ライフサイエンスコーパス: discount

1 2, discounted) and 50.12 QALYs (16.42 QALYs, discounted).

2 8, discounted) and 48.93 QALYs (16.09 QALYs, discounted).

3 not physical-effort devalues rewards (effort discounting).

4 tion and changes in HIV management cannot be discounted.

5 nd the models with lowest sensitivity can be discounted.

6 pact the degree to which future outcomes are discounted.

7 so confounding observer-effort biases can be discounted.

8 ch the value of delayed monetary payments is discounted.

9 t over 55 years undiscounted and 20.16 QALYs discounted.

10 ation of PCO2 and direct CO2-sensing largely discounted.

11 ic or bathy-pelagic foraging niche cannot be discounted.

12 n intermixing for the metallic interface are discounted.

13 e with a lifetime time horizon and 3% annual discounting.

14 ental tasks assaying loss aversion and delay discounting.

15 competing hypotheses about effort and delay discounting.

16 as the debate between Stern and Nordhaus on discounting.

17 al [CrI], euro7323/LY-euro11231/LY) under 3% discounting.

18 ween individuals, a phenomenon called social discounting.

19 havior and its first dissociation from delay discounting.

20 lculated according to Dutch guidelines, with discounting.

21 abilistic uncertainty and in enhancing delay discounting.

22 th other findings about control and temporal discounting.

23 was unlikely to be caused by effort or delay discounting.

24 ays that are differentially related to delay discounting.

25 gth of future time intervals--predicts delay discounting.

26 theories of reinforcement learning and delay discounting.

27 elationship between deprivation and temporal discounting.

28 7 or TCS-OX2-29, respectively) altered delay discounting.

29 to commonly debated decisions regarding time discounting.

30 ip between increased prospection and reduced discounting.

31 djusted life-years ([QALY]; 0.41 LY) with 3% discounting.

32 st described using a concave model of effort-discounting.

33 s (2008 Canadian dollars) and life-years are discounted 3% annually.

34 We discount a simple possible mechanism by showing that the

35 ace behaviour as deep dives or shallow dives discounts a significant amount of important variation.

36 ) (US $599 [95% CI, US $532-$665]); the cost discounted across 20 years was A $11,546 (95% CI, A $10,

37 ) (US $660 [95% CI, US $611-$710]); the cost discounted across 20 years was A $12,721 (95% CI, A $12,

38 relationship between loss aversion and delay discounting across the sample, nor in any of the subgrou

39 pieces of evidence on the link between time discounting and crime.

40 e that NAc dopamine dynamically tracks delay discounting and establishes a causal role for this signa

41 ggest two psychological mechanisms, temporal discounting and feeling of resource scarcity, for explai

42 Behavioral measures from delay discounting and flanker tasks supported a role for the v

43 ific prefrontal neural systems linking delay discounting and increased addiction-like behaviors are u

44 We examined delay discounting and its neural correlates in AN before and a

45 Delay discounting and measures of future time perspective (Zim

46 evidence of a relationship between temporal discounting and model-based control in a large new data

47 s, in which a balance is made between effort discounting and the intrinsic motivation to choose a cog

48 While a relationship between delay discounting and working memory is consistent with other

49 ntal cortex is a unique location where delay discounting and working memory processes overlap in the

50 To account for discounts and rebates, we used the average sales prices

51 management with PKP were Can$2675 (Can$1508, discounted) and 48.93 QALYs (16.09 QALYs, discounted).

52 CXL were estimated to be Can$5530 (Can$4512, discounted) and 50.12 QALYs (16.42 QALYs, discounted).

53 ive outcomes may activate impulsivity, delay discounting, and reward seeking.

54 h limited accumulation of evidence and delay discounting are forms of decisional impulsivity.

55 Significant discounts are necessary to meet conventional cost-effect

56 ogic failure (0.1%-0.6%/month), and Medicaid-discounted ART costs ($15 200-$39 600/year).

57 Based on an extant structure previously discounted as an artifact of crystal packing forces, we

58 nthesized and structurally characterized, is discounted as an intermediate by kinetic studies.

59 year-olds in the US over 10 years with costs discounted at 2%.

60 Costs were expressed in 2014 U.S. dollars, discounted at 3% annually, and estimated out to 3 years

61 sts and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), discounted at 3% annually.

62 plications, and costs per 1000 patients, all discounted at 3% per year and including 95% confidence i

63 nd quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) (both discounted at 3% per year), incremental cost-effectivene

64 ressed in 2013 US$) and health outcomes were discounted at 3% per year.

