ライフサイエンスコーパス: dinoflagellate

1 inium carterae, a model peridinin-containing dinoflagellate.

2 anation for toxin production in this harmful dinoflagellate.

3 ssessing the toxicological potential of this dinoflagellate.

4 h is by release of one or more toxins by the dinoflagellate.

5 mbiosis in an ancestral peridinin-containing dinoflagellate.

6 cosmopolitan red tide forming heterotrophic dinoflagellate.

7 ogy, evolution, and systematics of symbiotic dinoflagellates.

8 t can be used to compare this genus to other dinoflagellates.

9 -like machinery long thought not to exist in dinoflagellates.

10 nicellular eukaryotic phytoplankton, such as dinoflagellates.

11 ata, a group that also includes ciliates and dinoflagellates.

12 ome c oxidase 1 (cox1) from a broad range of dinoflagellates.

13 s placed this species on the basal branch of dinoflagellates.

14 opical waters is attributed to endosymbiotic dinoflagellates.

15 ot derived, as widely believed) condition in dinoflagellates.

16 m both peridinin- and fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates.

17 her tropical anthozoans harbor endosymbiotic dinoflagellates.

18 at occurred prior to the divergence of these dinoflagellates.

19 d to harmful bacteria and/or toxin-producing dinoflagellates.

20 systems as well as transcriptomes from other dinoflagellates.

21 predating the divergence of apicomplexan and dinoflagellates.

22 ing model to address the circadian system of dinoflagellates.

23 and toxin distribution and content in toxic dinoflagellate A. minutum of the Mediterranean Sea using

24 tely constructed opercula, demonstrating the dinoflagellate affinity of pithonellids, which has long

25 The bloom-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum responds to pico- to

26 xpressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (for details, see t

27 anus finmarchicus consumes the STX-producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense with no effect on

28 icus co-occurs with the neurotoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense.

29 ction in the replacement chloroplasts of the dinoflagellate alga Karenia mikimotoi.

30 n the fucoxanthin-containing plastids of the dinoflagellate alga Karenia mikimotoi.

31 During bleaching, endosymbiotic dinoflagellate algae (Symbiodinium spp.) either are lost

32 Dinoflagellate algae are important primary producers and

33 Dinoflagellate algae are notorious for their highly unus

34 Symbiotic dinoflagellate algae residing inside coral tissues suppl

35 xylase/oxygenase) genes from various red and dinoflagellate algae.

36 (the coral) and intracellular photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae.

37 on species, including copepods, diatoms, and dinoflagellates, all found in the North Atlantic and adj

38 The bioluminescence of dinoflagellates, alveolate protists that use light emiss

39 P) peridinin-chlorophyll a proteins from the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae were investigated us

40 n carotenoids and chlorophylls in PCP of the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae.

41 ifferent light-harvesting complexes from the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae: main-form (MFPCP) a

42 part of the fragmented plastid genome of the dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculatum, have been identi

43 For dinoflagellates, an ancient alveolate group of about 200

44 est that prior to plastid endosymbiosis, the dinoflagellate ancestor possessed complex pathways that

45 t they originated in the Neoproterozoic, yet dinoflagellate ancestors are classified only to the Midd

46 ils with known morphology identified ancient dinoflagellate ancestors from the Early Cambrian ( appro

47 An individual alpha subunit is found in a dinoflagellate and an individual beta subunit is found i

48 n the life history of ecologically important dinoflagellate and haptophyte microalgae.

49 ave originated at the point of divergence of dinoflagellates and apicomplexan parasites from ciliates

50 insus marinus, taxonomically related to both dinoflagellates and apicomplexans, possesses at least tw

51 ubiquitously found in close association with dinoflagellates and coccolithophores produce an unusual

52 microalgae, including climatically important dinoflagellates and coccolithophores, requires the close

53 While the range of dinoflagellates and copepods tended to closely track the

54 ry metabolite produced by several species of dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria which targets voltage-

55 en host and plastid is observed in different dinoflagellates and how dinoflagellates may thus inform

56 from taxonomically and ecotypically diverse dinoflagellates and its structural similarity and phylog

57 duplications as an evolutionary mechanism in dinoflagellates and Symbiodinium.

