diversity increas

83 n in E cells paradoxically caused a marginal decay of E-rate but a marked decay of I-rate in UP perio

84 A slow decay of each-step activation during recovery, which was

85 The overall rapid decay of eDNA and the effects of temperature and water q

86 ically and independently varied, the rate of decay of EG is accelerated by increasing [H2] and slowed

87 ons from material luminescence and radiative decay of electromagnetic eigenmodes.

88 However, the decay of enteric viruses is not well characterized, and

89 In addition, slow decay of ESA was required to fit phosphocreatine recover

90 ates evolutionary distances by measuring the decay of exact substring matches as a function of match

91 put resistance, enhanced spiking, and slowed decay of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs).

92 core nanocrystals to achieve unity radiative decay of excitons in single channel in comparison to oth

93 the Fe(III)-nitrite complex is limited, and decay of [Fe(III)(NO2)(N3PyS)](+) leads to {FeNO}(7) spe

94 benzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and self-decay of ferrate(VI) in phosphate-buffered solutions.

95 twofold after 16 months, likely because the decay of fire-damaged woody biomass created refuges and

96 ophores with free tryptophan, as well as the decay of fluorescence anisotropy of a labeled protein.

97 Fructose caused a concentration dependent decay of fluorescence from fluorescein only in presence

98 e lower atomization efficiency and/or faster decay of free atoms in the DBD has to be considered.

99 o exon 11 resulted in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay of full-length, but not the BRCA1-Delta11q isoform

100 The kinetics of decay of G(-H)(*) radicals depend strongly on the DNA se

101 ith the number of repeats, but with a slower decay of gain.

102 toxicity was found to relate to a decreased decay of gamma-H2AX foci and reduced induction of DNA do

103 ffusive processes likely govern the ultimate decay of geomagnetic spikes.

104 d suggest that GABA co-release may speed the decay of glycine responses altering both temporal precis

105 pithelial cell growth is controlled by rapid decay of growth-related mRNAs mediated through 3' untran

106 Exponential decay of gull marker in sand amended with live Catellico

107 These heterogeneities, caused by the decay of hafnium-182 in mantle domains with high hafnium

108 is the dominant 5' exoribonuclease mediating decay of HCV RNA and that miR-122 provides protection ag

109 n of different HCV strains and mediating the decay of HCV RNA.

110 ART was significantly associated with slower decay of HIV DNA (P= 0.011) but not with increased cellu

111 HIV-infected men was associated with slower decay of HIV DNA even during antiretroviral therapy (ART

112 Decay of HIV-1 DNA in blood is rapid in the first year a

113 ong-term ART initiated from infancy leads to decay of HIV-1-infected cells to exceedingly low concent

114 The decay of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-inf

115 nd DNA repair in bacteria by controlling the decay of hundreds of mRNAs.

116 used a marginal decay of E-rate but a marked decay of I-rate in UP periods, a prediction that we vali

117 protein kinase pathway and does not inhibit decay of IEG mRNAs.

118 ress response, resulting in accelerated mRNA decay of IkappaBalpha, an inhibitor of proinflammatory n

119 The decay of IKir records and the simultaneous increase in T

120 Finally, faster decay of implicit memory also characterized the impact o

121 Dyslexics showed a faster decay of implicit memory effects on both measures, with

122 ommunity dynamics corresponded well with the decay of individual FIB populations.

123 ta show that early treatment accelerated the decay of infected CD4 T cells and led to very low residu

124 diffusive motion of infectious material and decay of infectivity in the environment.

125 midal or fast-spiking neurons, we detected a decay of inhibition approximately 20 ms before spiking.

126 pses, we show that all mutations prolong the decay of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and in

127 factors, P-body formation, and constitutive decay of instable mRNAs encoding mediators of inflammati

128 In older adults, there was more rapid decay of intrinsic neuronal activity in multiple regions

129 ct gene expression through nonsense-mediated decay of intron-retained transcripts.

130 eir development into CD8alpha(+) cDCs due to decay of Irf8 autoactivation and diverted to the CD4(+)

131 The radioactive decay of isotopes of the heavy elements is predicted to

132 After 8 years of decay of its ice shelf, Zachariae Isstrom, a major glaci

133 Whereas Xrn1 depletion significantly slowed decay of JFH1 and HJ3-5 RNAs, Xrn2 depletion marginally

134 ead of action potentials, can induce a rapid decay of junctional conductance, thus demonstrating spik

135 s of the feedforward motor output during the decay of learning.

136 light-activated rhodopsin, accelerating the decay of ligand-bound forms.

