ライフサイエンスコーパス: extrachromosomal

1 o 50 weeks and that it remained circular and extrachromosomal.

2 hat Deltalmxgt1-3 mutants contained a linear extrachromosomal 40 kb amplification of a region on chro

3 in a site-specific and inheritable manner in extrachromosomal and chromosomal targets.

4 3K4me3 and greatly impaired recombination of extrachromosomal and endogenous immunoglobulin gene segm

5 The DNA assembles into a semistable extrachromosomal array composed of many copies of inject

6 The specific cell division at which the extrachromosomal array had been lost was deduced by scor

7 Loss of the transgene extrachromosomal array leads to reversion of the silenci

8 ly a fraction of the animals in a transgenic extrachromosomal array line are transformed.

9 on level and pattern frequently exhibited by extrachromosomal array lines.

10 to evaluate the frequency of gene editing on extrachromosomal array transgenic lines.

11 he sites of action for unc-29 and lin-31, an extrachromosomal array was constructed containing the nc

12 A synthetic target on an extrachromosomal array was targeted with a previously ch

13 aics are generated by spontaneous loss of an extrachromosomal array.

14 Because extrachromosomal arrays are semistable, only a fraction

15 Extrachromosomal arrays can carry hundreds of copies of

16 In addition, because extrachromosomal arrays can contain hundreds of copies o

17 In contrast, apoptosis is not enhanced by extrachromosomal arrays carrying genes not driven by ger

18 Here, we show that extrachromosomal arrays form de novo centromeres at high

19 Transformed plasmids assemble into extrachromosomal arrays resembling extra minichromosomes

20 to the Caenorhabditis elegans germline forms extrachromosomal arrays that segregate during cell divis

21 the C. elegans germline, where conventional extrachromosomal arrays typically fail to express due to

22 dance of homologous templates present in the extrachromosomal arrays versus the paucity of such templ

23 d NHEJ in Schizosaccharomyces pombe using an extrachromosomal assay and find that, as anticipated, it

24 ides to endonuclease-induced chromosomal and extrachromosomal breaks.

25 HMRa on a chromosome and on a nonreplicating extrachromosomal cassette as cells passed through S phas

26 ase in GM847 cells does not affect t-loop or extrachromosomal circle formation.

27 The extrachromosomal circle is maintained in nondividing cel

28 A(+) difA(+)), the GGI can be detected as an extrachromosomal circle that exists transiently.

29 The presence of extrachromosomal circles containing telomeric DNA was co

30 elomere-enriched fractions revealed frequent extrachromosomal circles, ranging from 0.7 to 56.8 kb.

31 We also observed a substantial increase in extrachromosomal circular (ecc) repeated DNAs in mutant

32 ybridization studies further determined that extrachromosomal circular DNA loss correlated to the ent

33 We identified a self-propagating extrachromosomal circular DNA molecule that results from

34 d lung carcinoma patients, the prevalence of extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules harboring amplif

35 administered clinically, on the stability of extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules in cancer cells.

36 This size range is representative of extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules that have been s

37 noncoding RNAs, microDNAs, a family of small extrachromosomal circular DNA species, and tRNA-derived

38 Examples of extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are found in ma

39 Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) have been repor

40 e have identified tens of thousands of short extrachromosomal circular DNAs (microDNA) in mouse tissu

41 that its left and right ends join to form an extrachromosomal circular excision product (pVPI).

42 bpopulation of cells, PAPI-1 can exist in an extrachromosomal circular form after precise excision fr

43 a linear PMU within the chromosome and as an extrachromosomal circular form.

44 tiple chromosomal copies and the presence of extrachromosomal circular forms of ICE6013 were detected

45 , we found that the VPI-2 region can form an extrachromosomal circular intermediate (CI) molecule aft

46 as a chromosomal linear PMU1 (L-PMU1) and an extrachromosomal circular PMU1 (C-PMU1).