65 Costs and utilities were discounted at 3% per year.

66 Both costs and utilities were discounted at 3% per year.

67 rward from age 57 were approximately $7,300, discounted at 3% per year.

68 m perspective, with health and cost outcomes discounted at 3%.

69 Costs and QALYs were discounted at 5%, converting future costs and QALYs into

70 Costs and utilities were discounted at an annual rate of 3%.

71 t per ratios (ICERs) with outcomes and costs discounted at an annual rate of 3.5%.

72 lation size and sums only each time period's discounted average wellbeing.

73 lt in a total cost saving ( pound1.0 billion discounted), avert 25% of HIV infections (42% of which w

74 Humans show a natural tendency to discount bad news while incorporating good news into bel

75 These results are incompatible with standard discounting-based accounts but are compatible with an al

76 ide a novel characterization of human effort discounting behavior and its first dissociation from del

77 during reward imagination predicted temporal discounting behavior both between- and within-individual

78 d a design specifically optimized to compare discounting behavior for both effort and delay over a wi

79 duration of the postreward buffers, putative discounting behavior may instead reflect constrained rew

80 We assessed discounting behaviour, including decision variability, b

81 All costs and savings were discounted by 3% annually and adjusted for inflation to

82 whereas representations of outcome value are discounted by exertion, commensurate with an integration

83 l according to which the TPJ supports social discounting by modulating basic neural value signals in

84 owing validated decision-making tasks: delay discounting (choices between smaller rewards now vs larg

85 nce of BG downstream neurons during temporal discounting classical condition task.

86 Temporal discounting coefficients are an important example of tas

87 ssibility of genetic pleiotropy could not be discounted completely; however, additional IV analyses u

88 lost operative time via malpractice premium discounts, continuing education credits, and compensatio

89 data with an economic model to estimate the discounted cost, effectiveness (quality-adjusted life-ye

90 million) new HIV infections will occur at a (discounted) cost of $256 billion ($199-298 billion) over

91 d, deaths averted, change in HIV prevalence, discounted costs (in 2015 U.S. dollars), discounted qual

92 ompartmental model and used it to assess the discounted costs (in 2015 US dollars), health outcomes (

93 Outcomes included discounted costs (in euros at 2013 value), life-years ga

94 calculated from combined (maternal + infant) discounted costs and LE.

95 tal cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), using discounted costs and life expectancies for all HIV-expos

96 nted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and discounted costs.

97 the reactive strategy, both with and without discounting costs and cases.

98 DD was quantified using area under the discounting curve and the k coefficient estimated by fit

99 tability of both DD measures (area under the discounting curve: 46% and 62%; k: 35% and 55% at age 16

100 ss threshold of US$500 per DALY averted, and discounted DALYs and costs at 3% per year.

101 were performed on foci from studies of delay discounting (DD = 449), working memory (WM = 452), finge

102 the two animal models of impulsivity: delay-discounting (DD) or stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) tas

103 Delay discounting (DD), a decline in the subjective value of r

104 Delay discounting (DD), the tendency to discount the value of

105 semantic variant primary progressive aphasia discounted delayed rewards more steeply than controls (P

106 cting acid reflux off therapy as a result of discounting duration of exposure.

107 tol did not form our micro-structures so was discounted early in the study.

108 ion in these brain structures reflecting the discounting effect of effort on reward.

109 Typical discounting effects were observed and decision dynamics

110 Our results discount electron shuttling by dissolved flavins, and in

111 However we cannot discount emissions arising additionally from organic mat

112 ve forecasting, prospective memory, temporal discounting, episodic simulation, and autobiographical p

113 People often discount evidence that contradicts their firmly held bel

114 in the New England Journal of Medicine that discounted evidence linking sucrose consumption to blood

115 n, such that dread becomes equivalent to the discounted expectation of pain.

116 Discounting F&Vs is a promising intervention strategy be

117 ation, human observers tend to downweight or discount features that are relatively outlying or devian

118 rrent firing rate to its own expected future discounted firing rate.

119 enting win signals effectively blocked value discounting for the large, uncertain outcome as the prob

120 couraged by the presence of extreme quantity discounts for large purchases.

121 2099 totaled $5.5 billion (2015 dollars, 3% discount) for RCP8.5 and $4.2 billion for RCP4.5, sugges

122 tionally characterized the profile of effort discounting free of model assumptions (Experiment 2).

123 ir movements tended to have a steep temporal discount function, as evidenced by their waiting pattern

124 ameterized by reducing the rate of the dread-discounting function.

