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   1 a wide range of life styles from solitary to eusocial.                                               
  
  
  
     5 arison of orthologous gene promoters between eusocial and solitary species revealed significant regul
  
  
  
  
  
  
    12  data from acorn woodpeckers and primitively eusocial bees potentially can account for many of the hi
    13 liponini), a mainly tropical group of highly eusocial bees, present an intriguing variety of well-des
  
  
  
  
  
  
    20 inking the expression of a termite gene with eusocial behavior; they illustrate the connection betwee
    21 uticular hydrocarbons important in mediating eusocial behaviour.Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) mediate 
  
  
  
  
  
  
    28 f social complexity, from solitary living to eusocial colonies, and thus are exemplary for studies of
  
  
    31 s, provide insights into the early stages of eusocial evolution because eusociality has arisen recent
    32 provide insights into the earliest stages of eusocial evolution because eusociality in these taxa evo
    33 fying adaptive molecular changes involved in eusocial evolution in insects is important for understan
  
    35 eages and discuss potential common themes of eusocial evolution, as well as challenges and prospects 
    36 thways in B. terrestris, suggesting that, in eusocial evolution, the caste-associated role of individ
    37    To investigate how miRNAs affect caste in eusocial evolution, we used deep sequencing and Northern
  
  
  
    41 oup selection is the strong binding force in eusocial evolution; individual selection, the strong dis
  
    43 ves and sterile workers differentiate within eusocial groups has long been a core issue in sociobiolo
    44 nces in glomerular numbers are higher in the eusocial honeybee and a sexual dimorphism of the relativ
    45 ing these new genomes to those of the highly eusocial honeybee Apis mellifera and other Hymenoptera, 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
    53 aste-associated miRNAs from outside advanced eusocial Hymenoptera, so providing evidence for caste-as
    54 odea) and compare them with similar data for eusocial Hymenoptera, to better identify commonalities a
  
    56 It is therefore a paradox that two thirds of eusocial hymenopteran insects appear to be exclusively m
    57 riking reproductive patterns in large-colony eusocial Hymenopteran species, from the loss of worker c
    58  ground-dwelling predatory insects to become eusocial, increasing efficiency of tasks and establishin
    59 genome-wide maps of chromatin structure in a eusocial insect and found that gene-proximal changes in 
  
  
    62 ative and evolutionary genomics in different eusocial insect groups (bees, ants, wasps, and termites)
    63 e greatest plasticity is found in the simple eusocial insect societies in which individuals retain th
  
  
  
    67 matically different strategy in thousands of eusocial insect species in which colonies are started by
  
  
    70 the first accurate estimate of drifting in a eusocial insect: 56% of females drifted in a natural pop
    71 volution of extreme cooperation, as found in eusocial insects (those with a worker caste), is potenti
  
    73 s comprise one lineage of the triumvirate of eusocial insects and experienced their early diversifica
    74 e the world's most conspicuous and important eusocial insects and their diversity, abundance, and ext
    75 d per capita brood production in primitively eusocial insects and why only one of the five major line
  
    77  particularly intriguing for some species of eusocial insects because they display exceptionally high
  
  
  
  
  
    83 Such communication is especially critical in eusocial insects such as honey bees and ants, where coop
  
    85    The evolution of sterile worker castes in eusocial insects was a major problem in evolutionary the
    86 iate the interactions between individuals in eusocial insects, but the sensory receptors for CHCs are
  
    88 lationship is particularly true for advanced eusocial insects, including ants, bees, and wasps, whose
    89 mmals, DNA methylation in insects, including eusocial insects, is enriched in gene bodies of actively
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   105 dation (and vice versa) and from solitary to eusocial life, we inferred the phylogeny and divergence 
   106 t symbionts with their hosts, favored by the eusocial lifestyle of honey bees, might have promoted th
   107 rgence, there are striking differences among eusocial lifestyles, ranging from species living in smal
  
   109  various solitary insects to examine whether eusocial lineages share distinct features of genomic org
   110 ignature of accelerated evolution across all eusocial lineages studied, as well as unique sets of 173
  
  
  
  
  
   116 ation of other biological characteristics of eusocial organisms, when accounts based on phylogenetic 
  
  
  
   120 males drifted in a natural population of the eusocial paper wasp Polistes canadensis, exceeding previ
   121 "workers" in north temperate colonies of the eusocial paper wasp Polistes fuscatus disappear within a
  
   123 on of ecological keystone insects, including eusocial, phytophagous, and parasitoid lineages, occurre
   124      Lower termites express a unique form of eusocial polyphenism in that totipotent workers can diff
   125 at (Heterocephalus glaber) is a subterranean eusocial rodent with a markedly long lifespan and resist
  
  
  
   129  more important for shaping conflicts within eusocial societies than for explaining its origins [6, 1
   130 ion of labor is a defining characteristic of eusocial societies, but individual larvae will maximize 
  
   132  more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously,
  
  
   135 e times across diverse terrestrial taxa, and eusocial species fundamentally shape many terrestrial ec
  
  
   138 gically specialized castes are well known in eusocial species like ants and termites, but castes have
   139  in a nest or other protected cavity, and so eusocial species must be able to exploit a predator-safe
  
  
  
   143 of social strategies, from fungus thieves to eusocial species to communities assembled by attraction 
   144 ploid sex determination mechanisms, which in eusocial species usually require heterozygosity for fema
   145 n selection theory to explain the biology of eusocial species, independently of ploidy, and add suppo
  
   147  trajectory between primitively and advanced eusocial species, which have, respectively, relatively u
  
  
  
  
   152      We studied how communities of tropical, eusocial stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) disassemble
   153 proximate mechanisms of caste development in eusocial taxa can reveal how social species evolved from
   154 icidae) represent one of the most successful eusocial taxa in terms of both their geographic distribu
  
  
  
  
   159 n diversity, leaving today only two advanced eusocial tribes comprising less than 2% of the total bee
   160 anatory framework for caste evolution in the eusocial wasp genus Polistes (Vespidae), which is a mode
  
  
  
   164 ylogenetic hypothesis of Vespidae places the eusocial wasps (subfamilies Stenogastrinae, Polistinae, 
  
  
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