58 different degrees of integration observed in dinoflagellates and their associated plastids, which hav

59 ancestral, red algal-derived chloroplasts of dinoflagellates and their closest relatives.

60 ganisms (exceptions include the chromatin of dinoflagellates and vertebrate sperm).

61 pale because of the loss of their symbiotic dinoflagellates and/or algal pigments during periods of

62 es of coral bleaching (loss of the symbiotic dinoflagellates) and coral mortality have occurred with

63 and a related nontoxic cryptoperidiniopsoid dinoflagellate), and P. shumwayae strain CCMP2089, which

64 ), have been used to assess DNA barcoding in dinoflagellates, and both failed to amplify all taxa and

65 ankton taxon dominance shifted from diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophorids to smaller taxa a

66 tiluca, monophyly of thecate (plate-bearing) dinoflagellates, and paraphyly of athecate ones.

67 doxa; in the chloroplast genomes of diatoms, dinoflagellates, and red algae; and in the nuclear genom

68 sed oil in surface waters when heterotrophic dinoflagellates are abundant or bloom.

69 The dinoflagellates are an ecologically important group of m

70 Dinoflagellates are an important component of the marine

71 It is now recognized that the dinoflagellates are fundamental to the biology of their

72 Dinoflagellates are important components of marine ecosy

73 Dinoflagellates are key species in marine environments,

74 ic pathways, suggesting that all free-living dinoflagellates are metabolically dependent on plastids.

75 Dinoflagellates are microscopic, eukaryotic, and primari

76 Genomic approaches to study dinoflagellates are often stymied due to their large, mu

77 Dinoflagellates are single-celled organisms that reflect

78 The complex chloroplasts of Euglena and dinoflagellates are surrounded by three membranes while

79 Dinoflagellates are unique among eukaryotes in their unu

80 roduce aragonitic spherulites and encase the dinoflagellates as endolithic cells.

81 yly of peridinin- and fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates as sister to the haptophytes.

82 ese results highlight the unique position of dinoflagellates as the champions of plastid gene transfe

83 nd interactive physiology of different coral-dinoflagellate assemblages is virtually unexplored but i

84 er from a fish-killing culture, we produced 'dinoflagellate', 'bacteria' and 'cell-free' fractions.

85 ally diverse organisms (e.g., cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, beetles) produce structurally distinct

86 dinosterol in the group is inconsistent with dinoflagellates being the source of this biomarker in pr

87 Dinoflagellate biogeography and sea surface temperature

88 Dinoflagellate biology and genome evolution have been dr

89 ae might be crucial for the termination of a dinoflagellate bloom.

90 cosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease.

91 tosynthetic products from isolated symbiotic dinoflagellates but also enhance total 14CO2 fixation.

92 nce that brevetoxins promote survival of the dinoflagellates by deterring grazing by zooplankton.

93 t phytoplankton, including raphidophytes and dinoflagellates, can actively diversify their migratory

94 s, Phaeocystis, and mixotrophic/phagotrophic dinoflagellates, can explain a large majority of the spa

95 Some microplanktonic species, mostly dinoflagellates, causing Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), pr

96 on is a well-known physiological response of dinoflagellate cells to environmental stresses.