137 by high minor allele frequencies and a fast decay of linkage disequilibrium.

138 rough energy transfer following the eventual decay of LSPRs.

139 that involves AMPAR endocytosis mediates the decay of LTP and that inhibition of this process can pro

140 Ythdf2 in zebrafish embryos decelerates the decay of m(6)A-modified maternal mRNAs and impedes zygot

141 The rate of mutational decay of male competitive fitness is 0.17%/generation;

142 estimate of 1.5X faster rate of mutational decay of male fitness is nearly identical to the same ra

143 o be competitive in the time domain with the decay of many reactive intermediates.

144 More rapid decay of maternal antibodies was a major predictor of EB

145 ion mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) to follow the decay of MEA.

146 We show that the decay of memory associated with a given context is great

147 tion and memory-type conversion, accelerated decay of memory-type cells, and reduced responses to pro

148 argets, and TUT4/7 are required for enhanced decay of microRNA targets.

149 thway in which the nuclease TSN promotes the decay of miRNAs that contain CA and/or UA dinucleotides.

150 ve conductivity measurements showed that the decay of mobile charges is very slow in CH3NH3PbI3, last

151 are known to accurately describe growth and decay of modulationally unstable waves in conservative s

152 ration of infected CD4(+) T cells and slower decay of monotypic sequences.

153 Here we examine the decay of motor adaptation following the learning of nove

154 Our results suggest that the decay of motor memories is an intrinsic feature of error

155 izing, RNA-binding protein that enhances the decay of mRNAs, including those encoding proteins implic

156 slation, localization, and nonsense-mediated decay of mRNAs.

157 criptional silencing or post-transcriptional decay of mRNAs.

158 lase, a ribonuclease that is responsible for decay of mtRNA transcripts.

159 haploinsufficiency through nonsense-mediated decay of mutant transcripts, or loss-of-function missens

160 Tristetraprolin promotes the decay of MyoD mRNA, which encodes a transcriptional regu

161 UPF1 promotes the decay of MYOD protein, a transcription factor that is a

162 The decay of Na(+) /Ca(2+) exchanger current that followed a

163 tive function, in the presence of more rapid decay of neural activity.

164 all networks, as expressed by an accelerated decay of neural information.

165 rolling the differentiation, maintenance and decay of neutrophils.

166 les together help us understand the rise and decay of news stories from a network perspective.

167 of 10 peroxyl radicals, and (4) unimolecular decay of nine peroxyl radicals.

168 It increased amplitude, slowed decay of NMDA receptor-mediated currents, and generated

169 ts per million in (182)W, resulting from the decay of now-extinct (182)Hf, among five magmatic iron m

170 was limited by the time constant T1 for the decay of nuclear spin magnetization through contact with

171 visual cortex and resulted in an accelerated decay of OD plasticity.

172 r treatment since it causes a quick, drastic decay of organic matter content.

173 shell reveal very rapid formation during the decay of organic matter from the tusk-shell.

174 s and nutrient-cycling enzymes, prevents the decay of organic matter to CO2 , CH4 and N2 O by allowin

175 WT BM-EPCs showed a biphasic response: slow decay of p-H2AX foci during the initial 24 h and increas

176 meter, known as phase slips, which cause the decay of persistent current in superconducting rings and

177 We present a detailed analysis of the decay of persistent photoconductivity in STO single crys

178 rylation and likely reflects the spontaneous decay of photoactivated visual pigment.

179 opy, is used to probe the ultrafast coherent decay of photoexcitations into charge-producing states i

180 l to increase soil C storage by reducing the decay of plant litter and soil organic matter (SOM).

181 Decay of plasmons to hot carriers has recently attracted

182 Our data suggest that the decay of platelet mRNAs is slowed by the natural loss of

183 induced RNA-binding protein that directs the decay of proliferation-stimulatory mRNAs.

184 Also, we see a uniform decay of pseudogene promoter activity relative to their

185 Posttranslational decay of PT2 at high Pi is blocked in pho2 and inhibited

186 control light-matter interactions (e.g., the decay of quantum emitters).

187 as an alternative platform to manipulate the decay of quantum emitters, possibly leading to the explo

188 rom slow cooling), and perhaps heat from the decay of radioactive isotopes.

