ライフサイエンスコーパス: defocus

1 among animals that wore a plus lens (myopic defocus).

2 efocus); or +3, +4, +5, +6, or +10 D (myopic defocus).

3 opiagenic effect of the -5-D lens (hyperopic defocus).

4 PALs caused a myopic shift in peripheral defocus.

5 creased atRA synthesis in response to myopic defocus.

6 inguishes environmental sources from optical defocus.

7 exposed to a greater percentage of negative defocus.

8 t is unknown how biological systems estimate defocus.

9 ssion of the HAS2 gene in response to myopic defocus.

10 bjectionable blur responses to positive lens defocus.

11 Glucagon may signal the sign of defocus.

12 d by long daily periods of imposed hyperopic defocus.

13 en, while adequately controlling for optical defocus.

14 of FDT perimetry decreases its robustness to defocus.

15 l observers in the presence of up to +6 D of defocus.

16 tested in the presence of moderate levels of defocus.

17 ecimen thickness, electron-probe energy, and defocus.

18 s and thins in response to imposed hyperopic defocus.

19 ent computations to measure depth from image defocus.

20 defocus sessions with + 5.00 D of peripheral defocus.

21 by either neutral density filters (NDFs) or defocus.

22 nsation differently for myopic and hyperopic defocus.

23 ns, particularly those involving substantial defocus.

24 io-group showed a larger continuous range of defocus.

25 ining high spatial content, can be robust to defocus.

26 V2 of monkeys reared with chronic monocular defocus.

27 leading to light scattering and first-order defocus.

28 range of +0.50 diopter to -1.50 diopters of defocus.

29 alter the course of compensation to imposed defocus.

30 the treated eyes compensated for the imposed defocus.

31 and 99% of patients were within 1 diopter of defocus.

32 n elicit strong illusory percepts of optical defocus(1)(,)(2) - the perception of illusory blur is on

33 , and separated somewhat at higher levels of defocus (3 diopters [D]).

34 The compensation of defocus aberrations is also used for the measurement of

35 al- and high-light-reared monkeys, hyperopic defocus accelerated vitreous chamber elongation and prod

36 -3 D lenses that produced relative hyperopic defocus across the entire field of view.

37 ually affected by lens aberrations and image defocus, among other factors.

38 Here, Ryan et al. tackle first-order defocus, an artefact of a non-uniform refractive index,

39 at -1.25 diopters (D) and -1.50 D levels of defocus and a depth of focus of 1.23 D for the ICB00 IOL

40 Alvarez X-ray lens which adaptively corrects defocus and astigmatism aberrations of X-ray optics.

41 ront root mean square (RMS) error (excluding defocus and astigmatism) was tracked across repeated mea

42 separate lenses are deployed to correct the defocus and astigmatism.

43 ngdom and for developing optimal image-based defocus and depth estimation algorithms for computationa

44 reshold duration of exposure to lens-imposed defocus and form-deprivation necessary for conversion of

45 differences in imaging conditions, i.e., in defocus and in whole-particle projections versus thin to

46 two visual conditions that introduce myopic defocus and slow the rate of ocular elongation (recovery

47 The association between peripheral defocus and the 1-year change in central myopia was inve

48 ime course depending strongly on the sign of defocus and the ocular component.

49 oroid thickens in response to imposed myopic defocus and thins in response to imposed hyperopic defoc

50 velopment and eye growth regulation, retinal defocus and/or image contrast appear key variables altho

51 cused surface shading can be misperceived as defocused and that optical blur can be misattributed to

52 ion of active PLK1, which leads to increased defocusing and phosphorylation of the mitotic centrosome

53 tionalities, such as beam steering, focusing/defocusing and spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversi

54 n paraxial defocus (associated to changes in defocus) and by evaluating the differences in the effect

55 ved by monochromatic aberrations (other than defocus) and chromatic aberrations; chromatic aberration

56 es multiple images with different amounts of defocus, and from these images, distance is decoded with

57 ew retinas as being different from hyperopic defocus, and myopic defocus can sometimes counteract the

58 ng Kerr self-focusing, ionization and plasma defocusing, and dynamic spatial replenishment are identi

59 action, small pupillary diameters (<5.5 mm), defocusing, and excessive high or low camera gain.