97 Dinoflagellates, cercozoa, eustigmatophytes, and haptoph

98 We present a model for RNA metabolism in dinoflagellate chloroplasts where long polycistronic pre

99 new study finds that acquisition of a novel dinoflagellate chromatin protein was an early step in th

100 ntrast to their pioneering predecessors, the dinoflagellates, coccolithophores, and diatoms all conta

101 A set of dinoflagellate common genes and transcripts of dominant

102 and temperature-tolerant cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates, confirmed the temperature-dependent los

103 ulodinium polyedrum, a marine bioluminescent dinoflagellate, consists of three similar but not identi

104 Peridinin-pigmented dinoflagellates contain secondary plastids that seem to

105 ellets containing crude oil by heterotrophic dinoflagellates could contribute to the sinking and flux

106 change that increases similarity between the dinoflagellate Cox1 and Cob sequences and their homologs

107 We use dinoflagellate cyst and stable carbon isotope stratigrap

108 he large reduction in shading from decreased dinoflagellate density.

109 A gradual succession of dinoflagellates, diatoms, and chrysophytes occurred duri

110 is range, with an ecotone at 20-40 m where a dinoflagellate-dominated community transitioned to domin

111 on channels, HV1, trigger bioluminescence in dinoflagellates, enable calcification in coccolithophore

112 Interactions between the dinoflagellate endosymbiont Symbiodinium and its cnidari

113 ce data abounds from numerous studies on the dinoflagellate endosymbionts of corals, and yet the mult

114 delve into the existing, largely unannotated dinoflagellate EST datasets (DinoEST).

115 Many outstanding questions about dinoflagellate evolution can potentially be resolved by

116 r morphological and molecular transitions in dinoflagellate evolution.

117 , IRI-160AA induced cell cycle arrest in all dinoflagellates examined.

118 Dinoflagellates experienced significantly increased grow

119 PKS genes from several polyketide-producing dinoflagellates failed to yield a product with P. shumwa

120 Toxicity and its detection in the dinoflagellate fish predators Pfiesteria piscicida and P

121 revious analyses, the fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates formed a well-supported sister group wit

122 Responses of the diatom, haptophyte, and dinoflagellate functional groups in simulated blooms wer

123 tudy not only has provided the most complete dinoflagellate gene catalog known to date, it has also e

124 o interrogate evolution and functionality of dinoflagellate genomes and endosymbiosis.

125 Mass appearances of the toxic dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis are known to cause dange

126 The symbiotic dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium is genetically diverse

127 Symbiosis between unicellular dinoflagellates (genus Symbiodinium) and their cnidarian

128 ation of circadian rhythmicity in the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra based on the effects o

129 ehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes isolated from the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra distinguishes them as

130 estrict synthesis of several proteins in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra to only a few hours ea

131 atalyzing the bioluminescent reaction in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra.

132 Plastid-transferred genes in the dinoflagellate had an accelerated rate of evolution that

133 sa exposed to grazing cues from copepods and dinoflagellates had significantly decreased growth rates

134 xtrusion, we propose that proton channels in dinoflagellates have fundamentally different functions o

135 circle mechanism, as previously shown in the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa, and present evidence for the

136 noflagellate protein sequences and their non-dinoflagellate homologs, while a further one-third of th

137 hat encodes a transcription factor unique to dinoflagellates (HPl), and genes encoding proteins simil

138 Karenia brevis, the major HAB dinoflagellate in the Gulf of Mexico, produces potent ne

139 resolution marker for distinguishing species dinoflagellates in culture.

140 e and contained lower densities of symbiotic dinoflagellates in deeper corals than seen in previous "

141 c flexibility likely explains the success of dinoflagellates in marine ecosystems and may presage dif

142 e features more similar to apicomplexan than dinoflagellate introns.

143 es that crude oil ingestion by heterotrophic dinoflagellates is a noteworthy route by which petroleum

144 Understanding the biology of toxic dinoflagellates is crucial to developing control strateg

145 ight compounds by freshly isolated symbiotic dinoflagellates is evoked by a factor (i.e., a chemical

146 alistic endosymbiosis between cnidarians and dinoflagellates is mediated by complex inter-partner sig

147 ike free living species, growth of symbiotic dinoflagellates is unbalanced and a substantial fraction

148 been the result of exposure to blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis and its neurotoxin, brevet

149 ecedented polycyclic ether isolated from the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, an organism well-known to

150 maintenance of large blooms of the red-tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, which produces potent neu

151 polyether neurotoxins produced by the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis.

