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1 n 2,700 kelvin are referred to as 'ultracool dwarfs'.
2 led onto a highly magnetized (B>10 MG) white dwarf.
3 anion star or by a merger with another white dwarf.
4 ements for the precursor to a low-mass white dwarf.
5 hite dwarf merging with a less-massive white dwarf.
6 aints that suggest that the donor is a brown dwarf.
7 onuclear runaway on the surface of the white dwarf.
8 nse plasma related to the viscosity of brown dwarfs.
9 estructive explosions of carbon-oxygen white dwarfs.
10 isk instabilities drop matter onto the white dwarfs.
11 e of the weather phenomena reported on brown dwarfs.
12 erate objects, either neutron stars or white dwarfs.
13 n evolved stars, in dust clouds and on brown dwarfs.
14 d F-type stars that end their lives as white dwarfs.
15 t high rates of mass transfer to their white dwarfs.
16 al peaks of rotavirus and all-cause AGE were dwarfed.
17 ID1c silencing corresponded to the degree of dwarfing.
18 Conversely, LOH2 overexpression resulted in dwarfing.
19 ized to understand the mechanisms underlying dwarfing.
20 otypes, including spontaneous cell death and dwarfing.
22 equires the hormone-dependent interaction of DWARF 14 (D14), a probable candidate SL receptor, with D
24 of 10to10 in models of the bright T4.5 brown dwarf 2MASS 0559-14 leads to significantly better agreem
25 D14), a probable candidate SL receptor, with DWARF 3 (D3), an F-box component of the Skp-Cullin-F-box
27 nt SL-insensitive rice (Oryza sativa) mutant dwarf 53 (d53) and the cloning of D53, which encodes a s
29 vae are one type of outburst: when the white dwarf accretes enough matter from its companion, the res
30 egenerate channel, hypothesizes that a white dwarf accretes matter from a companion star and the resu
31 t that SN 2012Z was the explosion of a white dwarf accreting material from a helium-star companion.
33 ion lines of M. truncatula results in severe dwarfing, altered development, reduction in lignin conte
34 d methylation changes are suppressed in Ames dwarf and calorie restricted mice and more selectively a
35 tolerance-conferring transcription factors, DWARF AND DELAYED FLOWERING1 (DDF1) and DDF2, that dupli
37 t influences the lifespan of long-lived Ames dwarf and normal littermate control mice in a genotype a
39 K3 in Arabidopsis thalianaCA-MPK3 plants are dwarfed and display a massive derepression of defense ge
41 As a result, ERF6 gain-of-function lines are dwarfed and hypersensitive to osmotic stress, while the
42 true knock-out mutants of MPK1 were severely dwarfed and sterile, and homozygous mpk1 seeds from hete
43 tive transcriptional process responsible for dwarfing and inhibition of lignin biosynthesis, and sugg
46 te characterizations of atmospheres of brown dwarfs and exoplanets, especially when observed in the n
47 lution of magnetic fields in accreting white dwarfs and extends the connections between accretion ont
49 The state and evolution of planets, brown dwarfs and neutron star crusts is determined by the prop
50 ism has been studied in the context of white dwarfs and type Ia supernovae, but hitherto was not cons
51 efs 7, 8; with a millisecond pulsar, a white dwarf, and a planetary-mass object in an orbit of severa
52 OID-6-OXIDASE, CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC DWARF, and DIMINUTO) and one brassinosteroid-signaling g
54 ems in which one star of the pair is a white dwarf, and which often generate bright and energetic ste
55 s are not expected to be launched from white dwarfs, and an origin from a black hole or a neutron sta
56 ic fields are more common amongst cool white dwarfs, and implies that the currently accepted ages of
57 t, given the small masses of these ultracool dwarfs, and the small sizes of their protoplanetary disk
58 effects, including but not limited to severe dwarfing appearance, chlorosis, nearly complete reductio
63 Dynamical mass estimates show that many such dwarfs are more massive than expected from their luminos
66 f heavy elements in the atmospheres of white dwarfs are similar to the ratios in rocky bodies in the
68 tood, so the potential use of low-mass white dwarfs as independent clocks with which to test the spin
71 lected across dominant groupings of species (dwarf birch shrubs, willow shrubs, other deciduous shrub
73 cl1 4cl2 and 4cl1 4cl2 4cl3 mutants are both dwarf but do not have further reduced lignin than the 4c
74 red orbiting Proxima Centauri, the closest M dwarf, but it probably does not transit and its true mas
75 thermonuclear runaway in carbon/oxygen white dwarfs, but it is uncertain whether the explosion is tri
76 zations was a relatively rare form of abuse, dwarfed by abuse by family members and other adults.