47 d for chromosomal integration, excision, and extrachromosomal circularization of these elements, and

48 rtional inactivation, and the development of extrachromosomal cloning vectors, genetic analysis of Bo

49 Furthermore, these extrachromosomal complex DNA molecules can circularize i

50 larization, integration, or the formation of extrachromosomal complex T-DNA structures that subsequen

51 ons showed that PR has modest activity in an extrachromosomal context but has activity that is barely

52 Extrachromosomal copies of IMD1, IMD3, or IMD4 could not

53 of aging or life span is the accumulation of extrachromosomal copies of rDNA circles in old mother ce

54 h multidrug-resistant KB cells, which harbor extrachromosomal copies of the multidrug resistance gene

55 . and that there is continuous generation of extrachromosomal copies of the translocated c-myc sequen

56 centrations (100 muM) or by expression of an extrachromosomal copy of GMPS.

57 rrected by expression of E. coli L27 from an extrachromosomal copy of the rpmA gene.

58 ngements in classical strains will not yield extrachromosomal CTX DNA and thus will not yield virions

59 erichia coli (ETEC) have largely centered on extrachromosomal determinants of virulence, in particula

60 n be amplified in chromosomes or in circular extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA), although the frequency and

61 ence changes associated with the presence of extrachromosomal DNA and nonselective persistence of pla

62 the hermaphrodite germline to form multicopy extrachromosomal DNA arrays.

63 on of the viral genome, which persists as an extrachromosomal DNA circle in infected cells.

64 Extrachromosomal DNA circles (GAP1(circle)) contain GAP1

65 nce of episomes of T-cell antigen receptors (extrachromosomal DNA circles formed during intrathymic T

66 In this study, we generated extrachromosomal DNA circles to study cohesion in respon

67 ant strains strongly reduced accumulation of extrachromosomal DNA compared with the single agnA- stra

68 Using an extrachromosomal DNA donor carrying a 12-bp tag, a 900-b

69 recombination between the chromosome and an extrachromosomal DNA donor.

70 our data demonstrate that the presence of an extrachromosomal DNA element in a pathogenic rickettsial

71 Nuclear extrachromosomal DNA elements have been identified in se

72 orrelia burgdorferi strain B31 MI carries 21 extrachromosomal DNA elements, the largest number known

73 wal, reemergence of clonal EGFR mutations on extrachromosomal DNA follows.

74 bridizing fragments caused the appearance of extrachromosomal DNA hybridizing to the lytA gene, follo

75 Mitochondrila DNA (mtDNA) is the only extrachromosomal DNA in humans.

76 mic the apparently autonomous replication of extrachromosomal DNA in the chloroplast, transformation

77 We observed abundant extrachromosomal DNA in TREX1-deficient neural cells, of

78 integrase that can mediate the insertion of extrachromosomal DNA into genomic DNA.

79 Our work suggests that virtually any extrachromosomal DNA molecule may be recruited for the p

80 elements can transpose from relatively short extrachromosomal DNA molecules into the plant genome.

81 nduced cultures revealed the presence of two extrachromosomal DNA molecules, a double-stranded molecu

82 is a tubulin-like protein that functions in extrachromosomal DNA movement within bacteria.

83 The extrachromosomal DNA of Sodalis glossinidius from two ts

84 mechanism, enhancing transcription only from extrachromosomal DNA templates.

85 intimate relationship between host cells and extrachromosomal DNA that enables the dynamic acquisitio

86 Bacterial plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA that provides selective advantages

87 as a restriction factor selectively blocking extrachromosomal DNA transcription.

88 the conserved RprA small RNA in controlling extrachromosomal DNA transfer.

89 ted C-myc sequences in low-molecular-weight, extrachromosomal DNA, as did CA46 cells.

90 as genetic exchange between chromosomes and extrachromosomal DNA.

91 step subsequent to 3'-end processing of Ty3 extrachromosomal DNA.

92 r-weight chromosomes or low-molecular-weight extrachromosomal DNA.

93 No evidence was found for extrachromosomal DNA.

94 eukaryotic cells and a 35-kilobase circular extrachromosomal DNA.

95 to occur by elimination of mutant EGFR from extrachromosomal DNA.

96 herapies that target oncogenes maintained on extrachromosomal DNA.

97 In many bacteria these extrachromosomal DNAs are cryptic with no known markers

98 laria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has two extrachromosomal DNAs associated with organelles whose f

99 both required for the stable replication of extrachromosomal DNAs in yeast.