125 rchers, who compare features across options, discount future options less and are more susceptible to

126 ne release encoded an estimate of temporally discounted future reward (a value function).

127 des reward, the neuron learns to predict the discounted future reward and learning is closely related

128 life-years, disability-adjusted life-years, discounting, half-cycle correction, cycle length, probab

129 Such delay discounting has been linked to many behavioral and healt

130 ng, a bias toward novel stimuli and temporal discounting, have shown differences between PD patients

131 The discounted ICER comparing CXL to conventional management

132 The average 3-year costs, discounting immunosuppresion therapy and certain posttra

133 The average 3-year costs, discounting immunosuppression therapy and certain posttr

134 Axonal sources are typically discounted in modeling and data analysis because their c

135 depended on reward and energetic cost, both discounted in time, we found that it was possible to acc

136 the brain structural correlates of temporal discounting in a large cohort (n = 1830) of 14- to 15-ye

137 y reward receipt was correlated with reduced discounting in a separate monetary intertemporal choice

138 We suggest that steep intertemporal discounting in individuals of low socioeconomic status (

139 ggest, however, that the emphasis on "future-discounting" in this paper downplays the importance of d

140 Results showed that delay discounting increases with age in a quadratic fashion, w

141 ndergraduates, we observe that steeper delay discounting, indexing higher degree of impatience, is ne

142 Three-way interactions showed that delay discounting interacted with financial planning and incom

143 rt on a natural field experiment on quantity discounts involving more than 14 million consumers.

144 synthesize evidence indicating that temporal discounting is a functional, adaptive response to depriv

145 Impulsive behavior such as steep temporal discounting is a hallmark of addiction and is associated

146 Previous work has shown that temporal discounting is linked to individual characteristics rang

147 Temporal discounting is related to regions of the brain involved

148 olutionary framework to argue that "temporal discounting" is an appropriate response to low socioecon

149 nergy cost and then, like reward, temporally discounts it as a function of movement duration.

150 Discounted life expectancy and per person lifetime costs

151 Discounted life expectancy was 16.69 years for SOC, 16.9

152 life saved, or $352 (95% CI 104 to -268) per discounted life-year saved, and had a 72% chance of bein

153 of different treatment options expressed as discounted lifetime costs and benefits from the healthca

154 A discounted lifetime value of an additional IQ point base

155 ay play an important role in the deprivation-discounting link.

156 avor a warm illuminant (incandescent light), discount longer wavelengths, and see blue/black.

157 ed by using a finite-horizon, discrete time, discounted Markov decision process model populated by pa

158 In pathological gamblers, discounting may be further increased by the presence of

159 es of brain regions associated with temporal discounting mediate the relation between adverse life ev

160 Various discounting methods were used.

161 ariation in approaches to valuation metrics, discounting methods, uncertainty characterization and pr

162 how that, because exponential and hyperbolic discounting models are unable to account for the attract

163 We tested whether foraging theory or delay discounting models predicted the behavior we observed bu

164 Using a delay discounting monetary decision task known to discriminate

165 ges (because the savings occur later and are discounted more) and at older ages (because male circumc

166 Greater temporal discounting (more impulsivity) was associated with 1) lo

167 at studies of pyrethroid efficacy should not discount mosquitoes that survive insecticide exposure wi

168 poral discounting of rewards by showing that discounting motivates animals to follow the shortest pat

169 6780 for the trial participants) or with the discounted net price of $10311 in patients with low-dens

170 orrelation between VMPFC and VS activity and discounting occurs even in the absence of choices about

171 Despite the similar nature of behavioral discounting of effort and risk, distinct regions of the

172 may not reflect impulsivity, or even mental discounting of future options, and that standard human a

173 r psychometric conscientiousness and steeper discounting of future rewards at age 14 also predicts pr

174 d that working memory training decreased the discounting of future rewards in stimulant addicts witho

175 vior, promoting comparative search decreased discounting of future rewards substantially and speeded

176 er, greater readiness to quit and less steep discounting of future rewards were consistently among th

177 delayed reward signals may lead to increased discounting of future rewards, which might in turn affec

178 further suggest a formal basis for temporal discounting of rewards by showing that discounting motiv

179 cost-saving for the base price (euro15,000) discounts of at least 75% applied in patients with F0-F2

180 One was discounted on pathological and clinical grounds, and one

181 n the influence of cognitive effort risks or discounting on motivation.

182 s of cognitive training on measures of delay discounting or risk sensitivity.

183 ependent on how payers are able to negotiate discounts or rebates.