77 Financial support for protected areas is dwarfed by the benefits that they provide, but these ret
78 though the contamination of 4 mg/kg (Fe) was dwarfed by the intentional content of 5800 mg/kg (Fe as
79 further evidence that the pollution of white dwarfs by heavy elements might originate from disrupted
80 in close orbits with less dense stars, white dwarfs can strip material from their companions and the
81 the final decimal places) and the two white dwarf companions (0.19751(15)M[Symbol: see text] and 0.4
83 oachondroplasia (PSACH), a severe short-limb dwarfing condition, results from mutations that cause mi
87 otility and limb bone growth in West African Dwarf crocodiles, producing altered limb proportions whi
88 on in LER for a fast-growing ('K-31'), and a dwarf cultivar ('Bonsai') of tall fescue (Festuca arundi
98 100-1,000 km above the surface of the white dwarf, far too small to be resolved with current telesco
100 ight at the boundary between stars and brown dwarfs, from which we have detected radio and optical au
102 ed compact elliptical and isolated quiescent dwarf galaxies are tidally stripped systems that ran awa
103 mically simpler, and more ancient ultrafaint dwarf galaxies assembled shortly after the first stars f
104 sters in the halo of the Milky Way formed in dwarf galaxies, as is commonly believed, then they were
105 ly known SLSNe-I that reside in star-forming dwarf galaxies, ASASSN-15lh appears to be hosted by a lu
108 e assumption that no gas accretes into those dwarf galaxies; gas accretion favours continual r-proces
110 e optics kinematic data of the ultra-compact dwarf galaxy M60-UCD1 that show a central velocity dispe
116 However, hitherto observations of brown dwarfs have been limited to globally integrated measurem
117 Between one-quarter and one-half of white dwarfs have elements heavier than helium in their atmosp
120 Since the observation of the first brown dwarf in 1995, numerous studies have led to a better und
121 terial accreting onto the surface of a white dwarf in a close binary system ignites in a thermonuclea
122 urface magnetic field strength for the white dwarf in MV Lyrae of between 2 x 10(4) gauss and 1 x 10(
123 ations of the 'non-magnetic' accreting white dwarf in the binary system MV Lyrae, whose light curve d
124 odel may account for the explosions of white dwarfs in a mass range wider than previously supposed.
125 also low, as in primeval galaxies and local dwarf irregular galaxies, CO forms slowly and is easily
126 observations of CO clouds in the local group dwarf irregular galaxy Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte (WLM), whic
127 he detection of CO in two regions of a local dwarf irregular galaxy, WLM, where the metallicity is 13
128 ensity explains why star clusters forming in dwarf irregulars have similar densities to star clusters
130 se binaries, the magnetic field of the white dwarf is strong enough (at 10(6) gauss or more) to chann
131 aximum observed on high-field magnetic white dwarfs, is impossible because practically available fiel
132 es from stranded pygmy (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf (K. sima) sperm whales were used to characterize t
133 st rapid and well documented cases of island dwarfing known thus far took place over thousands of yea
134 y more massive population of accreting white dwarfs, large populations of low-mass X-ray binaries or
135 ified the causative mutation of the dominant dwarf Ligon lintless Li1 short fiber mutant as a single
136 very of a high proper motion, low-mass white dwarf (LP 40-365) that travels at a velocity greater tha
137 ve to weakly magnetic and non-magnetic white dwarfs, making them appear younger than they truly are.