100 is TA pair to fight pathogens carrying these extrachromosomal DNAs.

101 evidence that ORD is concentrated within the extrachromosomal domains of the nuclei of Drosophila pri

102 P recombinase is also needed to generate the extrachromosomal donor.

103 plified DNA sequences are borne on unstable, extrachromosomal double minutes (DMs), which suggests th

104 ve discovered and analysed two novel, linear extrachromosomal double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) within oo

105 he 70-kb virulence plasmid of Yersinia, this extrachromosomal element does not appear to harbor genes

106 The 2-micron plasmid, a high copy extrachromosomal element in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pr

107 Extrachromosomal element pSOG3 (52,162 nucleotides) in t

108 UTI89 has a large extrachromosomal element termed pUTI89 with many charact

109 ously called the D2 permease), on a circular extrachromosomal element, and they overexpress LmGT4 mRN

110 additional putative genes not expected on an extrachromosomal element, such as those encoding an elec

111 aled the presence of a previously unreported extrachromosomal element.

112 The unusual genetic behaviour of two yeast extrachromosomal elements [PSI] and [URE3] is entirely c

113 resistance is most commonly associated with extrachromosomal elements acquired from other bacteria i

114 Plasmids are extrachromosomal elements built from a selection of gene

115 The amplicons are linear, extrachromosomal elements either 225 or 180 kb long, con

116 jannaschii, and its 58- and 16-kilobase pair extrachromosomal elements have been determined by whole-

117 cells requires that the DNA is maintained as extrachromosomal elements in both cell types.

118 ther support the idea of a critical role for extrachromosomal elements in C. burnetii pathogenesis.

119 hough TDH and TRH homologs can be encoded on extrachromosomal elements in V. cholerae, type III secre

120 s, but the mechanism of replication of these extrachromosomal elements is unknown.

121 The complementing YACs exist as extrachromosomal elements that are amplified in high con

122 ction resulted in the generation of circular extrachromosomal elements varying in size from 8 to 300

123 The extrachromosomal elements were also found to form chromo

124 orc10 (oriC2), and the largest peaks on the extrachromosomal elements were near orc9 (oriP1) in both

125 e yeast DNA was maintained as numerous small extrachromosomal elements which were still present after

126 ired that the viral genomes be maintained as extrachromosomal elements, and terminal differentiation

127 Amplified DNA can be organized as extrachromosomal elements, as repeated units at a single

128 phosphorylated exhibit a high prevalence of extrachromosomal elements, hallmarks of perturbed replic

129 ue has no pseudogenes, introns, transposons, extrachromosomal elements, or inteins; few paralogs; and

130 composed of a linear chromosome and up to 21 extrachromosomal elements.

131 er copies for the stable transmission of the extrachromosomal elements.

132 nology could be extended, to generate linear extrachromosomal elements.

133 cell lines which maintained viral genomes as extrachromosomal elements.

134 purify micronuclei that are known to entrap extrachromosomal elements.

135 acteria, as well as bacteriophages and other extrachromosomal elements.

136 epressive chromatin structure persists in an extrachromosomal environment immediately following remov

137 normal chromosomal context, as well as in an extrachromosomal episome containing an MLL bcr fragment.

138 -Barr virus (EBV) genome is maintained as an extrachromosomal episome during latent infection of B ly

139 foreign sources to persist in the nucleus as extrachromosomal episomes, revealing a potential mechani

140 lls, KSHV DNA is maintained as circularized, extrachromosomal episomes.

141 Alternatively, part of the intra- and extrachromosomal events could involve transpositions.

142 Detection of these extrachromosomal excision circles in T cells located in

143 Precise excision, replication of an extrachromosomal form and loss of phiMFV1 from the mycop

144 mosome to form a circular but nonreplicative extrachromosomal form.

145 or sequences have persisted predominantly in extrachromosomal form.

146 (constins) in that circular, nonreplicative extrachromosomal forms occur in which the left and right

147 ntegrated forms, AAV genomes were present as extrachromosomal forms.

148 n induction of the HO endonuclease, a linear extrachromosomal fragment is generated in each cell and

149 Because double minutes are extrachromosomal fragments, selection pressures must ope

150 A statistically significant decrease in MDR1 extrachromosomal gene copy number was reproducibly detec

151 onal types encode additional chromosomal and extrachromosomal genes that facilitate the ability of E.