184 ial estimates are poorly constrained and may discount other shifts in organic-C burial driven by glob

185 of distinct subprocesses, including temporal discount, outcome utility, instrumental learning rate, i

186 This occurred mainly because of high discounts over international DAA prices due to negotiati

187 Two days later, delay-discounting performance was re-evaluated.

188 gy that the brain has implemented to rapidly discount potential distractors.

189 probability of living to age 75 y, and delay discounting predicted food insecurity as well as individ

190 We examined discounting preferences in a novel, large community stud

191 CER of $268637 per QALY gained ($165689 with discounted price of $10311 based on mean rebate of 29% f

192 e of 4.2 per 100 patient-years ($270192 with discounted price of $10311) and $483800 if no cardiovasc

193 g residency and describing residency-related discounted pricing models.

194 Performance in an adjusting delay discounting procedure is predictive of drug abuse vulner

195 Discounted procedures were offered by 32 of 53 (60%) pro

196 erial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and delay discounting procedures.

197 egy costs US$20,730 per patient and yields a discounted QALY of 15.45, which represents incremental c

198 cause of PrEP), and lead to a gain of 40 000 discounted QALYs over an 80-year time horizon.

199 tcomes included health benefits expressed as discounted quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), costs in

200 tions averted, change in HIV prevalence, and discounted quality-adjusted life years [QALYs]), and inc

201 The discounted quality-adjusted life years with UDCA and OCA

202 -RFA yields equivalent utility (11.5 vs 11.4 discounted quality-adjusted life years) with lower total

203 Outcome Measures: Discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and disco

204 ce, discounted costs (in 2015 U.S. dollars), discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incr

205 tcomes included health benefits expressed as discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs in

206 yielded increasing benefits (6.034 to 6.221 discounted quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs] per patie

207 RTT)-- the human 4-CSRTT--and a reward delay-discounting questionnaire to measure effects on these di

208 nd impulsive behavior (by means of the Delay Discounting Questionnaire, Two-Choice Impulsivity Paradi

209 ulsive choice as indexed by the reward delay-discounting questionnaire.

210 d-the results are therefore sensitive to the discount rate applied, and more generally to the future

211 This study uses the discount rate as a proxy for these perceptions and decis

212 me time horizon, US societal perspective, 3% discount rate for costs, and health outcomes.

213 sis that an important factor influencing the discount rate for future rewards is the quality with whi

214 ve of the utility, which uses a market-based discount rate in these calculations.

215 We argue that the choice of discount rate is an ethical primitive: there are many di

216 hree times GDPpc, (iii) 14%-19% lower if the discount rate is increased to 6%, and (iv) 36% (95% CI 2

217 to a decision analytic model, with an annual discount rate of 3% applied.

218 A discount rate of 3% was used.

219 tic product per capita (GDPpc) and an annual discount rate of 3%.

220 VMMC at age 20 are estimated at US$617 at a discount rate of 5% and are lower for circumcisions both

221 gation efficiently leads to a time-dependent discount rate that declines monotonically to the lowest

222 ld to three times GDPpc, (iv) increasing the discount rate to 6%, and (v) accounting for the proporti

223 Seemingly small differences in the discount rate yield very different policy prescriptions,

224 we controlled for the reference price, price discount rate, and brand-specific effects, the sales upl

225 determinants of cost-effectiveness were the discount rate, protective effectiveness, baseline neonat

226 t had a relevant impact on ICER included the discount rate, visual acuity before CXL, and healthcare

227 Disagreements about the value of the utility discount rate--the rate at which our concern for the wel

228 ty payer perspective and applied a 3% annual discount rate.

229 that combines a survey-based measure of time discount rates (at age 13) with detailed longitudinal re

230 pproach in which a diverse set of individual discount rates is aggregated into a "representative" rat

231 herapeutic target for individuals whose high discount rates promote detrimental behaviors.

232 layed over earlier rewards (i.e., less steep discount rates) compared with HC; after weight restorati

233 ritical uncertainties, as well as a range of discount rates, and should explicitly characterize uncer

234 th variable delay times, yielding individual discount rates-the rate by which money loses value over

235 h the parties are expected to have different discount rates.

236 the striatum and an age-related decrease in discount rates.

237 0.50-$5.50/Mcf across the range of potential discount rates.

238 magination are significantly correlated with discounting rates for future monetary payments.

