ライフサイエンスコーパス: defensive

1 ssors, requiring responses that are strictly defensive.

2 al environment lead to a rapid update of the defensive action, including changing the defensive strat

3 features and defensive behavior, instinctive defensive actions are surprisingly flexible and can be r

4 ese neurons are sufficient to drive multiple defensive actions, and required for defensive behaviors

5 e for pandemic cholera disease and acts as a defensive agent against the host immune system.

6 elonging to the Rosaceae family, produces as defensive agents the cyanogenic glycosides prunasin and

7 e to intergroup discrimination and sometimes defensive aggression against threatening (members of) ou

8 Poison frogs have a diverse arsenal of defensive alkaloids that target the nervous system.

9 ion area', suggest that the ACo can initiate defensive and aggressive responses elicited by olfactory

10 smonate hormonal pathway regulates important defensive and developmental processes in plants.

11 owever, those at highest risk are often most defensive and least open to such messages.

12 t, etc) and their activation is critical for defensive and regulatory reflexes.

13 pstream of hypothalamic centers dedicated to defensive and social responses.

14 General practitioners (GPs) report defensive antibiotic prescribing to mitigate perceived r

15 o clinically relevant threats and consequent defensive avoidance.

16 l pest reveals an unexpected toxin-producing defensive bacterial symbiont.

17 Bile functions as a defensive barrier against intestinal colonization by pat

18 In conjunction with these defensive barrier functions, immunomodulatory cross-talk

19 function as both an absorptive surface and a defensive barrier.

20 individuals display increased submissive and defensive behavior and a loss of territorial aggression

21 ble for nociception and sensitization of the defensive behavior in M. sexta.

22 s reveal a novel neural mechanism for innate defensive behavior through mechanosensation.

23 esses ongoing actions and converts an active defensive behavior to a passive response.

24 s hippocampal network activation and reduces defensive behavior to ambiguous threat cues but has neit

25 volvement to a high degree in the control of defensive behavior, and to a lesser degree in the contro

26 ly, these neurons can also condition learned defensive behavior, further refuting long-standing claim

27 links between specific sensory features and defensive behavior, instinctive defensive actions are su

28 ing to enhance the display of submissive and defensive behavior, whereas MDL 11,939 blocks 5-HT2A rec

29 e presence of objects by touch to initiate a defensive behavior.

30 the thalamus, two brain areas implicated in defensive behavior.

31 elaborate analysis to facilitate convergent defensive behavior.

32 vely modulates expression of species-typical defensive behavior.

33 Once targeted, injured squid began defensive behavioral sequences [7, 8] earlier than uninj

34 tle is known about how flexible mouse innate defensive behaviors are and how quickly they can be modi

35 Instinctive defensive behaviors are essential for animal survival.

36 hese neurons in gating passive versus active defensive behaviors in animals confronted with threat.

37 multiple defensive actions, and required for defensive behaviors in diverse contexts.

38 nt to the potential for measuring a range of defensive behaviors in relation to individual levels of

39 s a new addition to the repertoire of innate defensive behaviors in the mouse that allows the detecti

40 The probability of these defensive behaviors is strongly dependent on the paramet

41 is the major evolutionary force shaping the defensive behaviors of most bacteria.

42 Defensive behaviors reflect underlying emotion states, s

43 in the regulation of classically conditioned defensive behaviors, commonly known as conditioned fear.

44 rience [15, 16] have been shown to influence defensive behaviors, suggesting that their expression ca

45 to understand how mechanical stimuli trigger defensive behaviors.

46 genetic or molecular methods promotes active defensive behaviors.

47 onomic responses resembling animals' natural defensive behaviors.

48 iguration to orchestrate multiple aspects of defensive behaviors.

49 he goal of reducing postextinction return of defensive behaviors.

50 us, regions implicated in fear, anxiety, and defensive behaviors.

51 nt, as evidenced by postextinction return of defensive behaviors.

52 telligence, and hardwired responses, such as defensive behaviors.

53 sex-specific signals that trigger social and defensive behaviors.

54 ion of freezing, an evolutionarily conserved defensive behaviour, which is expressed by many species

55 to extract and translate visual threats into defensive behavioural responses.

56 unconditioned sensory stimuli and generating defensive behaviours remain largely unclear.

57 in periaqueductal grey circuits for specific defensive behaviours.

58 erotoninergic neurons reduces looming-evoked defensive behaviours.

59 itiating the sensation of pain and eliciting defensive behaviours.

60 show that infection-induced proliferation of defensive blood cells commands a diversion of dietary ca

61 ignificantly increasing their probability of defensive bunching and investigative smelling following

62 hdrawal from chronic cocaine exposure in the defensive burying paradigm.