152 In yeast, the cellular extrachromosomal genetic element [KIL-d] alters killer a

153 tic RNA-based adaptive immune system against extrachromosomal genetic elements.

154 olution of replicon complexity by capture of extrachromosomal genetic elements.

155 Here, we conditionally evicted the viral extrachromosomal genome from tumor cells in vitro to exa

156 Animal mitochondrial DNA is a small, extrachromosomal genome, typically approximately 16 kb i

157 2 protein maintains and segregates the viral extrachromosomal genomes by tethering them to cellular m

158 Extrachromosomal, heterologous expression of a trans-dom

159 g at both the chromosomal HMRa locus and the extrachromosomal HMRa locus with equal efficiency.

160 mpair both spontaneous and cisplatin-induced extrachromosomal homologous recombination and attenuated

161 The mechanism for extrachromosomal HPV DNA persistence in cycling cells is

162 Keratinocyte clones harboring extrachromosomal HR HPV genomes had shorter population d

163 ing (NHEJ) or intra-chromatid, homologue, or extrachromosomal HR.

164 endent pathway thought to be responsible for extrachromosomal HR.

165 on inhibits gene targeting while stimulating extrachromosomal HR.

166 ndicative of a crossover outcome) or remains extrachromosomal (indicative of a non-crossover outcome)

167 , which is ordinarily unable to generate the extrachromosomal intermediate required for SXT transfer.

168 ike lambda, the SXT element forms a circular extrachromosomal intermediate through specific recombina

169 binase and the I-SceI endonuclease generates extrachromosomal linear DNA molecules in vivo.

170 near YACs could be detected, suggesting that extrachromosomal maintenance of DNA with the oriP /EBNA-

171 arm were tested for their ability to promote extrachromosomal maintenance of plasmids.

172 mosome to form a circular but nonreplicative extrachromosomal molecule that is required for its trans

173 ansformed cells maintain the injected DNA as extrachromosomal molecules.

174 Additionally, the results demonstrate that extrachromosomal, not integrated, genomes are the major

175 somes in other kinetoplastids, the T. brucei extrachromosomal NR-element is not generated by drug sel

176 es can maintain latency in dividing cells as extrachromosomal nuclear plasmids.

177 he possibility that long transfer DNA was of extrachromosomal or Agrobacterium origin.

178 y sites by replacing R5M with I2 inactivated extrachromosomal oriC function.

179 m and other protists, the rDNA is carried on extrachromosomal palindromic elements that comprise up t

180 taining regions in mammalian chromosomes) or extrachromosomal palindromic molecules (equivalent to do

181 ssibility of each chromosomal att site to an extrachromosomal partner carried on a low-copy plasmid.

182 Sodalis also harbors an extrachromosomal plasmid about 134 kb in size.

183 studies described here found no evidence for extrachromosomal plasmid DNA in any of the strains exami

184 ains, we could easily get transformants with extrachromosomal plasmid DNA when closed circular, repli

185 al threat to human health, often residing in extrachromosomal plasmid DNA.

186 associated herpesvirus (KSHV) persists as an extrachromosomal plasmid in latently infected cells.

187 bit subtle defects in V(D)J recombination of extrachromosomal plasmid molecules.

188 The factors required for extrachromosomal plasmid recombination are constitutivel

189 features of AMA1 and its ability to promote extrachromosomal plasmid replication.

190 tumor-derived clones homologously recombined extrachromosomal plasmid substrates at frequencies appro

191 into cells containing the mutant gene on an extrachromosomal plasmid, correction of the point mutati

192 due to the overamplification of 2 microm, an extrachromosomal plasmid.

193 Papillomaviral DNA replicates as extrachromosomal plasmids in squamous epithelium.

194 The copy number of pAL5000-based extrachromosomal plasmids is 23 in M. smegmatis as deter

195 lls, by generating transposition events from extrachromosomal plasmids to chromosomes.

196 nmotile clones was present in the introduced extrachromosomal plasmids, while the motile MS17 clone w

197 es can maintain latency in dividing cells as extrachromosomal plasmids.

