ライフサイエンスコーパス: expulsion

1 IL-13 in basophils resulted in impaired worm expulsion.

2 immune signaling pathways that control their expulsion.

3 s and the BNSLs can occur faster than the NP expulsion.

4 e parasites, leading to their destruction or expulsion.

5 actomyosin ring is not essential for nuclear expulsion.

6 dered the view that mast cells mediate rapid expulsion.

7 be unique to rats and has been called rapid expulsion.

8 on occurs when challenged rats exhibit rapid expulsion.

9 ociate mast cell degranulation from parasite expulsion.

10 P and motor Myosin VIIa to mediate bacterial expulsion.

11 RMCPII), was detected in sera at the time of expulsion.

12 activity in neonatal rats that display rapid expulsion.

13 release of RMCPII is not sufficient to cause expulsion.

14 ircuitry are simultaneously involved in UPEC expulsion.

15 d smooth muscle thickness, and impaired worm expulsion.

16 eby allowing ring fragmentation and nitrogen expulsion.

17 n intestinal smooth muscle function and worm expulsion.

18 in intestinal function that facilitate worm expulsion.

19 reatly increased mortality, and delayed worm expulsion.

20 f conformational changes that result in drug expulsion.

21 talsis; and attaching to the midgut to avoid expulsion.

22 improve the likelihood of spontaneous stone expulsion.

23 , IL-4 and IL-13, and may contribute to worm expulsion.

24 rt Stat6-dependent effects that promote worm expulsion.

25 t that are associated with eventual parasite expulsion.

26 e hypertrophy/hyperplasia, and impaired worm expulsion.

27 mastocytosis which correlates with parasite expulsion.

28 l responses to Hb2 infection that facilitate expulsion.

29 tionship between cell cycle exit and nuclear expulsion.

30 cus production, ultimately resulting in worm expulsion.

31 immunity, RELMbeta (Retnlb) can promote its expulsion.

32 .4 ppm) had very little or no impact on worm expulsion.

33 clear volume following cytoplasm/nucleoplasm expulsion.

34 eas enhancement of Dh44 signals delays sperm expulsion.

35 es are essential: atopic asthma and helminth expulsion.

36 iently inducing Nippostrongylus brasiliensis expulsion.

37 ld-type mice, but without increased parasite expulsion.

38 ite complex and induce TolC opening for drug expulsion.

39 plore mechanisms associated with the delayed expulsion, 3-week-old female BALB/c mice were placed on

40 The primary outcome was the rate of IUD expulsion 6 months after IUD insertion; an expulsion rat

41 similar elevations in Th2 cytokines and worm expulsion after N. brasiliensis inoculation.

42 er Th2 cell-dependent processes such as worm expulsion, allergic asthma, and dermatitis.

43 ls elaborate diverse mechanisms for pathogen expulsion, amebae have also developed complex strategies

44 ial cells resulted in a marked delay in worm expulsion and abolished the expansion of the Lin(-)c-Kit

45 ropulsive motor pattern, associated with gas expulsion and anal sphincter relaxation, inferred to be

46 ng the genetic determinants that control the expulsion and death of epithelial cells.

47 the child's history of school suspension or expulsion and difficulty in getting along with others.

48 infection, deficient mice had impaired worm expulsion and higher worm fecundity despite normal produ

49 ies in which no dewetting is observed, water expulsion and hydrophobic collapse occur simultaneously,

50 ELM-beta is essential for normal spontaneous expulsion and IL-4-induced expulsion of Nippostrongylus

51 omised in OX40L(-/-) mice, as decreased worm expulsion and increased egg production were observed com

52 - and WASp in the process of secretory cargo expulsion and integration of vesicular membranes with th

53 uc5ac, which is detected shortly before worm expulsion and is associated with the production of inter

54 Therefore, where seafloor fluid expulsion and methane hydrate deposits coincide, the bas

55 effector cells develop that can mediate worm expulsion and produce substantial Th2 cytokines comparab

56 ing sites while Msn2 can promote reposition, expulsion and recruitment of nucleosomes to alter gene e

57 s provided by the final step of hinge-region expulsion and subsequent closure of the main beta-sheet

58 erol is associated with school suspension or expulsion and that low total cholesterol may be a risk f

59 he inflammatory response following both worm expulsion and the peak in Mphi accumulation.