152 s brevetoxins are produced by the 'red tide' dinoflagellate Karenia brevis.

153 e sodium channel neurotoxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis.

154 Cultures of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi were set up in L1 mediu

155 polyether neurotoxins produced by the marine dinoflagellate Karina brevis, an organism associated wit

156 otoxin 2 (KmTx2; 1), the harmful algal bloom dinoflagellate Karlodinium sp. was collected and scrutin

157 rmful algal bloom (HAB) forming, mixotrophic dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum have long been asso

158 lotoxin class of compounds isolated from the dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum reveals a significa

159 hondrial mRNA editing has evolved within the dinoflagellate lineage.

160 ared with colonization of live plankton (the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum and the copepod T

161 ovo a gene catalog of 74,655 contigs for the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum from RNA-Seq (Ill

162 Cultures of the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum readily form temp

163 he luciferin-binding protein of the luminous dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum, encoded there by

164 eported for the luciferase gene of a related dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium polyedrum: three repeated

165 In this study, three new members of the dinoflagellate luciferase gene family were identified an

166 Regulation and evolution of dinoflagellate luciferases are of particular interest si

167 of a chlorophyll-derived open tetrapyrrole (dinoflagellate luciferin) to produce blue light.

168 emitting oxidation of a linear tetrapyrrole (dinoflagellate luciferin), exhibits no sequence similari

169 in, coelenterazine, bacterial, Cypridina and dinoflagellate luciferins and their analogues along with

170 lets (1-86 mum in diameter) by heterotrophic dinoflagellates, major components of marine planktonic f

171 igin of bioluminescence in nonphotosynthetic dinoflagellates may be linked to plastidic tetrapyrrole

172 bserved in different dinoflagellates and how dinoflagellates may thus inform our broader understandin

173 ng process operates on a given transcript in dinoflagellate mitochondria, or that a mechanistically u

174 ork has extended this view, showing that the dinoflagellate mitochondrial genome contains a wide arra

175 Early studies on the dinoflagellate mitochondrial genome indicated that it en

176 Despite its small coding content, the dinoflagellate mitochondrial genome is one of the most c

177 By integrating dinoflagellate molecular, fossil, and biogeochemical evi

178 Using the recently discovered dinoflagellate mRNA-specific spliced leader as a selecti

179 The capacity of coral-dinoflagellate mutualisms to adapt to a changing climate

180 ir potential role in regulation of cnidarian-dinoflagellate mutualisms.

181 e have examined a relatively small number of dinoflagellates (n = 26) and a paucity of HAB species (n

182 n oil spill (1 muL L(-1)), the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Noctiluca scintillans and Gyrodinium spi

183 laced by widespread blooms of a large, green dinoflagellate, Noctiluca scintillans, which combines ca

184 tly related, fundamentally nonphotosynthetic dinoflagellates, Noctiluca, Oxyrrhis, and Dinophysis, co

185 and transcriptome protein sets show that all dinoflagellates, not only Symbiodinium, possess signific

186 The structural features of dinoflagellate nuclei are distinct from those of other e

187 use our phylogenetic framework to show that dinoflagellate nuclei have recruited DNA-binding protein

188 trophic unarmored unicellular bioluminescent dinoflagellate, occurs widely in the oceans, often as a

189 he diatoms, prymnesiophytes, green algae and dinoflagellates of >2-3 mum cell sizes among 12 phytopla

190 Marine dinoflagellates of the genera Alexandrium are well known

191 The toxicogenicity of dinoflagellates of the genus Pfiesteria has been the foc

192 Dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium are commonly r

193 Dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium express broad

194 The relationship between corals and dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium is fundamental

195 Our findings not only place dinoflagellates on the map of microbial-algal organomine

196 stitute an emergent family of neurotoxins of dinoflagellate origin that are potent antagonists of nic

197 nally diverse transcriptomes proven to be of dinoflagellate origin.