140 sp. as a derived species, and the absence of dwarf males represents a character reversal for this gen
143 the replication machinery of tobacco yellow dwarf mastrevirus (TYDV) and is essentially transient ge
145 o observed in the livers of long-lived Snell dwarf mice and in mice exposed to drugs that have been s
153 based experimental trials on habituated wild dwarf mongooses (Helogale parvula) [4], we combine sound
154 migration in a habituated population of wild dwarf mongooses (Helogale parvula) [5]; sentinels (raise
162 e pre-nova at minimum light with no trace of dwarf nova behaviour, implying that the mass-transfer ra
163 rs before the explosion, the system revealed dwarf nova outbursts indicative of a low mass-transfer r
169 discovery of ancient nova shells around the dwarf novae Z Camelopardalis and AT Cancri, but direct e
171 same orbital period of novalike binaries and dwarf novae-which are identical but for their widely var
174 e planetary population surrounding ultracool dwarfs, of which the TRAPPIST-1 planets are the first tr
175 hippopotami, deer, and other species became dwarfed on islands scattered all over the world, from th
177 calized ignition on the surface of the white dwarf or as a consequence of rotational distortion.
178 se must either originate from near the white dwarf or be generated in situ at the M star through dire
179 vae resulted from the merger of binary white dwarfs or other compact stars such as helium stars.
180 ll either on a near-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf, or on a sub-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf mergin
183 creen identifies T0 plants with the expected dwarf phenotype associated with knock-out of the target
184 atprx71-1 mutation partially suppresses the dwarf phenotype of qua2-1, suggesting that AtPRX71 contr
186 Ectopic accumulation of IBH1 causes a severe dwarf phenotype, but the cell elongation suppression mec
189 rom UABs of ACC-treated plants resulted in a dwarfed phenotype that mimicked the growth response in R
191 In Chukotka, the total cover of alder and dwarf pine (Pinus) increased 6.1% within one ecotone and
194 the largest object in the asteroid belt, the dwarf planet (1) Ceres, which is thought to be different
198 Dawn Framing Camera images, of a landform on dwarf planet Ceres that we argue represents a viscous cr
201 tensor, resulting in a reorientation of the dwarf planet of around 60 degrees with respect to the ro
203 tive surface renewal may also occur on other dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt, which may help to expl
204 ts in great numbers: the average number of M-dwarf planets that are between 0.5 to 1.5 times the size
205 anets (radii less than 1.7 Earth radii), gas dwarf planets with rocky cores and hydrogen-helium envel
207 ion radius) and then accretes onto the white dwarf, producing bursts powered by the release of gravit
208 y debris from the planetary systems of white-dwarf progenitors occasionally pollutes the atmospheres
209 omoting interventions, specifically the Ames dwarf Prop1 (df/df) mutation, calorie restriction and ra
210 At a distance of 1.295 parsecs, the red dwarf Proxima Centauri (alpha Centauri C, GL 551, HIP 70
211 ely 'Chinese Cavendish', 'Giant Cavendish', 'Dwarf Red', 'Grand Nain', 'Eilon', 'Gruesa', 'Silver', '
212 r spectrum of intermediate-temperature brown dwarfs resembles that of Neptune, indicating the presenc
215 hough the pulsations are driven by the white dwarf's spin, they mainly originate from the cool star.