60 tinal nematode parasites contributes to worm expulsion and tolerance to associated tissue damage.

61 motility by assessing stool frequency, bead expulsion, and isometric muscle recordings of colonic lo

62 llet output, total gut transit, colonic bead expulsion, and muscle tension recordings.

63 Pups born to infected dams displayed rapid expulsion, and RMCPII was detected in their sera.

64 region may have been a steady site for flux expulsion, and triggering of geomagnetic reversals, for

65 one), which is toxic to yeast cells, and its expulsion as a glutathione complex were studied by scann

66 s, shortening the time to stone and fragment expulsion as well as minimizing pain.

67 lammation develops) and then, following worm expulsion (as the inflammation resolves), both the resid

68 This suggests a corollary: following ion expulsion at neutral pH, a spontaneous global conformati

69 llular gate is spontaneously followed by ion expulsion at the extracellular selectivity filter.

70 he only remaining steric barrier to complete expulsion being the "breathable" residue, P81.

71 -type immune responses that can mediate worm expulsion, but the role of this response in controlling

72 tive response ultimately leading to parasite expulsion, but they also play a role in the regulation o

73 receive misoprostol, 71 percent had complete expulsion by day 3 and 84 percent by day 8 (95 percent c

74 While RELMalpha (Retnla) impairs helminth expulsion by inhibiting protective Th2 immunity, RELMbet

75 f mammalian red blood cells requires nuclear expulsion by orthochromatic erythoblasts late in termina

76 Water expulsion by the contractile vacuole (CV) in Dictyosteli

77 These results indicate that rapid expulsion can occur in the absence of either intestinal

78 the absence of Bcl11b leads to impaired worm expulsion, caused by a deficit in ILC2s, whereas Citroba

79 Organoazides and their nitrogen expulsion chemistry have attracted the attention of many

80 clohexane), and their gold-mediated nitrogen expulsion chemistry, and the isolation of formal nitrene

81 s 12% were downregulated at the time of worm expulsion (day 14 postinfection).

82 ed anterior body wall muscle contraction and expulsion defective (aex) mutants, exhibits similar defe

83 effector cell recruitment and impaired worm expulsion, demonstrating that T(ML) cells are not suffic

84 nts with IEC organoids demonstrated that IEC expulsion did not require other cell types.

85 Thus, in the absence of CCL2, worm expulsion does not occur, and the lymph node draining th

86 cytokine production, leading to delayed worm expulsion during infection with the gastrointestinal hel

87 dings on Co(I) chemistry suggest that halide expulsion during reductive dehalogenation is initiated t

88 This view integrates water expulsion effects into the funnel energy landscape theor

89 After diphosphate expulsion, farnesyl cation reacts with the distal 10,11-

90 parameters including the frequency of pellet expulsion, fecal weight and fecal water content.

91 he global DNA conformation to achieve lesion expulsion from DNA.

92 After expulsion from HE ipDNA-capsids, ipDNA forms sharp bands

93 The rhythm is driven by the host's expulsion from its light-emitting organ of most of the s

94 esulted in sanctions ranging from censure to expulsion from membership.

95 tages of a kinetic mechanism of lateral drug expulsion from the active site of HIV-1 protease, by con

96 pression of the product formed, allowing its expulsion from the active site.

97 ation of Robos in post-crossing axons allows expulsion from the floor plate and prevents recrossing.

98 We conclude that IgE promotes parasite expulsion from the gut following T. spiralis infection a

99 as generally highest around the time of worm expulsion from the gut, at which point the inflammation

100 photosynthetic capability, resulting in its expulsion from the host.

101 whereby mucosal mast cells mediate parasite expulsion from the intestine.

102 Water expulsion from the protein core is a key step in protein

103 lation induces phosphorylation of CPEB, PARN expulsion from the ribonucleoprotein complex, and polyad

104 provide an important driving force for chain expulsion from the ribosome and promote nearly-posttrans

105 ted commissural axons and facilitating their expulsion from the VM within the chick spinal cord.

106 ated repellents, Slit1-3, facilitating their expulsion from, and prohibiting their reentry into, the

107 reported over 24 ns, and subsequent complete expulsion, implemented using steered molecular dynamics

108 IL-4 and IL-13 promote gastrointestinal worm expulsion in part through effects on nonlymphoid cells,

109 lar vesicles was recognized and selected for expulsion in response to innate immune signaling.

