ライフサイエンスコーパス: extrasynaptic

1 Regulation of extrasynaptic 5-HT levels by 5-HT-absorbing neurons may

2 ng neurons as temporal-spatial regulators of extrasynaptic 5-HT.

3 ) is required for the proper distribution of extrasynaptic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in Caenorh

4 Extrasynaptic activation of SER-2 facilitates ventral bo

5 fast-acting ionotropic receptor, LGC-55, and extrasynaptic activation of the slow-acting metabotropic

6 The extrasynaptic alpha-5 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A rec

7 Importantly, TC neurons also express extrasynaptic alpha4beta2delta GABA(A)Rs, although how t

8 (MSNs), indicating predominant expression of extrasynaptic alpha4beta2delta receptors in these cells.

9 ABAAR) isoforms (synaptic alpha1beta3gamma2, extrasynaptic alpha4beta3delta, and beta3 homopentomers)

10 puberty in female mice due to expression of extrasynaptic alpha4betadelta GABAA receptors (GABARs).

11 could arise from differential expression of extrasynaptic alpha4betadelta subtypes in the cells.

12 that can explain the rapid downregulation of extrasynaptic alpha4betadelta-GABA(A)-R following in viv

13 g GABA(A) receptors and postulate a role for extrasynaptic alpha4delta-containing GABA(A) receptors i

14 Thus, it is not the positional effect of extrasynaptic alpha6beta3delta receptors that causes the

15 Overexpression of extrasynaptic alpha6beta3delta-GABAA receptors in mouse

16 Whether extrasynaptic alphabetadelta receptors adopt the analogo

17 th synaptic (alphabetagamma2-containing) and extrasynaptic (alphabetadelta-containing) GABAA receptor

18 ron that controls this decision via top-down extrasynaptic aminergic potentiation of the primary osmo

19 nhibition were due to activation of putative extrasynaptic AMPA receptors as their antagonism blocked

20 c transmission, reduce levels of synaptic or extrasynaptic AMPA receptors, or alter other AMPA recept

21 AMPARs were reduced in the mutant mice, but extrasynaptic AMPAR expression and long-term potentiatio

22 iffusion at synapses observed a large mobile extrasynaptic AMPAR pool.

23 espite the dramatic loss in synaptic AMPARs, extrasynaptic AMPARs are preserved.

24 Extrasynaptic AMPARs exhibited changes in kinetics and p

25 contrast to previous reports, that wild-type extrasynaptic AMPARs have moderate RI values (average RI

26 stargazin in regulating the rectification of extrasynaptic AMPARs in nucleated patches and found, in

27 switch that uncouples GABAAR-alpha5 from its extrasynaptic anchor, thereby enriching synaptic recepto

28 monstrate that the vast majority of ErbB4 is extrasynaptic and detergent-soluble.

29 tOH-enhanced GABAAR delta subunit-containing extrasynaptic and EtOH-insensitive alpha1betagamma2 subt

30 Less than 10% of sQD-AMPARs were extrasynaptic and highly mobile.

31 , including alterations in responsiveness of extrasynaptic and postsynaptic GABA(A)Rs to acute EtOH a

32 h surface delivery of NMDA receptors to both extrasynaptic and synaptic membranes.

33 akes place by a two-step mechanism involving extrasynaptic and then synaptic receptor transport.

34 NMDAR subunit composition and was similar at extrasynaptic and total receptor populations.

35 itment of the scaffold protein gephyrin from extrasynaptic areas, which in turn is promoted by CaMKII

36 % of bQD-AMPARs were in PSDs and 90-95% were extrasynaptic as previously observed.

37 Occupancy in boutons exceeds that at nearby extrasynaptic axonal sites by approximately threefold, r

38 y the cystine/glutamate antiporter activated extrasynaptic, but not synaptic, NMDARs, and blockade of

39 mma-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors into extrasynaptic clusters, whereas neuronal presynaptic bou

40 rsu-1) mutant based on the presence of large extrasynaptic clusters.

41 In both synaptic and extrasynaptic compartments, total ERK1/2 proteins remain

42 d frequency of synaptic events and increased extrasynaptic conductance, with the latter associated wi

43 ly, Munc13-1 overexpression (M13OE) promoted extrasynaptic DCV release, also without prolonged stimul

44 locks steady-state GABA currents mediated by extrasynaptic delta subunit-containing GABAA receptors (

45 Here we report a novel plasticity of extrasynaptic delta-containing GABAA receptors in the de

46 ficantly reduce tonic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic delta-GABAARs with little action on phasic

47 In summary, we found that activation of extrasynaptic delta-subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors

48 These results provide strong evidence that extrasynaptic delta-subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors

49 cess involving crosstalk between GABABRs and extrasynaptic delta-subunit-containing GABAARs.