216 e we report a two-dimensional map of a brown dwarf's surface that allows identification of large-scal
217 cation of this is that a population of 'dark dwarfs' should orbit the Milky Way: halos devoid of star
219 auses of growth variability of the evergreen dwarf shrub Cassiope tetragona between 1927 and 2012 in
222 might promote an expansion of this evergreen dwarf shrub, mainly through densification of existing sh
223 Acutifolia and Pleurozium schreberi) and in dwarf shrub-P. schreberi vegetation in sub-Arctic Finlan
225 ypically greater for exclosures dominated by dwarf shrubs (Calluna vulgaris) than by grasses (Molinia
228 peatland carbon (up to 2100 years old) when dwarf-shrubs or graminoids are present, an effect not ob
230 Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) is a dwarfed species that inhabits six of California's Channe
231 of the satellite galaxies of Andromeda, the dwarf spheroidal Andromeda II, which has a mass of only
232 e of a plateau of europium abundance in some dwarf spheroidal galaxies has been suggested as evidence
234 e close binary systems consisting of a white dwarf star (the primary) that is accreting matter from a
239 agration of an accreting carbon-oxygen white dwarf star or the explosion of an accreting, hybrid carb
240 much further out in the magnetosphere of the dwarf star that couple energy into the lower atmosphere.
241 stem of seven planets orbiting the ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 and find that panspermia is potent
242 transiting the recently discovered ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 are capable of retaining their atm
244 f the trajectory of an exoplanet around an M dwarf star, derived by mapping the spectrum of the stell
245 plosions, occurring on the surfaces of white dwarf stars accreting gas from companions in binary star
248 (SNe), the thermonuclear explosions of white-dwarf stars, vary systematically with their intrinsic co
252 ant with reduced PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels showed dwarf stature and phenotypes suggesting defects in auxin
255 x) mutants, with collapsed xylem vessels and dwarfed stature, highlighted the importance of this cell
258 The gravitational field of the outer white dwarf strongly accelerates the inner binary containing t
259 stars of extremely low mass as well as brown dwarfs (substellar objects not massive enough to sustain
261 sks surrounding about four per cent of white dwarfs, suggests that rocky debris from the planetary sy
263 explosions of accreting carbon-oxygen white dwarfs that do not completely unbind the star, implying
264 action space of the continuous donation game dwarfs that of the classic prisoner's dilemma, players c
265 iability or other external forcings may have dwarfed the fairly modest ENSO response to precessional
269 sterdam Island, southern Indian Ocean, which dwarfed to about three quarters of its body size in slig
270 escope infrared monitoring campaign of brown dwarfs to constrain cloud cover variations over a total
275 lobal gene expression of Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV)-infected rice plants with that of he
276 rns were evaluated for 229 isolates of Wheat dwarf virus (WDV), which are important cereal-infecting
278 tions among wheat (cv. Yitpi), Barley yellow dwarf virus and an important pest and virus vector, the
279 important in mRNA translation, barley yellow dwarf virus employs a novel mechanism utilizing the 3'-U
280 tabacum), replicons based on the bean yellow dwarf virus enhanced gene targeting frequencies one to t
283 sativa with two virus species, barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and cereal yellow dwarf virus
287 ghtness and magnetic field of the cool white dwarf WD 1953-011 taken over about eight years, and the
291 They reflect the spin of a magnetic white dwarf, which we find to be slowing down on a 10(7)-year
292 ong magnetic fields than young, hotter white dwarfs, which has been a puzzle because magnetic fields
293 er the entire surface in cool magnetic white dwarfs, which inhibits their cooling evolution relative
294 dly along the poles as a wind from the white dwarf, while denser material drifted out along the equat
295 ernovae deriving from the explosion of white dwarfs with mass above the Chandrasekhar limit is in agr
298 e Carina, the eighth most luminous Milky Way dwarf, would be expected to inhabit a significantly more
299 r confirmed by sequencing the Dw2 alleles in Dwarf Yellow Milo and Double Dwarf Yellow Milo, the prog
300 Dw2 alleles in Dwarf Yellow Milo and Double Dwarf Yellow Milo, the progenitor genotypes where the re
301 the connections between accretion onto white dwarfs, young stellar objects and neutron stars, for whi
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