110 y with indomethacin resulted in delayed worm expulsion in selenium-adequate mice.

111 n which vesicles originate accounts for drug expulsion in shed vesicles.

112 mall molecules confirm drug accumulation and expulsion in shed vesicles.

113 nism linking heparin binding/release to loop expulsion/insertion.

114 Our mathematical model reveals that expulsion is a combined effect of motility and alignment

115 oblet cell hyperplasia is abrogated and worm expulsion is compromised.

116 The water expulsion is reversible, and is attributed to the interf

117 tween photosynthetic competency and symbiont expulsion, little is known about the effect of thermal s

118 e nanocrystals undergo facile thermal ligand expulsion (</=200 degrees C), which was studied by TGA-m

119 cells, but not Th2 cells, caused rapid worm expulsion, marked basophilia, and increased mast cell nu

120 es work as bellows organs in a unique pollen expulsion mechanism activated by the passerines.

121 ing against a contractile ring-based nuclear expulsion mechanism.

122 g in vitro, uncoupling parasite killing from expulsion mechanisms.

123 Alongside increased parasite expulsion, MyD88-deficient mice showed heightened IL-4 a

124 ion of the metal-bound N2 and reforming with expulsion of [N2(SiMe3)3](-).

125 ed to the edges in a manner analogous to the expulsion of a magnetic field from superconductors.

126 Mucosal mast cells contribute to expulsion of a number of gastrointestinal nematode paras

127 activation intracellularly with concomitant expulsion of a phosphoramidate anion.

128 The resulting air flow causes the expulsion of a pollen jet and the deposition of pollen o

129 employed in order to achieve the controlled expulsion of a synergistic enzybiotic cocktail consistin

130 ubstitution of Ser residue by Thr caused the expulsion of a water molecule from the cavity, creating

131 e pattern was expressed during the period of expulsion of A. suum fourth-stage larvae from the small

132 The resultant expulsion of acetate into the extracellular environment

133 ional isolated actomyosin rings we show that expulsion of actin bundles does not require continuous p

134 the rate of ATP hydrolysis by retarding the expulsion of ADP.

135 previously demonstrated that host protective expulsion of adult H. bakeri worms from a challenge infe

136 mastocytosis in vivo, leading to accelerated expulsion of adult worms from the intestine.

137 losteric transition is stabilized further by expulsion of an aromatic residue from the cAMP-binding p

138 The 6-month rate of expulsion of an IUD after immediate insertion was higher

139 mer terminus base pair into the active site; expulsion of an unpaired pyrimidine, but not purine, bas

140 pumps with diverse functions, including the expulsion of antibiotics.

141 the streptavidin binding site (specifically expulsion of bound water molecules).

142 l compression of actomyosin rings results in expulsion of bundles predominantly at regions of high cu

143 opriately placed nucleophile facilitates the expulsion of carbon dioxide from the active site in many

144 Expulsion of carbon dioxide from the D(x,y) ions was als

145 zes the POT underlayer, which results in the expulsion of cations from the membrane at an appropriate

146 ypentachlorocyclohexadienones results in the expulsion of chloride and provides a direct route to the

147 are positioned at the oocyte cortex to allow expulsion of chromosomes into polar bodies.

148 h permeability of the vaginal epithelium and expulsion of conventional soluble drug dosage forms.

149 lts under ambient conditions resulted in the expulsion of crystalline, non-passivated HgTe quantum do

150 zil, which undergoes two parallel reactions: expulsion of cyanide to give the corresponding benzil an

151 5-methyl-6-Cys-81-S-5,6-dihydrocytosine and expulsion of Cys-81-S- provides the product DNA 5-methyl

152 fied proliferation, IFNgamma production, and expulsion of cytoplasmic granules.

153 These contractions drive the expulsion of damaged cells into the brain ventricle with

154 etonitrile at 254 and 300 nm, which involves expulsion of dinitrogen and sulfur to form the respectiv

155 t in the oligomerization process must be the expulsion of discrete water molecules that facilitates t

156 rial TolC protein plays a common role in the expulsion of diverse molecules, which include protein to

157 elative importance of these cytokines in the expulsion of enteric nematode parasites.