60 Product stoichiometry, particle-size defocusing, and kinetic evidence are reported consistent

61 exceeds the performance of the conventional defocus approach.

62 t are difficult to solve by the conventional defocus approach.

63 The initial retinal responses to defocus are quite different from those when the eye grow

64 cal designs that result in peripheral myopic defocus as a potential way to slow myopia progression.

65 appropriately manipulate peripheral retinal defocus as one approach to controlling human myopia prog

66 as obtained by analyzing changes in paraxial defocus (associated to changes in defocus) and by evalua

67 evaluating the differences in the effective defocus (associated with defocus, spherical aberrations,

68 ain aberrations induced by decentration were defocus, astigmatism, and coma.

69 SVLs caused a hyperopic shift in peripheral defocus at all locations (all P </= 0.0003).

70 m first principles how to optimally estimate defocus at each location in any individual image.

71 ly at a particular wavenumber while they are defocused at other wavenumber values.

72 Here, we show that conventional defocus-based cryo-EM methodologies can be used to deter

73 er discontinuing PAL wear supports hyperopic defocus-based theories such as accommodative lag; howeve

74 peropic defocus with short periods of myopic defocus before compensation occurs prevents axial myopia

75 n images and degraded the optical quality of defocused blue images, particularly in eyes with higher

76 Defocus blur is nearly always present in natural images:

77 Depth from defocus blur relies on fewer assumptions and has the sam

78 pic differences in depth in which disparity, defocus blur, and accommodation are inconsistent with th

79 rivation by translucent occluders, spherical defocus by -10- or +10-D lenses, and constant light.

80 sion yeast based on spindle pole microtubule defocusing by loss of kinesin-14 Pkl1, leading to kinesi

81 Optically imposed defocus can alter the shape and pattern of peripheral re

82 amounts of negative spherical aberration and defocus can be induced in eyes implanted with adjustable

83 The results demonstrate that peripheral defocus can influence both peripheral and central refrac

84 different from hyperopic defocus, and myopic defocus can sometimes counteract the myopiagenic effect

85 Time-integrated increased retinal defocus causing axial elongation is proposed as a possib

86 l length lens to correct for a wide range of defocus commonly found in patient's eyes, and a novel mu

87 - 5D defocus compensation but enhanced + 5D defocus compensation (- 5D, VCD: + 18 +/- 33 mum; RE: -

88 compensation, but had little effect on + 5D defocus compensation (- 5D, VCD: + 73 +/- 34 mum, RE: -

89 efocus with unrestricted vision reduced - 5D defocus compensation but enhanced + 5D defocus compensat

90 ng defocus with darkness also decreased - 5D defocus compensation, but had little effect on + 5D defo

91 than the control eyes under both peripheral defocus conditions (p < 0.05).

92 through a plano lens for 45 minutes (minimal defocus) consistently prevented the development of axial

93 we use a new data-acquisition scheme called Defocus-Corrected Large-Area cryo-EM (DeCo-LACE) to coll

94 and significantly better distance-corrected defocus curve at -2.5 (P = .031), -2.0 (P = .03), and -1

95 The defocus curve confirmed functional vision of 0.2 logMAR

96 The defocus curve confirmed good visual acuity also in the i

97 The defocus curve demonstrated functional vision from + 1.5

98 onferroni test for detection of PD, ACD, and defocus curve differences from before to after the opera

99 A, CNVA), as well as refractive accuracy and defocus curve evaluation.

100 Defocus curve favored trifocal IOLs at near vision and E

101 The binocular defocus curve showed a VA better than 0.20 logMAR over a

102 Binocular defocus curve showed peaks with best visual acuity (VA)

103 the distance-corrected monocular normalized defocus curve taken at 3 months was 1.7 D, which falls i

104 Monocular defocus curve testing revealed a visual acuity of 0.2 lo

105 Defocus curve testing was performed in photopic and meso

106 itivity testing and another 114 subjects for defocus curve testing, along with 78 subjects randomized

107 corrected intermediate visual acuity (CIVA), defocus curve testing, and dysphotopsia evaluation were

108 The respective defocus curve was evaluated using Early Treatment Diabet

109 assification, a distance-corrected monocular defocus curve was taken 3 months postoperatively.