198 tid of peridinin- and fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates originated from a haptophyte tertiary en

199 Since 2005, the benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata has bloomed across t

200 d method for estimation of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the complex matri

201 rine toxin produced by Zoanthids (Palyhtoa), dinoflagellates (Ostreopsis), and cyanobacteria (Trichod

202 idered with Gracilaria outcompeting Ulva and dinoflagellates outcompeting diatoms under elevated pCO2

203 Lastly, proliferation of diatoms and dinoflagellates over the last five to six centuries, whe

204 Predation rates by the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina on mutants lacking the gi

205 al-associated bacterium and a representative dinoflagellate partner, Scrippsiella trochoidea, used ir

206 e symbiosis between phytoplankton, e.g., the dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida and Silicibacter sp.

207 The newly described heterotrophic estuarine dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida has been linked with

208 fluorescence was positively correlated with dinoflagellate photobiology, but its closest correlation

209 s and 24 more from DinoEST, showing that the dinoflagellate phylum possesses all 79 eukaryotic RPs.

210 in calcareous cell-wall coverings of extinct dinoflagellates (pithonellids) from a Tanzanian microfos

211 The most widely distributed dinoflagellate plastid contains chlorophyll c(2) and per

212 e history was wholly or partially within the dinoflagellate plastid genome have a markedly accelerate

213 To understand better the evolution of the dinoflagellate plastid, four categories of plastid-assoc

214 ommon red algal ancestry of apicomplexan and dinoflagellate plastids.

215 Toxic dinoflagellates pose serious threats to human health and

216 cus WH8102 by interfering with attachment of dinoflagellate prey capture organelles or cell surface r

217 This dinoflagellate produces brevetoxins, which are potent ne

218 nt sequence, CGTGAACGCAGTG, which might be a dinoflagellate promoter, was found to be present in both

219 ioplankton in different blooming phases of a dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense using a metaprot

220 maintain or increase similarity between the dinoflagellate protein sequences and their non-dinoflage

221 This unique voltage dependence makes the dinoflagellate proton channel ideally suited to mediate

222 transfer from an ancestral cryptomonad to a dinoflagellate, providing the first example of genetic e

223 and mechanosensitivity in live cells of the dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula.

224 The dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum is o

225 d genome in the dominant perdinin-containing dinoflagellates remain, however, two of the most intrigu

226 d Ciona intestinalis, but their existence in dinoflagellates remained unconfirmed.

227 e half a century of research, the biology of dinoflagellates remains enigmatic: they defy many functi

228 ria piscicida, mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates, respectively, and their preys.

229 es from copepods, ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates, respectively, under nutrient sufficient

230 c lifestyle in G. caribaeus, the majority of dinoflagellates share a large array of genes that putati

231 and alveolates (ciliates, apicomplexans, and dinoflagellates) share a common ancestor that contained

232 gerprint from the in situ condition, whereas dinoflagellates showed little response.

233 cDNA-encoding Fe-SOD was isolated from this dinoflagellate, showing high sequence similarity to cyan

234 In dinoflagellates, SL RNAs are unusually short at 50-60 nt

235 death and impacts on the cell cycle in three dinoflagellate species (Prorocentrum minimum, Karlodiniu

236 selectively conserved in at least two of the dinoflagellate species at a given position).

237 This study of luciferases from seven dinoflagellate species examines the previously undescrib

238 Both dinoflagellate species exhibit complex highly variable s

239 first time between two genetically distinct dinoflagellate species of the genus Symbiodinium (phylot

240 tional editing of mitochondrial mRNAs in the dinoflagellate species Pfiesteria piscicida, Prorocentru

241 Most dinoflagellate species possess plastids that contain the

242 cies (ROS), on gene expression in the marine dinoflagellate species Pyrocystis lunula were investigat

243 ate common genes and transcripts of dominant dinoflagellate species were identified.