158 Expulsion of excess surfactant to the surfaces of superc

159 initiates lysosome exocytosis, resulting in expulsion of exosome-encased bacteria.

160 involving ejection of unfolded monomers, (2) expulsion of folded monomers from the intact tetramer, a

161 Expulsion of fracture fluids from basement systems with

162 NA silencing of the host gene contributed to expulsion of group II introns from nuclear genomes and d

163 This capacity of TLR4 to mediate the expulsion of intracellular bacteria from infected cells

164 Here, we report that expulsion of intracellular E. coli by infected BECs is i

165 tion (driven by the solidifying inner core's expulsion of light elements), thermal convection (from s

166 Expulsion of lipid-oligonucleotide conjugates from the p

167 superconductivity: zero resistivity and the expulsion of magnetic flux (the Meissner effect).

168 xperimental and theoretical studies of rapid expulsion of microswimmers, such as motile bacteria, by

169 ing mechanisms underlying the production and expulsion of milk by mammary epithelial cells during lac

170 molysis of 1b at ~100 degrees C leads to the expulsion of N(2) and isolation of Ru(2)(D(3,5-Cl(2))PhF

171 azide nitrogen leads to cyclization with the expulsion of N2.

172 Expulsion of neutral alkenes via syn-elimination to give

173 ormal spontaneous expulsion and IL-4-induced expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosom

174 in vitro and in vivo and contributed to the expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.

175 eorganization allowing for the thermoneutral expulsion of one CO ligand, which in turn generates an e

176 ng occurs, with the bud(s) formed by partial expulsion of one of the two polymer-rich aqueous phases.

177 llapse to new benzimidazole derivatives with expulsion of p-substituted anilines.

178 lminth Trichuris muris displayed accelerated expulsion of parasites and the development of exaggerate

179 Expulsion of parasites from the intestine was significan

180 evelopment of nuocytes and their role in the expulsion of parasitic worms.

181 c infections by a combination of resistance (expulsion of pathogens) and tolerance (active mitigation

182 ded ((Ar)L)FeCl((*)NAd) (6) with concomitant expulsion of Ph3C(C6H5)CPh2.

183 us distribution of high heat flow areas, the expulsion of reactive DOM is spotty at any given time.

184 ed on short life span but is also driven via expulsion of resident thymocytes by fresh progenitors en

185 ofusely and may represent particles in which expulsion of scaffold and DNA packaging are incomplete.

186 can result in gene silencing or even in the expulsion of sequences from the genome.

187 el describing micelle formation by insertion/expulsion of single molecules under nonisothermal condit

188 yl, and acyl/alkoxy gold carbenes by in situ expulsion of sulfur dioxide.

189 crophages, angiogenesis, and PD-L1-dependent expulsion of T and B cells.

190 he events at C-20 leading to contraction and expulsion of the "C(2)" unit as acetic acid from a metal

191 ent with the experimental KIEs indicate that expulsion of the 5'O remains an integral feature of the

192 rnalized and fuse with autophagosomes before expulsion of the autophagosomal contents by exocytosis.

193 s involved in packing interactions, denoting expulsion of the bound antigen upon crystal formation.

194 of the phosphoramidate prodrugs led to rapid expulsion of the corresponding phosphoramidate anions in

195 high irradiance levels and trigger death and expulsion of the endosymbiotic algae.

196 independent, suggesting that CSNK-1 prevents expulsion of the entire meiotic spindle into a polar bod

197 rdination of the enzyme's catalytic zinc and expulsion of the enzyme's catalytic water were a consist

198 leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Env in which expulsion of the final bulky hydrophobic residue is impo

199 After expulsion of the formyl unit, both proton-independent an

200 uitment that was associated with accelerated expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Nippostrongyl

201 evidence that the transport process involves expulsion of the globular domain from the beta-barrel.

202 f the peptide tunnel appear to assist in the expulsion of the growing peptide chain, and clamps at th

203 1-136 with coincident, and possibly coupled, expulsion of the hinge of the reactive center loop.