239 impulsivity, as reflected in monetary delay discounting rates, for those with high VS-low amygdala r

240 sted life-years gained, 2.43 (1.87); and the discounted ratio of cost to utility, $1889.16 ($4800.62)

241 Discounting relapses, children acquired equal numbers of

242 They discount research showing nonoptical influences on visua

243 e opposite preferences and could be used for discounting retinal motion that arises from perceptually

244 One common assumption is that effort discounts reward in a similar way to delay.

245 People tend to discount rewards or losses that occur in the future.

246 to reach distant locations (i.e., temporally discounting rewards).

247 We apply this discounting scheme to calculations of the social cost of

248 nsory signals to compute heading but instead discounts self-motion signals to represent object motion

249 asured in the nucleus accumbens during delay-discounting sessions before and after cocaine treatment.

250 This thesis was put forward after discounting several O2 production mechanisms in comets,

251 e people favor a cool illuminant (blue sky), discount shorter wavelengths, and perceive white/gold; o

252 -trial cortical stimulus-evoked responses to discount single-trial state-dependent variability increa

253 Despite the pervasiveness of social discounting, social distance between actors has been sur

254 We next modeled effort-discounted subjective values using a novel behavioral mo

255 hat individuals with OCPD show less temporal discounting (suggestive of excessive self-control), wher

256 ls with substance use disorders show greater discounting (suggestive of impulsivity), supports the pr

257 ing, in contrast to several previous reports discounting T-channels as major contributors to subicula

258 trol subjects (HC, n = 39) performed a delay discounting task at two time points.

259 terminals in the NAc using a modified delay discounting task in which both delay and magnitude varie

260 on making was assessed using a probabilistic discounting task in which well trained male rats chose b

261 ensor imaging scanning and completed a delay-discounting task twice, separated by a 2-year interval.

262 ubsecond NAc dopamine release during a delay discounting task where magnitude was fixed but delay var

263 n the laboratory using an incentivized delay discounting task.

264 We trained rats in a delay-discounting task.

265 Impulsivity was estimated with a temporal discounting task.

266 infrequent purchasers are more responsive to discounts than frequent purchasers.

267 s contrast with classical findings on effort discounting that found reductions in striatum activation

268 finds its roots into the brain's tendency to discount the actual value of future reward.

269 py based Ising models have been suggested to discount the effect of indirect interactions and give go

270 the issues of how individuals and societies discount the future and the interests of others, and the

271 gher financial need; they may thus appear to discount the future more heavily.

272 d good financial planning skills and did not discount the future, whereas having good financial skill

273 Although we cannot discount the importance of this peptide, our study indic

274 phical areas and time periods, and we cannot discount the potential existence of other unsampled rese

275 Delay discounting (DD), the tendency to discount the value of delayed versus current rewards, is

276 The pervasive tendency to discount the value of future rewards varies considerably

277 als with OCPD, with or without comorbid OCD, discounted the value of delayed monetary rewards signifi

278 estibular neurons can estimate heading while discounting the effects of object motion.

279 re, whereas having good financial skills and discounting the future had minimal influence on food ins

280 tested whether attending to the present and discounting the future may moderate the influence of inc

281 can shift attention to the present, thereby discounting the future.

282 . it can map reads to reference genome while discounting the mismatches that occur at common SNP loca

283 flux compared to esophageal acid exposure by discounting the prolonged period of mucosal contact with

284 l explanation, which should be viewed as not discounting the role of the etiopathogenic factors that

285 hological than physiological condition, thus discounting the value of antihypertensive medications an

286 the genetic architecture of CRC and probably discounts the existence of further major high-penetrance

287 ition, color constancy requires that vision "discounts the illuminant"; thus, it seems reasonable tha

288 This discounts the possible influence of common biasing facto

289 plex computations to infer eye movements and discount their sensory consequences based solely on visu

290 average lifetime outcomes per listed patient discounted to 2012 US dollars were US $342,799 and 5.42

291 on, the rotational velocity patterns must be discounted to accurately perceive heading.

292 e data were incorporated into time-trade-off discounted utility values.

293 lore two approaches to valuing population: a discounted version of total utilitarianism (TU), which c

294 with making choices; and (c) a new model of discounted vigour.

295 e positive association between age and delay discounting was further increased in individuals with hi

296 Discounting was steeper for high versus low craving tria

297 .9% and 66.2%) and without (68.1% and 65.6%) discount, were equal to or greater than the actual healt

298 nal mechanism is predictable from hyperbolic discounting: When a person uses willpower to control urg

299 Costs and outcomes were discounted with net present value analysis at 3% per ann

300 irming previous results on hyperbolic reward discounting, yet without making any prior assumption abo