244 d by Pfiesteria piscicida or Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellate species were seen in the Pocomoke River a

245 Examination of dinoflagellate-specific biological markers (dinosteranes

246 a further one-third of the alterations are "dinoflagellate-specific" (i.e. they involve a change to

247 ted for the flash response of bioluminescent dinoflagellates stimulated by fluid shear.

248 ared the same isoclonal Symbiodinium 'fitti' dinoflagellate strain.

249 main luciferases found in all other luminous dinoflagellates studied.

250 sely affects photosynthesis in the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum.

251 es colonization of the host by the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium minutum.

252 lly beneficial symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) and enduring partner

253 tween scleractinian corals and endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) are the foundation o

254 nderstand how corals and their endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) respond to environme

255 coral holobiont includes the host, symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.), and a diverse micro

256 ss is due to interactions with endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.), with which they are

257 Symbioses between cnidarians and symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium) are ecologically importan

258 from a sea anemone, Aiptasia pulchella, and dinoflagellate symbiont, Symbiodinium sp. extract.

259 ng, the adult octocoral Briareum sp. acquire dinoflagellate symbionts (Symbiodinium sp.) from the env

260 ls and other cnidarians house photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts within membrane-bound compartme

261 ng various phylotypes of Symbiodinium, their dinoflagellate symbionts.

262 Coral-dinoflagellate symbioses are defined as mutualistic beca

263 e is some evidence and conjecture that coral-dinoflagellate symbioses change partnerships in response

264 model system for the study of the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis, were colonized with the "norma

265 rtant role in the establishment of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis.

266 p. and the evolutionary history of the coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis.

267 ical niches for 87 North Atlantic diatom and dinoflagellate taxa and project changes in species bioge

268 veneficum is a predatory, nonbioluminescent dinoflagellate that produces toxins responsible for fish

269 dinium and Heterocapsa as early splits among dinoflagellates that diverged after the emergence of O.

270 ted eukaryotic molecular machine operates in dinoflagellates that likely encodes many more unsuspecte

271 logeny in which we increased the sampling of dinoflagellates to 14 species.

272 dopsin suggest a common genetic potential in dinoflagellates to use solar energy nonphotosyntheticall

273 gene responsible for the production of most dinoflagellate toxins.

274 We also gathered available dinoflagellate transcriptome data to trace the evolution

275 ed a taxonomically representative dataset of dinoflagellate transcriptomes and used this to infer a s

276 icircle and plastid-transferred genes in the dinoflagellate was strikingly higher than that of nuclea

277 een species representing all major orders of dinoflagellates, we demonstrate that nuclear-encoded mRN

278 he Cu exposure, cells of this photosynthetic dinoflagellate were treated with a critical point drying

279 ur categories of plastid-associated genes in dinoflagellates were defined based on their history of t

280 piscicida and other estuarine heterotrophic dinoflagellates were developed, permitting their detecti

281 irements of 41 strains of 27 HAB species (19 dinoflagellates) were investigated.

282 ions of undesirable organisms, such as toxic dinoflagellates, were displaced down-estuary to habitats

283 me architecture are very few and include the dinoflagellates, where genes are located on DNA minicirc

284 ed proton channels in 1972 in bioluminescent dinoflagellates, where they were thought to trigger the

285 The dinoflagellates, which are lower eukaryotic algae, also

286 the evolution of the fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates, which have adapted pathways retained fr

287 anella sp. IRI-160 that is effective against dinoflagellates, while having little to no effect on oth

288 ers analyses of 3D swimming behavior of fast dinoflagellates, whose motility influences macroassembla

289 Dinoflagellates with the greatest loss in PSII activity

290 containing live dinospores ('whole water', 'dinoflagellate'), with no mortalities in 'cell-free' or

291 oxins are produced by some species of marine dinoflagellates within the genus Alexandrium.

292 The cyanobacteria coexist with the symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) of the coral and express