189 We conclude that the thermal decay of Rho primarily proceeds through spontaneous brea

190 hermal reactions contributing to the thermal decay of rhodopsin as follows: thermal isomerization of

191 Xrn1, not Xrn2, is primarily responsible for decay of RNA in cells infected with multiple virus strai

192 xpression is a coordination of synthesis and decay of RNA through epigenetic regulation, transcriptio

193 Decay of RPS28B mRNA requires the Lsm and YjeF-N domains

194 However, the decay of S1 and the formation of (1)(TT) occur on differ

195 SF as measured by the decay of S1 has been shown to occur efficiently and inde

196 The growth and decay of S3(-) during the fluid generation and evolution

197 indle densities were associated with reduced decay of schema-related memories.

198 irectly visualize the real-time creation and decay of screened magnetic charge configurations in a tw

199 The decay of sewage-sourced Escherichia coli and enterococci

200 ns challenging mainly due to the exponential decay of signal-to-noise ratio with increasing MW.

201 ueous solutions (pH 7.0), after the complete decay of SO4(*-) radicals ( approximately 5 mus after th

202 o play important roles in the production and decay of surface active materials; however, the details

203 Decay of surface plasmons to hot carriers finds a wide v

204 layer 5 neocortical data lead to a very fast decay of synaptic efficacy, with time scales of minutes.

205 e would decrease the peak and accelerate the decay of synaptic NMDA receptor currents during normal s

206 free Ca(2+) transient amplitude and rate of decay of systolic Ca(2+) decrease with age, whereas sarc

207 The biexponential decay of T1rho and T2 relaxations was detected in 30% a

208 bZIP60 mRNA, and on regulated IRE1-dependent decay of target genes.

209 i(III) (mu-O)2 Ni(III) ](2+) complex and the decay of the asymmetric [Ni(III) (mu-O)2 Co(III) ](2+) c

210 ound burst caused by the regular buildup and decay of the availability of ITrans-LTS.

211 uctuations of the membrane shape enhance the decay of the average force on a bond, but also lead to f

212 d increases 5-fold its ability to accelerate decay of the binary enzyme (C3bBb) responsible for conve

213 This periodic signal allows to detect the decay of the binary orbit due to gravitational wave emis

214 e of isoproterenol, leak produced a biphasic decay of the Ca transient in the majority of cells while

215 on, RyR-mediated Ca leak produces a biphasic decay of the Ca transient with a fast early phase and a

216 duced by ryanodine) and both induce biphasic decay of the Ca transient.

217 s of the current, the charge passed, and the decay of the catalyst concentration.

218 The decay of the catalytic performance of Pt/C could be main

219 Specifically, early in the decay of the charged droplet SP(3+) ions favor an extend

220 On the one hand, time dependent decay of the charging current mitigates its impact on th

221 obtained analytical solution to discuss the decay of the concentration difference across the curved

222 Our data indicate exponential decay of the concentrations of the analysed compounds as

223 e dopant-related luminescence is ascribed to decay of the conduction-band electron following transfer

224 amped, we identify a change in the long-time decay of the correlation function at the known freezing

225 nd isotopic dilution clearly reveal that the decay of the dangling OH stretch excitation is almost en

226 signal stimulus increased, consistent with a decay of the efferent effect.

227 spectral characteristics and a 2-fold slower decay of the excited-state absorption bands compared to

228 s reduced the quantum yield of the radiative decay of the excitons, and the hole traps associated wit

229 uclide (CRN) exposure analysis to record the decay of the former Patagonian Ice Sheet (PIS) from the

230 and nascent proteomes, respectively, and the decay of the former wasquantified through (12)C/((12)C+(

231 TA reveals a sub-100-fs blue shift and decay of the Franck-Condon bright state arising from rel

232 Decay of the HIV reservoir is slowed over time in part b

233 degrees C), we established that the measured decay of the intrinsic PDI fluorescence is appropriate f

234 rapies are being developed to accelerate the decay of the latent HIV reservoir, it will be important

235 We observed decay of the latent HIV-1 cells in both T cell subsets a

236 breaking of this chain and a subsequent slow decay of the lingering unconscious activity.

237 (ii) A fast decay of the locally excited state by charge separation

238 dues slows reprotonation of the Schiff base (decay of the M intermediate) by more than 2 orders of ma

239 Decay of the MLCT excited-state absorption at 376 nm is

240 how that such coupling can lead to anomalous decay of the modes where they go through nonlinear reson

241 minescence that corresponds to the radiative decay of the molecular triplet state.

242 ' end of intron 2 leads to nonsense-mediated decay of the mRNA.

243 not be expected to lead to nonsense-mediated decay of the mRNA; nonetheless, both mutations are predi

244 eshift mutation results in nonsense-mediated decay of the mutant transcripts.

245 a population of molecule complexes with the decay of the number of visible complexes.

246 he phonon energy decreases due to anharmonic decay of the optical phonons into acoustic phonons.