198 others by their effects on recombination of extrachromosomal plasmids.

199 thogenic bacteria are often encoded on large extrachromosomal plasmids.

200 wledge this is the first investigation using extrachromosomal probes containing a Fapy.dG or Fapy.dA

201 ences that, when transcribed from a powerful extrachromosomal promoter, can complement the auxotrophy

202 Further analyses provided empirical data on extrachromosomal prophages and coinfection prevalences,

203 AV, we previously described the existence of extrachromosomal proviral AAV genomes in human tissues.

204 determined the proportion of integrated and extrachromosomal rAAV genomes in mouse livers and their

205 hanges are likely due to the accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) in old cells and th

206 The production and accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) is one pathway that

207 ay a sacrifice during budding: they keep the extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) so that their buds

208 y, this is not accompanied by an increase in extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs).

209 ds to rDNA instability and elevated level of extrachromosomal rDNA circles and nucleolar fragmentatio

210 ore, mutations of R102 cause accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles and reduce life span, sugg

211 iation with rDNA and subsequent formation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles, and reduced cell survival

212 n that is associated with elevated levels of extrachromosomal rDNA circles.

213 g, most likely involving the accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles.

214 ation and likely increases the production of extrachromosomal rDNA circles.

215 nucleolar fragmentation, and accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA.

216 macronuclear chromosome were cloned into the extrachromosomal rDNA.

217 C) typically have either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal rearrangements that join the promoter a

218 olonies and cell lines, which maintained the extrachromosomal recombinant genome long-term.

219 rand breaks (DSBs) stimulate chromosomal and extrachromosomal recombination and gene targeting.

220 These cRSs are active in extrachromosomal recombination assays and cleaved during

221 ed to the Dbeta 12-RSS over Jbeta 12-RSSs on extrachromosomal recombination substrates in nonlymphoid

222 Using extrachromosomal recombination substrates, we demonstrat

223 Extrachromosomal recombination was stimulated by double-

224 Extrachromosomal recombination was stimulated by double-

225 ochromatin domains, mitotic chromosomes, and extrachromosomal regions of mitotic cells by quantitativ

226 omous Ac derivative, Dissociation (Ds), from extrachromosomal replicating and nonreplicating vector D

227 roximately 900 bp) of the rDNA is needed for extrachromosomal replication and stable maintenance of t

228 plasma viremia, cultivable virus, and labile extrachromosomal replication intermediates.

229 es were previously shown to be the result of extrachromosomal replication of AMA1-bearing plasmids.

230 In vivo extrachromosomal replication of the rDNA ARS was cold se

231 DNA ARS that might contribute to inefficient extrachromosomal replication.

232 imperfect match increased the efficiency of extrachromosomal replication.

233 us recombination is important for high-level extrachromosomal replication.

234 These genes occur on both the large extrachromosomal replicon pNRC100 (arsADRC and arsR2M) a

235 is and trans characteristics of a mammalian, extrachromosomal replicon.

236 e repeatedly displaced each other in various extrachromosomal replicons.

237 rsely, silencing the Smc5/6 complex enhances extrachromosomal reporter gene transcription in the abse

238 hibits the stimulatory effect of HBx both on extrachromosomal reporter genes and on hepatitis B virus

239 Repair of both stably integrated and extrachromosomal reporter substrates was observed to inc

240 The Smc5/6 complex associates with extrachromosomal reporters and the hepatitis B virus gen

241 ts in dna2 mutants, although in dna2 mutants extrachromosomal ribosomal circles do not accumulate dur

242 t does not appear to simply be a function of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circle production.

243 Accumulation of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles (ERCs) appears to

244 a marked increase in the cellular content of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles (ERCs), which can

245 nucleolar architecture, and accumulation of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles (ERCs).

246 charomyces cerevisiae is the accumulation of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles (ERCs).

247 oxically, it also leads to the production of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles, which cause yeas

248 Besides the mating-induced genes, two extrachromosomal RNA elements were identified.

249 Here we show that an extrachromosomal S plasmid assay is AID dependent and th

250 e is a model for a stable, high-copy-number, extrachromosomal "selfish" DNA element.

251 he accessibility of individual end-points to extrachromosomal sequences is as important.