110 st sensitivity, intraocular aberrations, and defocus curve were evaluated postoperatively during a 3-

111 and distance-corrected visual acuity (DCVA), defocus curve, contrast sensitivity (CS), higher-order a

112 ances under photopic and mesopic conditions; defocus curve, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis; and

113 In addition, we assessed the postoperative defocus curve, mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity

114 In the defocus curve, significantly better visual acuities were

115 In the mean binocular defocus curve, the visual acuity was better than 0.10 lo

116 In defocus curve, there was infinitesimal gradual change be

117 and DCVA in 4 m, 80 cm, and 40 cm (logMAR); defocus curve; CS; and quality-of-vision questionnaire r

118 after surgery patients underwent: monocular defocus curve; monocular and binocular uncorrected visua

119 corrected near visual acuity (P < .001), and defocus curves at defocus levels of 0.0 D (P = .005) and

120 ted and corrected distance visual acuity and defocus curves at postoperative day 90.

121 Defocus curves between -5.0 D and +1.5 D were evaluated

122 Monocular defocus curves displayed highest differences of 5 Early

123 Significant differences were observed in defocus curves for photopic and mesopic conditions (p <

124 Defocus curves revealed a loss of half a Snellen line at

125 Defocus curves showed a statistically significant differ

126 The monocular defocus curves showed that the best visual acuity was re

127 ed near visual acuity (DCNVA) and subjective defocus curves up to +/-4.0 diopters were evaluated.

128 Photopic defocus curves were also analyzed and compared.

129 Monocular subjective DOF was obtained from defocus curves with absolute and relative criteria of to

130 The contrast sensitivity, defocus curves, and a questionnaire evaluating individua

131 commodation was measured subjectively, using defocus curves, and objectively, with an open-field auto

132 VA in 4 m, 80 cm, 60 cm, and 40 cm (logMAR), defocus curves, CS, and quality-of-vision questionnaire

133 y (DCNVA), contrast visual acuity, monocular defocus curves, internal higher-order aberrations (HOAs)

134 included visual acuity at various distances, defocus curves, internal total higher-order aberration (

135 Secondary outcomes included defocus curves, intraocular aberrations, contrast sensit

136 sitivity without glare, halos or starbursts, defocus curves, optical scatter, retinal point spread fu

137 DVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), defocus curves, reading speed, contrast sensitivity, spe

138 Subjective accommodation, as determined from defocus curves, was 3.05 +/- 1.06, 3.87 +/- 1.27, and 5.

139 diate visual acuities - as well as binocular defocus curves.

140 ut differentiating method of evaluating MIOL defocus curves.

141 DCNVA/UNVA); contrast sensitivity; binocular defocus curves; halometry; and Quality of Vision questio

142 implies that periods of myopic and hyperopic defocus do not add linearly.

143 e visual field, in addition to variations of defocus due to variation of target vergence in three-dim

144 als with the substituted plano lens (minimal defocus) during the 45-minute period showed no axial elo

145 Here we report defocused electron ptychography using a fast, direct-cou

146 Here, we report a widefield interferometric defocus-enhanced mid-infrared photothermal (WIDE-MIP) mi

147 Defocus equivalent (DEQ) accuracy, 7.

148 A), manifest refraction, spherical (SEQ) and defocus equivalent (DEQ), efficacy index, safety index,

149 ing the psychophysics and neurophysiology of defocus estimation in species across the animal kingdom

150 c therapy) with (n = 22) or without (n = 22) defocused ESWT (100 impulses/cm at 0.1 mJ/mm) applied on

151 d temporal dynamics in biological depth from defocus experiments reported in the literature.

152 ic force microscopy and particle tracking by defocused fluorescence microscopy.