204 ures show several differences, including the expulsion of the hinge region of the reactive centre loo

205 cles assemble in crystallographic alignment, expulsion of the intervening solvent and particle coales

206 d that interleukin-3 and c-Kit contribute to expulsion of the intestinal nematode Strongyloides venez

207 row-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) enhanced expulsion of the intestinal nematode, Trichinella spiral

208 ther reaction of the intermediate results in expulsion of the leaving group to give an alpha-methylen

209 the protonation of the radical anion or the expulsion of the leaving group.

210 capsule rupture at the posterior pole, with expulsion of the lens nucleus and degenerating fiber cel

211 A related process, the expulsion of the lethal endosomal pathogen Cryptococcus

212 liferation, and lack of amphiregulin delayed expulsion of the nematode Trichuris muris.

213 cleolus occurs, and NE modifications promote expulsion of the nucleolus to the cytoplasm.

214 but not effector T cells was accompanied by expulsion of the null class II MHC/peptide complexes fro

215 he formation of this stable complex involves expulsion of the OH(-) bridge.

216 ll protease 1 (Mcpt-1), which contributes to expulsion of the parasite.

217 ucosal mastocytosis that is known to mediate expulsion of the parasites from the intestine.

218 readily reorganize and pave the way for the expulsion of the product of the reaction from the active

219 ve to hydroxide ion, probably related to the expulsion of the relatively poor leaving group amide ani

220 5' nucleophile on the cyclic phosphate, with expulsion of the ribose O2' and generation of a 3',5'-ph

221 involving activation of the viral protease, expulsion of the scaffold proteins, and the uptake of vi

222 ll as DNA, suggesting that DNA packaging and expulsion of the scaffolding protein are coupled process

223 the peptide tunnel lining that assist in the expulsion of the synthesized peptide.

224 robial peptides, and the recently discovered expulsion of their nuclear contents to form neutrophil e

225 is of the O2'(-) nucleophilic addition; (ii) expulsion of three water molecules in the process of TS

226 l mast cell (MMC) recruitment coincides with expulsion of Trichinella spiralis, at a time when the ma

227 IL-31Ralpha(-/-) mice exhibited accelerated expulsion of Trichuris with significantly decreased worm

228 of Muc5ac caused a significant delay in the expulsion of two other gut-dwelling nematodes (Trichinel

229 A new study shows that phospho-dependent expulsion of type-1-phosphatase (PP1) from the spindle p

230 scription activation mechanism requiring the expulsion of Tyr-152 from the multidrug binding pocket.

231 of external urethral sphincter (EUS) EMG and expulsion of urine from the urethral meatus.

232 (Weibel-Palade bodies [WPBs]) and subsequent expulsion of von Willebrand factor (VWF) content.

233 the absorption of water and electrolytes and expulsion of waste contents, largely via regulation of e

234 tude and indicate that gel extensibility and expulsion of water are both manifestations of protein un

235 ty changes based on area models supports the expulsion of water from the interface of the Hoechst-DNA

236 In particular, the expulsion of water molecules at the interface might be a

237 ocess and is associated with the cooperative expulsion of water molecules between the hydrophobic she

238 ormation of the hydrophobic core through the expulsion of water molecules bridging the two hydrophobi

239 ntropy change, a pattern consistent with the expulsion of water molecules from the interface.

240 ce approach each other, fibril formation and expulsion of water molecules occur rapidly and nearly si

241 Expulsion of water, resulting in the formation of a dry

242 s unclear how the immune system mediates the expulsion of worms from the GI tract.

243 local effector mechanism culminating in the expulsion of worms from the large intestine is not known

244 ls the local immune responses underlying the expulsion of worms or the persistence of a chronic infec

245 tering remains a valid mechanism for droplet expulsion on the nanoscale, while irradiation induced st

246 ing-up the capsule seam, resulting in either expulsion or trapping of cesium ions depending on the an

247 release of bound phenolics arriving to their expulsion outside the cell.

248 o objectively assess arousal, orgasm and the expulsion phase of ejaculation such as functional MRI, d

249 dues, whereas the reactive center loop hinge expulsion plays only a minor additional role.

250 A dewetting transition, in which water expulsion precedes hydrophobic collapse, is observed for

251 Successful cell expulsion prevents the death of nearby cells and an exac

252 neering the enzyme to accelerate the product expulsion process and improve the efficiency of biomass

253 he changes in free energy during the product expulsion process.