63 attentional set-shifting test or shock-probe defensive burying test, respectively.

64 tching to the native soil color is a form of defensive camouflage that seeds can use to avoid detecti

65 in B. oleracae underscores the importance of defensive chemistry in CO2 response.

66 d the effects of the electrophilic arthropod defensive compound para-benzoquinone (pBQN) on the human

67 hat act as attractants to pollinators and as defensive compounds against pathogens and herbivores, bu

68 ificantly attenuated floral accumulations of defensive compounds known to be regulated by JA in leave

69 co-opt both the phytohormonal responses and defensive compounds of plants for their own benefit at a

70 Many plant species produce defensive compounds that are often highly diverse within

71 re fermentation and the degradation of plant defensive compounds, and thus are likely important for h

72 ausal variation for the Arabidopsis thaliana defensive compounds, glucosinolates (GSL) control field

73 te greater amounts of two well-characterized defensive compounds, the volatile (E)-alpha-bergamotene

74 and nutrient-rich diet that is free of plant defensive compounds.

75 recalcitrant carbohydrate sources, and plant defensive compounds.

76 bining event-related potentials (ERPs) and a defensive context in human subjects, we compared tempora

77 r results support an evolutionary conserved, defensive distance-dependent dynamic balance between BNS

78 Here I report a defensive eel behavior that supports Humboldt's account.

79 owing to changes in flowering time and lower defensive ellagitannins in fruits, whereas plant competi

80 These data suggest that the host defensive environment is supported by the production of

81 insect resistance and activities of putative defensive enzymes, induction of defence-related genes an

82 oundation for understanding the role of host defensive factors and the mechanisms viruses use to take

83 ding not only macronutrients but also immune-defensive factors.

84 modulation of memory, offensive aggression, defensive fear reactions, and reward seeking.

85 alterations in the balance of aggressive and defensive forces.

86 alization status, potentially reducing their defensive function and altering their predatory and anti

87 This study uncovers the defensive function of JA signaling in flowers, which inc

88 self discrimination and is essential for the defensive function of the BREX system.

89 isplay polymorphisms that could affect their defensive function.

90 DNA that affect the match prevent CRISPR/Cas defensive function.

91 enses improved significantly, as did overall defensive functioning (median effect size=0.71, 95% CI=0

92 Defensive functioning during times of increased stress (

93 The study findings suggest that defensive functioning in parents preparing for and paren

94 The authors assessed the defensive functioning of 290 patients with borderline pe

95 these results suggest that the longitudinal defensive functioning of borderline patients is distinct

96 Overall defensive functioning still remained below the healthy-n

97 st that areca nut chewing may jeopardize the defensive functions of neutrophils and affect periodonta

98 oo toxic to sequester, can be repurposed for defensive functions through respiration as a form of def

99 inase6, and Heat Shock Protein81, have known defensive functions.

100 d that photosynthesis was more inhibited and defensive gene expression more pronounced in 1 SL than i

101 In the defensive glands of related leaf beetle species, we iden

102 CpMRP acts in the defensive glands of the larvae as a pacemaker for the ir

103 egulation that can alter accumulation of the defensive glucosinolate metabolites in Arabidopsis (Arab

104 ignificantly altered the accumulation of the defensive glucosinolates.

105 e functions through respiration as a form of defensive halitosis, and predators can assist the functi

106 The ETI response generally encompasses a defensive 'hypersensitive response' (HR) that involves p

107 s, sent projections to both reproductive and defensive hypothalamic nuclei.

108 g involvement in respiration, excretion, and defensive inking.

109 ng instable aglucones that rearrange to form defensive isothiocyanates.

110 ny organisms respond to noxious stimuli with defensive maneuvers.

111 ny organisms respond to noxious stimuli with defensive maneuvers.

112 ifiable, deciding the relative importance of defensive measures reduces to a subjective comparison of

113 er than the general features, details of the defensive mechanism by CBL, leading to the hydrolysis of

114 an emotion, nor an attitude, but a reactive defensive mechanism evolved to help individuals avoid sh

115 Here we report a defensive mechanism used by certain bacteria to mobilize

116 species specification, and the upgrading of defensive mechanisms against pathogens.

117 These defensive mechanisms are also effective against other la

118 he network of immune cells that mediates the defensive mechanisms in the mucosa is likely shaped by c

119 reactive oxygen species (ROS) activates many defensive mechanisms that limit or repair damage to cell

120 Viruses possess elaborate defensive mechanisms to evade host innate immune respons

121 itantly a source, a barrier, and a target of defensive mediators.