252 Simultaneously, extrachromosomal single-stranded DIRS-1 DNA accumulated

253 ication of both chromosomally integrated and extrachromosomal SLP1.

254 erall regulation of functions related to the extrachromosomal state of SLP1.

255 ve cloned and mapped a circular 630-kb human extrachromosomal structure (termed amplisome) using the

256 n, rRNA genes are found on a 40 kb, possibly extrachromosomal, structure.

257 h nuclear extracts were able to recombine an extrachromosomal substrate and form precise signal joint

258 We have previously reported an extrachromosomal substrate assay system for analyzing th

259 Here we have used our human extrachromosomal substrate assay to formally test the hy

260 -EJ factors, based on biochemical studies or extrachromosomal substrate end-joining studies.

261 s in vitro, or increased recombination of an extrachromosomal substrate in a cellular assay.

262 dGTP pools result in altered N regions in an extrachromosomal substrate transfected into T-cell or pr

263 frequent, cryptic RS that rearrange both in extrachromosomal substrates and in their genomic context

264 e, HPS1A augments recombination frequency of extrachromosomal substrates in an in vitro recombination

265 f normal murine thymocyte development and on extrachromosomal substrates induced to undergo recombina

266 Previous studies using extrachromosomal substrates reveal that cryptic recombin

267 pair by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) on extrachromosomal substrates.

268 ss switch DNA recombination (CSR), including extrachromosomal switch circular DNAs and circle transcr

269 experiments that assayed recombination of an extrachromosomal switch substrate during transient trans

270 sed from the genome serves as a template for extrachromosomal synthesis of its double-stranded DNA co

271 Here, we show that complex extrachromosomal T-DNA structures form in A. tumefaciens

272 A molecules resulted in an increased rate of extrachromosomal T-DNA to T-DNA recombination, indicatin

273 ing that establishment or maintenance of the extrachromosomal tandem repeat requires conditions that

274 the chloroplast atpB gene, maintained as an extrachromosomal tandem repeat, have recently been descr

275 Alterations in the extrachromosomal targets were largely products of end-fi

276 A damage and have greatly elevated levels of extrachromosomal telomere DNA (C-circles).

277 associated promyelocytic leukemia bodies and extrachromosomal telomere repeats; however, no alteratio

278 recently that ALT cells have a high level of extrachromosomal telomeric circles (t circles) that may

279 al survivors and stimulated the formation of extrachromosomal telomeric circles in survivors.

280 These results show that extrachromosomal telomeric DNA circles are present in AL

281 yper-ALT phenotype, including an increase in extrachromosomal telomeric repeat DNAs, putative recombi

282 The break is repaired by copying DNA from an extrachromosomal template into the chromosomal site.

283 ations, or homology-directed repair using an extrachromosomal template.

284 ation on chromosomal but, remarkably, not on extrachromosomal templates.

285 However, an extrachromosomal transgene containing wild-type vha-12 d

286 mosomal deletions, as well as integration of extrachromosomal transgenes, which complements those der

287 rmed by intermolecular recombination between extrachromosomal Ty1 cDNA molecules before or during int

288 required for integration of the replicated, extrachromosomal Ty3 DNA.

289 From a single progenitor line carrying an extrachromosomal unc-54::gfp transgene array, we generat

290 Viral DNA genomes exist in cells as extrachromosomal units and are generally not methylated,

291 Herein, we show that extrachromosomal V(D)J recombination substrates recapitu

292 ts was compared to assess directly a role of extrachromosomal vector DNA replication in Ds excision.

293 evidence for a coupling of Ds excision from extrachromosomal vector DNA to vector DNA replication in

294 transgene expression primarily results from extrachromosomal vector genomes, a series of experiments

295 t least in part from the loss of the linear, extrachromosomal vector genomes.

296 that all components are present on a stable extrachromosomal vector that can replicate in a wide var

297 between R4 attB and attP sites cloned on an extrachromosomal vector.

298 own to stimulate homologous recombination in extrachromosomal vectors 3-20 fold.

299 ed in the formation and/or maintenance of an extrachromosomal viral episome in vivo, which is likely

300 e, while only one LTR copy is present in the extrachromosomal (viral) W.