153 MD was significantly affected by defocus for the customized FD perimeter only, and PSD wa

154 Defocus from -3.0 diopters (D) to +3.0 D was added to co

155 Increased hyperopic defocus from accommodative lag may be a consequence rath

156 ce for the following: 1) close-loop, optical defocus-guided (negative and positive lenses) bidirectio

157 zone lenses, the P designs (i.e., peripheral defocus) had greater effects than the C designs (i.e., c

158 In normal observers, optical defocus has little effect on FDT perimetry sensitivity a

159 Peripheral defocus, higher-order aberrations, and accommodation int

160 A depth-from-defocus image processing technique is developed to track

161 red with a recent approach that uses a fixed defocused image selection strategy over an image data se

162 aperture and concurrently form 2 differently defocused images at distinct regions of a single planar

163 Here we demonstrate that utilization of defocused images enhances the visibility of nanoparticle

164 ial optimization strategy to select specific defocused images from each image stack such that set com

165 n theoretic approach to segment bright field defocused images.

166 ng information from microscopic bright field defocused images.

167 magnetic Ni thin plate using in situ Fresnel defocus imaging, off-axis electron holography and a bime

168 ular processes with microscopic bright field defocused imaging has the advantage of low phototoxicity

169 to switch back and forth between focused and defocused imaging, thereby getting the centroid and the

170 ion for 3D particle tracking was obtained by defocused imaging.

171 Brief periods of myopic defocus imposed by positive lenses prevent myopia caused

172 Chick eyes compensate for the defocus imposed by positive or negative spectacle lenses

173 Chicks' eyes rapidly compensate for defocus imposed by spectacle lenses by changing their ra

174 e monochromatic aberrations, and possibly to defocus in blue.

175 As found for paraxial defocus, the effective defocus in Crystalens eyes did not show significant diff

176 berrations to an equivalent optical dioptric defocus in emmetropic individuals using a relatively sho

177 he COMET rationale (i.e., a role for retinal defocus in myopia progression).

178 anges following short-term peripheral myopic defocus in normal adult subjects.

179 of form deprivation, the effects of optical defocus in primates are dominated by mechanisms that int

180 for the COMET rationale-that is, a role for defocus in progression of myopia.

181 -2.0 (P = .03), and -1 diopters (P = .03) of defocus in the DFT015 group could be shown.

182 g a high-contrast checkerboard using digital defocus in the emmetropic eyes of 13 subjects (males 20-

183 ver one eye that produced relative hyperopic defocus in the nasal field (NF) but allowed unrestricted

184 ical solutions that create peripheral myopic defocus in the presence of a clear central image have sh

185 PALs caused a myopic shift in peripheral defocus in three of four locations measured (all P </= 0

186 Defocus incorporated multiple segment (DIMS) lenses and

187 ontrol effect and safety in children wearing Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle

188 analysis evaluates the treatment success of "Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments" (DIMS) spectacle

189 d vessels nasally and the horizontal optical defocus induced by WTR astigmatism.

190 role of bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) in defocus-induced ocular growth using gene expression chan

191 l strength was adjusted by NDFs, followed by defocus, interscan difference, interindividual variation

192 eam, the curvature of the backplane, and the defocus introduced by the Fourier lens.

193 ick, compensation for experimentally induced defocus involves changes in the thickness of the choroid

194 equency, active elimination regions radially defocus ions toward the lens walls.

195 gaps feature divergent fields that focus or defocus ions, ostensibly based on the waveform polarity

196 However, it appears that minimal defocus is a more consistent, strong antidote to a myopi

197 Depth from defocus is an important mechanism that enables vision sy

198 Thus, myopic defocus is encoded by at least some tree shrew retinas a

199 Despite the fact that defocus is of great behavioral, perceptual, and biologic

200 which the sign ambiguity often attributed to defocus is resolved by monochromatic aberrations (other

201 results strengthen the case that the sign of defocus is used to direct eye growth.