247 In an oscillatory system, it leads to the decay of the oscillation amplitude.

248 Notably, the observed decay of the over cut-off emission is found to be critic

249 ar the flavin cofactor, resulting in a rapid decay of the peroxyflavin intermediate.

250 requires on-going translation to promote the decay of the petA mRNA.

251 On the other hand, the decay of the photoinduced conductivity in MAPbI3/PCBM is

252 he Cu-site, rather than simple excited-state decay of the phototrigger.

253 itudinal subset of 64 individuals, continued decay of the plasma HIV-1 RNA level was observed, with a

254 uming instantaneous IVR, predict exponential decay of the population with the properties of the trans

255 The reduction was not due to passive decay of the potentiated pursuit signal because interlea

256 Here experimental decay of the priapulid Priapulus reveal consistent bias

257 probabilities of radiative and nonradiative decay of the QD exciton.

258 By measuring the decay of the quantum oscillations, the inhomogeneous spi

259 gamma-photons emitted during the radioactive decay of the radioisotope (31)Si produced via the neutro

260 Each mutation triggered nonsense-mediated decay of the respective mRNA transcript.

261 molecular differences in the activation and decay of the response may have each made a small contrib

262 The exponential decay of the sensitivity from the surface of the plasmon

263 were observed, reflecting an input from the decay of the short-lived fission products (95)Zr and (97

264 covered because of in-source and metastable decay of the sialylated species.

265 Second, we find that during decay of the signaling state an active-like, yet empty,

266 coherence times indicates that dephasing and decay of the spin arise from single-phonon-mediated exci

267 tic salinity initial states, the tendency to decay of the subsurface cold condition during the spring

268 enough attention because of the unavoidable decay of the surface potential contrast between opposite

269 cting a reduced magnitude and an accelerated decay of the synaptic response, thus reducing the safety

270 The decay of the three fungicides was evaluated using an in-

271 biguously reveals that the t(-3/2) long-time decay of the velocity autocorrelation function of a Brow

272 T variant does not trigger nonsense-mediated decay of the ZSWIM6 mRNA in affected individual-derived

273 on spectroscopy show that single exponential decays of the excited state with 600~700 ps dominate in

274 resolution spectral analysis shows power-law decays of the peak energy from the onset of the pulse, c

275 The mechanism of thermal decay of these metastable species is examined via variab

276 c PTS system is also required for the normal decay of these sRNAs and that it acts by binding to the

277 The rates of formation and decay of this species correlate well (r=0.9946) with the

278 es translation repression and/or accelerated decay of this target mRNA (2) .

279 tory metabolism to fermentation causes rapid decay of transcripts encoding proteins uniquely required

280 The time-dependent decay of transcripts encoding RNA polymerase subunits (r

281 periments highlight the concomitant rise and decay of transient absorption spectroscopic signatures c

282 We monitored the formation and decay of transient electric fields that form upon photoe

283 ing leading to the XRN4-mediated 5'-directed decay of translating mRNAs.

284 be monitored in situ following the radiative decay of tunnelling-induced surface plasmons.

285 ular focus on recent experiments probing the decay of turbulence in the zero-temperature regime below

286 sical half-life of (225)Ac, assuming instant decay of unstable daughter nuclides.

287 d odorless radioactive gas produced from the decay of uranium ((238)U), which is ubiquitous in rocks

288 helium-4 produced within the crust by alpha-decay of uranium and thorium.

289 as the 3'-5' exonuclease responsible for the decay of uridylated pre-let-7 in mouse embryonic stem ce

290 l cells, which exhibits non-trivial temporal decay of velocity autocorrelation functions.

291 tion-competent HIV-1 and promotes continuous decay of viral reservoirs.

292 in survivors and nonsurvivors; however, the decay of viremia after the peak was much stronger in sur

293 ay a crucial role in the final stages of the decay of (vortex) quantum turbulence.

294 In summary, the differential decay of wastewater bacteria in beach sand and in seawat

295 The decay of water-soluble nitroxyl radicals showed radicals

296 formation of a tetrahedral intermediate, the decay of which triggers a cascade of elimination reactio

297 ns (up to 13-34mg/kg) confirmed that quality decay of whole-wheat breadsticks is mainly associated to

298 Here, we investigate edge effects on the decay of wood in a temperate forest using an experimenta

299 Here, we analyzed the role of Edc3 in the decay of yeast RPS28B mRNA, a pathway triggered by a neg

300 nd YjeF-N domains of Edc3, but surprisingly, decay of YRA1 pre-mRNA, the only other known substrate o