122 benzoic acid to find vegetative prey and the defensive metabolite halimedatetraacetate to find reprod

123 Whereas the functions of defensive metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenes, and g

124 c (total phenolics, flavonoids and proteins) defensive metabolites, as well as, in the total antioxid

125 how plants optimize the use of resources for defensive metabolites.

126 e genes specify the synthesis of specialized defensive metabolites.

127 s by the pathogen reduces the fitness of the defensive microbe and underpins the decline in pathogen

128 rulence as a by-product of adaptation to the defensive microbe.

129 These data show that defensive microbes can shape the evolution of pathogen v

130 on can drive changes in pathogen virulence, 'defensive microbes' may shape disease severity.

131 ific phobia from principal disorder, overall defensive mobilization was systematically more impaired.

132 y significant but not reflected in objective defensive mobilization.

133 sition between the light-harvesting and self-defensive modes is associated with a reorganization of l

134 n of this enzyme in the de novo synthesis of defensive monoterpenoids in the beetle larvae.

135 we report that, in addition to triggering a defensive motor repertoire, looming stimuli toward the f

136 tion information and controlling appropriate defensive movements.

137 m and then used by the motor system to guide defensive movements.

138 species is directly or indirectly linked to defensive mutualism attributable to alkaloids of fungal-

139 a and thereby stabilizes this Cretaceous-age defensive mutualism.

140 icate that serotonin may also participate in defensive, nociceptive, or inflammation responses.

141 s signal threats or rewards, in turn causing defensive or approach behaviors.

142 culation with P. syringae did not elicit the defensive oxidative burst typical of most plants.

143 Instead, induced defensive P. globosa had higher growth rates than non-in

144 er hand, jet lag impacted both home and away defensive performance.

145 ts suggested that astrocytes likely formed a defensive perimeter around foci of VZV infection (astrog

146 ccur nearby the body, in a region termed the defensive peripersonal space (DPPS) [1,2].

147 feedback signals.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The defensive peripersonal space (DPPS) has a crucial role f

148 The defensive peripersonal space (DPPS) is a vital "safety m

149 ted hand is statically positioned inside the defensive peripersonal space (DPPS) of the face.

150 ion triggers paroxysmal facial pain, affects defensive peripersonal space (DPPS), the portion of spac

151 healthy human participants, we show that the defensive peripersonal space has a sharp boundary, locat

152 The defensive peripersonal space represents a "safety margin

153 has helped leaf-cutting ants overcome plant defensive phenolic compounds.

154 to modulate the expression of an integrated defensive phenotype, but this switch in expression shoul

155 y suppressing plant defenses and detoxifying defensive phytochemicals.

156 n is elevated following plant treatment with defensive phytohormones.

157 iles (GLVs) constitute a widespread group of defensive plant volatiles that convey a herbivory-specif

158 h environment that may lend itself to costly defensive practice.

159 elowground nitrogen cycling, rather than via defensive properties.

160 t, a cysteine (Cys) proteinase that is a key defensive protein against chewing insect pests in maize

161 Some plant-derived anti-herbivore defensive proteins are induced by insect feeding, resist

162 response, which floods the circulation with defensive proteins during diverse stresses, including is

163 rk lignans, coumarins, proline, tyramine and defensive proteins, and was characterized by faster oxid

164 Freezing is a species-typical defensive reaction to conditioned threats.

165 In our approach, defensive reactions (freezing), actions (avoidance) and

166 reconsolidation would prevent the return of defensive reactions and diminish PFC involvement.

167 uring reconsolidation prevents the return of defensive reactions and diminishes PFC involvement.

168 imulates an approaching object, which causes defensive reactions in some other species [7, 8].

169 ity of the PFC-amygdala circuitry to control defensive reactions may help overcome a primary obstacle

170 gdala is a major structure that orchestrates defensive reactions to environmental threats and is impl

171 epresents the final common pathway mediating defensive reactions to fear and we have reported previou

172 nucleus appears to be an involvement in the defensive reactions to life-threatening situations.

173 Shifts in this balance may enable shifts in defensive reactions via the demonstrated differential fu

174 hment occurred in the oxygen transportation, defensive reactions, and protein modifications of the de

175 ance of understanding their contributions to defensive reactions, there is a paucity of human studies

176 resulting in a more persistent reduction of defensive reactions.

177 linical entities reflect different stages of defensive reactivity depending upon the imminence of int

178 We found evidence that defensive reactivity in PD/AG patients is dynamically or

179 y by broad and chronic negative affectivity, defensive reactivity progressively diminishes.