202 Monocular defocusing lenses were worn for 10-15 days from 12 days

203 Monocular defocusing lenses were worn for 5 days from 17 days of a

204 ual acuity (P < .001), and defocus curves at defocus levels of 0.0 D (P = .005) and between -1.5 and

205 sts that treatments aimed at reducing foveal defocus may not be as effective as previously thought in

206 Nonlinear waves in defocusing media are investigated in the framework of th

207 mic balance between self-focusing and plasma defocusing - mediated by the Kerr nonlinearity and multi

208 with multifocal lenses that include positive defocus might be an effective treatment to control myopi

209 or children with absolute superior hyperopic defocus (n = 17; difference = 0.27 D; P = 0.002).

210 D for children with absolute superior myopic defocus (n = 67) and -0.65 D for children with absolute

211 ing, sharp distinctions between focusing and defocusing nonlinearities, including the role of long wa

212 ctive plasma frequency, either a focusing or defocusing nonlinearity is observed.

213 ernike polynomial ( Z20 ) with an equivalent defocus of 0, 2, or 4 D.

214 hildren are like chicks and if the hyperopic defocus of long daily periods of reading predisposes a c

215 This approach eliminates defocusing of the ion beam by the ion-transfer optics as

216 any steps in the transport cycle, as well as defocusing of the membrane electric field, may be combin

217 The effect of defocus on frequency-doubling (FD) sensitivity was deter

218 f pupil diameter, ablation decentration, and defocus on retinal image quality was measured by using t

219 In addition, the effect of defocus on the summary indices (mean deviation [MD], and

220 er effects than the C designs (i.e., central defocus) on both on-axis eye growth and refractions.

221 require either an increase of ~7 diopters of defocus or a reduction of 500% in cone density.

222 r along selectable directions, so as to tune defocus or astigmatism, up to about 3 wavelengths.

223 t retardance decreased when the filament was defocused or the numerical aperture of the imaging syste

224 D, -3 D (hyperopic defocus); plano (minimal defocus); or +3, +4, +5, +6, or +10 D (myopic defocus).

225 the fluorophore, which can be calculated by defocused orientation and position imaging (DOPI).

226 n or letter discrimination was unaffected by defocus over a large range (up to 6 D).

227 in group A for intermediate vision levels of defocus (P </= 0.04).

228 stness, we studied whether the resistance to defocus persists even when using a high-contrast checker

229 This method is based on conventional defocused phase contrast imaging.

230 wing spherical powers: -5 D, -3 D (hyperopic defocus); plano (minimal defocus); or +3, +4, +5, +6, or

231 are used to generate an alternating focusing/defocusing potential well in two orthogonal directions.

232 orithms to estimate depth from the amount of defocus present at the focal plane, existing techniques

233 Myopic defocus prevented compensation in some but not all anima

234 Conversely, nasal-field hyperopic defocus produced relative myopia that was largely restri

235 The defocus range (visual acuity [VA] <= 0.2 logMAR) on the

236 of 0.2 logMAR or better across a continuous defocus range of 2.00 D, supporting effective intermedia

237 ly significant difference between groups for defocus ranging from -4.50 to -0.50 diopters (D) (P < .0

238 sual system compensates for small changes in defocus relative to the typical amounts of hyperopic ref

239 opi-X((R)) lenses, designed to induce myopic defocus, represent an optical alternative to pharmacolog

240 The effects of episodes of defocus rise rapidly with episode duration to an asympto

241 he adequacy of the simulation, progressively defocused series of images were taken of several volunte

242 Analysis of the progressively defocused series taken of volunteers yielded similar res

243 om the same cohort also underwent additional defocus sessions with + 5.00 D of peripheral defocus.

244 dal scans were obtained before and after the defocus sessions.

245 different artifacts, including eye movement, defocus, shadow, decentration, segmentation error, blink

246 ized phase II study, application of a single defocused shock wave treatment to the superficial second

247 on of BMP2 in chick RPE shows bidirectional, defocus sign-dependent changes is suggestive of a role f

248 monstrated that short-term peripheral myopic defocus significantly inhibited axial elongation in adul

249 the effect of imposing negative and positive defocus simultaneously on the eye growth and refractive

250 Imposing hyperopic and myopic defocus simultaneously using concentric contact lenses r

251 nal transmission electron microscopy at high defocus so that the biological and non-biological compon

252 Effects of defocus, spherical aberration, detector pixelation and a

253 es in the effective defocus (associated with defocus, spherical aberrations, and pupil diameter) with

254 al microtubules, malformed mitotic spindles, defocused spindle poles, and mispositioning of spindles

255 ly, the known, short-term response to myopic defocus stimulation is promising and demonstrates the po

256 ng the axial length of the eye with specific defocus stimulation.