254 ce of low field strengths reflects core flux expulsion promoted by the unusual core-mantle boundary (

255 Th2 cytokine responses and resulted in worm expulsion, providing the first demonstration of TSLPR-in

256 D expulsion 6 months after IUD insertion; an expulsion rate 8 percentage points higher in the immedia

257 Anal pressures, rectal balloon expulsion, rectal sensation, and pelvic floor structure

258 t the mechanism of helminth killing prior to expulsion remains unclear.

259 The 6-month expulsion risk was 5.0% (13 of 258 women) after immediat

260 .46, compatible with significant amide anion expulsion/S-N fission in the transition state.

261 eed microscopy we uncover different particle expulsion scenarios depending on the mode of bubble defo

262 ion profile predicts the water-addition and -expulsion steps as the highest barriers along the pathwa

263 the cycloaddition as well as a formaldehyde expulsion steps were computed, and a multistep mechanism

264 LR2/4-deficient mice showed accelerated worm expulsion, suggesting that MyD88 was active in signaling

265 TLR5, or TLR9 did not show enhanced parasite expulsion, suggesting that these TLRs signal redundantly

266 known, our recent work on parasitic helminth expulsion suggests the possibility that, rather than T c

267 based on the results of the mouse glass bead expulsion test (3, 5, and 10 mg/kg, ip) and the mouse fe

268 ation pattern on manometry, abnormal balloon expulsion test or impaired rectal evacuation by imaging.

269 >90 mm Hg, and have a normal rectal balloon expulsion test result.

270 sphincter, 41 had an abnormal rectal balloon expulsion test, and 20 had abnormal rectal sensation.

271 expand, resulting in a severe defect in worm expulsion that is rescued by the adoptive transfer of in

272 asion and involved a previously reported IEC expulsion that was coordinated with lipid mediator and c

273 After the dawn expulsion, the epithelium reestablished its polarity, an

274 Cell expulsion through neuroepithelial contraction represents

275 tion anorectal manometry, and rectal balloon expulsion time in 62 healthy women and 295 women with ch

276 people from patients with prolonged balloon expulsion time with 75% sensitivity and a specificity of

277 tients had prolonged (>180 s) rectal balloon expulsion time.

278 ng patients with normal and abnormal balloon expulsion time.

279 m those with constipation but normal balloon expulsion time.

280 dicting which patients had prolonged balloon expulsion times.

281 y people from patients with abnormal balloon expulsion times; 2 phenotypes discriminated healthy peop

282 -13 from Th2 cells was not required for worm expulsion, tissue inflammation, or airway hyperreactivit

283 de, which subsequently undergoes isobutylene expulsion to form [CF(3)-ONO]W horizontal lineCH(Et)(OSi

284 er complex (EMc) is followed by chloride ion expulsion to form arylated enzyme (EAr).

285 ctronegatively-substituted olefins with N(2) expulsion to yield (E)- and (Z)-2-oxospiro[acenaphthylen

286 OTf, and B(C(6)F(5))(3) catalyze isobutylene expulsion to yield the tungsten-oxo complex [CF(3)-ONO]W

287 st zooxanthellar phylotypes are dying during expulsion upon release from the host.

288 IEC expulsion was accompanied by a major actin rearrangement

289 Expulsion was associated with an increased local express

290 Furthermore, rapid worm expulsion was impaired in IgE-deficient but not in IgG1-

291 reatment on day 1, a second dose on day 3 if expulsion was incomplete, and vacuum aspiration on day 8

292 Worm expulsion was inhibited in H. polygyrus-inoculated B cel

293 Notably, the process of worm expulsion was restored within 2 to 4 days after feeding

294 ttenuated in IL-13Ralpha2(-/-) mice and worm expulsion was similar to that of wild-type mice.

295 ncomplete, and vacuum aspiration on day 8 if expulsion was still incomplete.

296 ansit, small-bowel transit, and colonic-bead expulsion were normal in Met(fl/fl); Wnt1Cre+ mice.

297 mastocytosis, yet such rats exhibited rapid expulsion when challenged orally.

298 er complex (EMc) is followed by chloride ion expulsion which forms the arylated intermediate (EAr).

299 nisms of chemical transport, including water expulsion, will dictate the rate of transformation and h

300 jection of oxytocin could increase placental expulsion without the need for a surgeon or anaesthetic.