180 bia patients differed substantially in their defensive reactivity.

181 tion of such comorbidity issues on objective defensive reactivity.

182 Whole-body withdrawal is a defensive reflex that is initiated by tactile contact wi

183 ia coli responds by activating both the OxyR defensive regulon and the Fur iron-starvation response.

184 Pines use defensive resin to overwhelm attackers, creating an Alle

185 the stria terminalis (BNST) is implicated in defensive responding during uncertain threat anticipatio

186 behavior, which has been used as an index of defensive response in laboratory animals during Pavlovia

187 timing of the reliefCS is crucial to turn a defensive response into an appetitive response.

188 The defensive response is triggered by recognition of divers

189 two main and competing branches of the plant defensive response pathway, the allene oxide synthase (A

190 [hand blink reflex (HBR)] is a subcortical, defensive response that is enhanced when the stimulated

191 ant, playing a critical role in the cellular defensive response to oxidative stress by neutralizing f

192 ant's soil microbial community, and may be a defensive response to particular components of the soil

193 The hand blink reflex is a subcortical defensive response, known to dramatically increase when

194 Here, we focused on a defensive response, the hand blink reflex, known to incr

195 xecution of an appropriate active or passive defensive response, yet the underlying brain circuitry i

196 cial for both learning and the expression of defensive response.

197 less is known about the substrates of active defensive responses (e.g., avoidance).

198 s known about the neural circuits of passive defensive responses (e.g., freezing), but less is known

199 t the nutritive status of cells, but also as defensive responses against microbial pathogens external

200 Plants have evolved a complex array of defensive responses against pathogenic microorganisms.

201 ereas their optogenetic stimulation produces defensive responses and a threat memory.

202 The results suggest that the defensive responses and cell wall modifications caused b

203 ree experiments, we explored whether and how defensive responses are affected by the interpersonal in

204 n of space surrounding the body within which defensive responses are enhanced.

205 In mice, looming-evoked defensive responses are triggered by the superior collic

206 indeed, looming stimuli trigger stereotyped defensive responses in both monkeys and human infants.

207 es eye/head-orientating movements and innate defensive responses in its deeper layers (dSC).

208 njury triggers long-lasting sensitization of defensive responses in most species examined, suggesting

209 n onset (unconditioned stimulus, US) provoke defensive responses like startle potentiation, while sti

210 us is delivered inside the DPPS, subcortical defensive responses like the hand-blink reflex (HBR) are

211 ends that contribute to the species-specific defensive responses observed in phytoplankton.

212 whether they contribute to the generation of defensive responses other than freezing remain unknown.

213 s, and noxious stimuli, animals have evolved defensive responses that minimize injury and are essenti

214 ls (RGCs) that controls mouse looming-evoked defensive responses through axonal collaterals to the do

215 Controlling learned defensive responses through extinction does not alter th

216 Individuals use both passive and active defensive responses to environmental threats.

217 ed this approach to determine whether flies' defensive responses to moving overhead translational sti

218 ucidate the role of brain synchronization in defensive responses to threat.

219 nd promote a shift from expression of innate defensive responses toward more adaptive behavioral resp

220 animals perform more effective and stronger defensive responses when threatening stimuli occur nearb

221 ion of subjective threat, threat-conditioned defensive responses, and explicit threat memory.

222 ) and amygdala are known to be important for defensive responses, and many contemporary fear-conditio

223 ivity in these neurons biases toward passive defensive responses, low activity in these neurons allow

224 he host cell transcriptome to evade cellular defensive responses, to modify cellular biosynthetic pat

225 hese neurons allows the expression of active defensive responses.

226 iaqueductal gray, a brainstem area vital for defensive responses.

227 interactions shape perception of threat and defensive responses.

228 hypothalamic cell type that mediates innate defensive responses.

229 onical amygdala output to areas that mediate defensive responses.

230 of the primate DLSC for approach rather than defensive responses.

231 ty to recognize invading pathogens and mount defensive responses.

232 self-gating mechanism that regulates innate defensive responses.

233 has a key role in learning and expression of defensive responses.

234 een IELs and ECs, and reveal a critical host-defensive role for type-2 immunity in regulating EC tiss

235 mplicated in receptor function, suggesting a defensive role for XPR1 in the avian lineage.

236 acute-phase protein that plays an important defensive role in innate immunity against bacterial infe

237 The results suggest that Li3CARS may have a defensive role in Lavandula.

238 e impact of overexpression of an IDS and the defensive role of an unexpected accumulation product of

239 altered terpene phenotypes for assessing the defensive role of terpenoids, we overexpressed a bifunct

240 Thus, we demonstrate a defensive role of the gut microbiota against Listeria mo

241 ironmental stress and capacity for producing defensive secondary metabolites have contributed to the

242 selected metabolites from the hemolymph into defensive secretions.