257 was significantly better postoperatively for defocus stimuli between 0 and -3 D.

258 ficantly from the zero-stimulus position for defocus stimuli of >/=-3 D and >/=-2D, respectively; mea

259 ative short-term exposure to specific myopic defocus stimuli using a novel optical design that incorp

260 hen we expose the eye to a peripheral myopic defocus stimulus.

261 gth and central SE, suggesting that standard defocus strategies may require individualization.

262 on thresholds remained coincident at maximum defocus, suggesting that the artifact was not detectable

263 However, due to defocus susceptibility, current 3D high-throughput micro

264 On average, the defocus term (Z2(0)), astigmatism, or higher-order aberr

265 At 3 months defocus testing, binocular contrast sensitivity (CS) und

266 cm, 60 cm, and 40 cm slit-lamp examination; defocus testing; contrast sensitivity (CS) under photopi

267 ges relating to sample drift, aberration and defocusing that are associated with standard 3D fluoresc

268 To defocus the checkerboard, we rendered it with a second-o

269 As found for paraxial defocus, the effective defocus in Crystalens eyes did no

270 In response to full-field hyperopic defocus, the eye developed relative central axial myopia

271 on the use of phase contrast imaging at high defocus to improve information transfer at low spatial f

272 ce, it is possible to use digitally rendered defocus to replicate dioptric blur without a significant

273 al surface using 1 min of exposure (5 watts, defocused to 70 W/cm2 power density for both lasers).

274 The AT LARA outperformed the Proming at low defocus (up to 2D), while the latter demonstrated better

275 e, serving as the test eye, was peripherally defocused using a Fresnel lens overlay of + 3.50 D with

276 VSX and equivalent defocus values indicated significantly poorer optical qu

277 ng Visual Strehl ratios (VSX) and equivalent defocus values.

278 tifacts may be detectable in the presence of defocus was assessed.

279 Superior myopic defocus was associated with less central myopia progress

280 Hyperopic defocus was imposed on 27 monkeys by securing -3 diopter

281 In the other eyes (9/20) myopic defocus was ineffective in blocking compensation; the tr

282 ont error (excluding tilts, astigmatism, and defocus) was significantly positively correlated with ag

283 or vision interacts the effects of chromatic defocus, we developed a method to bypass the effects of

284 s from 34 micrographs at different levels of defocus were combined, imposing icosahedral symmetry.

285 al thickness in response to brief periods of defocus were measured.

286 compensates for either negative and positive defocus when they are imposed individually.

287 Superior retinal defocus when wearing either SVLs or PALs was associated

288 Due to chromatic aberration, blue images are defocused when the eye is focused to the middle of the v

289 ied significantly with the amount of optical defocus, whereas acuity for grating resolution or letter

290 deg, 25 Hz) increased 0.1 log unit with +6 D defocus, whereas thresholds for smaller, higher spatial

291 d the technique to include a small amount of defocus which enables contrast transfer function measure

292 ts disparity cues to deduce the direction of defocus, which leads to coordinated vergence and accommo

293 Here, we use defocused wide-field imaging to examine the unidirection

294 kelihood that transient periods of hyperopic defocus will cause myopia.

295 errupting positive and negative lens-imposed defocus with brief periods of unrestricted vision or dar

296 Interrupting defocus with darkness also decreased - 5D defocus compen

297 Interrupting lens induced defocus with periods of normal vision or darkness for ap

298 In summary, interrupting hyperopic defocus with short periods of myopic defocus before comp

299 Interrupting defocus with unrestricted vision reduced - 5D defocus co

300 on, the chemical pattern can be "focused and defocused" within the 3D cross section.