243 cycle arrest-a function that may serve as a defensive shield against conventional chemotherapeutic a

244 hermore, foliar feeding by CLA rapidly sends defensive signal(s) to the roots that trigger belowgroun

245 infection of the unripe host fruit initiates defensive signal-transduction cascades, culminating in a

246 The defensive slime of hagfishes contains thousands of inter

247 cks by fish predators by producing liters of defensive slime.

248 " closest to the face (i.e., an "ultra-near" defensive space).

249 Plant trichomes are defensive specialized epidermal cells.

250 bers to produce a hot, pulsed, quinone-based defensive spray.

251 al, suggestive of a slowly decaying internal defensive state.

252 Fear responses are defensive states that ensure survival of an organism in

253 pulate the TLR signaling, thus hijacking the defensive strategies of the host.

254 d assume therefore that exocrine gland-based defensive strategies, evolved by these insects to repel

255 iont-strain interactions, such that the best defensive strategy against parasitoids varied for each a

256 complement activation pathway may be another defensive strategy for human cancer immunosurveillance.

257 the defensive action, including changing the defensive strategy from escape to freezing.

258 airway inflammation represents an antifungal defensive strategy that is driven by fibrinogen cleavage

259 Cyanogenesis denotes a chemical defensive strategy where hydrogen cyanide (HCN, hydrocya

260 ani) uses adhesive secretions as part of its defensive strategy.

261 brain from a depressogenic preponderance of defensive stress.

262 In addition, we used the in vivo defensive strike response threshold assayed with von Fre

263 s noted in the hornworm, Manduca sexta, as a defensive strike response.

264 in experimental studies, and how specialized defensive structures can emerge through changes in the r

265 rocess of cashew nuts, the amount of caustic defensive substance in the nut mesocarp decreases.

266 synthetic pigments, signaling molecules, and defensive substances.

267 ur study identifies a novel RIP in an insect defensive symbiont and suggests an underlying RIP-depend

268 Here, we explore the effect of a defensive symbiont on population dynamics and species ex

269 nships, but recent examples demonstrate that defensive symbionts are both quite common and diverse.

270 e research, and may better prepare us to use defensive symbionts as biocontrol agents.

271 Our results show that defensive symbionts can cause extinction cascades in exp

272 Defensive symbionts can have surprisingly large effects

273 cult to identify and quantify the roles that defensive symbionts play in host-parasite systems.

274 In protection mutualisms, defensive symbionts protect their hosts from natural ene

275 rease in the percentage of farmers and their defensive symbionts.

276 triking example of an ecologically important defensive symbiosis involves the woodland fly Drosophila

277 on from oleuropein and keep the dual-partner defensive system conditionally inactive.

278 Here we show competition between defensive (to avoid predatory detection) and approach (t

279 tal support to mastication, from sensors and defensive tools to optical function.

280 nuptial gifts contain lucibufagin, a firefly defensive toxin.

281 ch plants can evolve to invest in a range of defensive toxins, and herbivores can evolve resistance t

282 ed with each other, potentially reflecting a defensive trade-off.

283 ul irritant produced by Brassica plants as a defensive trait against herbivores and confers pungency

284 been the focus of sexual selection studies, defensive traits (both morphological and performance) ha

285 Our results also suggest that knowledge of defensive traits could have a bearing on the predictabil

286 Furthermore, host defensive traits explained 40% of herbivore community si

287 However, if defensive traits help males restrict access to females,

288 nsect herbivores depend on the nutritive and defensive traits of their host plants.

289 tes of speciation and extinction vary across defensive traits throughout amphibians.

290 to study the ecology and evolution of plant defensive traits.

291 use of the additive influence of the various defensive traits.

292 ant Gestalt, but vary substantially in their defensive traits.

293 ted a fear-related anti-predator reaction of defensive treading and burying directed toward the corne

294 ore-induced indole enhances the induction of defensive volatiles in neighbouring maize plants in a sp

295 terial type VI secretion is an offensive and defensive weapon that utilizes a molecular warhead to in

296 tree's perspective, wood is an offensive and defensive weapon used against neighbors in competition f

297 inal muscles (L-cells) that contributes to a defensive withdrawal reflex.

298 g of the entire organ, including its role in defensive withdrawal responses.

299 It also provides sensory input for defensive withdrawals that have been studied extensively

300 ot wearing a helmet, although the absence of defensive wounds on his arms and hands suggests he was s