50 Extrasynaptic delta-subunits containing GABAA receptors

51 w "ambient" GABA concentration, recombinant "extrasynaptic" delta subunit-containing GABA(A)Rs exhibi

52 is associated with striking upregulation of extrasynaptic, delta-containing GABAA receptors that med

53 Neurosteroids activate extrasynaptic deltaGABAA receptor-mediated tonic inhibit

54 ry role of Zn(2+) at neurosteroid-sensitive, extrasynaptic deltaGABAA receptors by electrophysiologic

55 ng AMPARs, not only at synapses, but also at extrasynaptic dendritic and somatic regions of CA1 pyram

56 Y-expressing ivy cells provided synaptic and extrasynaptic dendritic modulation.

57 sts that MB-COMT can inactivate synaptic and extrasynaptic dopamine on the surface of presynaptic and

58 surface pool, composed of both synaptic and extrasynaptic elements, that turns over very slowly.

59 riatal neurons, while the drug did not alter extrasynaptic ERK2 phosphorylation.

60 ms (ERK1 and ERK2) were concentrated more in extrasynaptic fractions than in synaptic fractions in st

61 n required prolonged stimulation, similar to extrasynaptic fusion in wild-type neurons.

62 sites in mature hippocampal neurons and that extrasynaptic fusion is a robust feature of native tissu

63 Based upon these findings, we propose that extrasynaptic GABA contributes to a form of control, bas

64 ion potentials revealed that GAT-3 regulates extrasynaptic GABA levels from action potential-independ

65 timates of ambient GABA levels and predicted extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor numbers when considering

66 he past two decades, research has identified extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor populations that enable n

67 High-affinity extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) are a promin

68 onsciousness is highlighted by the fact that extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) are believed

69 Tonic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) has emerged

70 Tonic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABARs) sensing ambient

71 High-affinity extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors are persistently activat

72 nsidering drug strategies designed to target extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors in the treatment of slee

73 mbient GABA in the brain tonically activates extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors, and activity-dependent

74 ic GABA(B) receptors enhance the function of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors, including delta subunit

75 all tonic currents indicated the presence of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors.

76 ceptor delta(-/-) mice, which have a loss of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors.

77 ) that acts preferentially via high-affinity extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors.

78 x in brain slices derived from wild-type and extrasynaptic GABA(A)R-lacking, alpha4 "knock-out" (alph

79 The neurosteroid sensitivity of these extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs may explain their importance in

80 Extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs may therefore present a therapeu

81 ed in the amygdala, much less is known about extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs mediating persistent or tonic in

82 Collectively, our data reveal that extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs of the somatosensory thalamus do

83 the persistent activation of perisynaptic or extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs, which can detect extracellular

84 ic inhibition is prolonged by recruitment of extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs.

85 d delta subunits, which typically constitute extrasynaptic GABA-A receptors, and GABA-B R1 and R2 sub

86 Inhibiting tonic (extrasynaptic) GABA signalling during the repair phase w

87 asting (tonic) inhibition via high-affinity (extrasynaptic) GABA(A)Rs, which provide a majority of th

88 d antagonist-type profiles, depending on the extrasynaptic GABAA receptor isoforms targeted.

89 t on relative expression levels of different extrasynaptic GABAA receptor subtypes, and on the ambien

90 OL), as a potential mechanism for modulating extrasynaptic GABAA receptor-mediated tonic currents.

91 This is consistent with upregulation of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors containing alpha4- and del

92 entral amygdala, DCUK-OEt acted primarily on extrasynaptic GABAA receptors containing the alpha1 subu

93 e time, but differences between synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors have not been explored.

94 that regulates the function of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in physiologic and patholo

95 ort the rationale for targeting synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in the development of ther

96 Zn(2+) inhibition of neurosteroid-sensitive, extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in the hippocampus has dir

97 lockade by Zn(2+) of neurosteroid-sensitive, extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in the mouse hippocampus d

98 opose a working model that both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors may compete for limited re

99 receptors mediate phasic inhibition, whereas extrasynaptic GABAA receptors mediate tonic inhibition.

100 In the extended hippocampal circuit, extrasynaptic GABAA receptors promoted subcortical, but

101 functional interaction between synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors through various molecular

102 unds to selectively modulate the activity of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors underlying tonic inhibitio

103 onic GABA currents mediated by high-affinity extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, are increasingly recogniz

104 ound that heightened activity of hippocampal extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, believed to impair fear a

105 d tonic inhibition, mediated by synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, respectively, in physiolo

106 ositive allosteric modulator of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors.

107 ve allosteric modulator of both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors.

108 ity by allosteric activation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors.

109 aid to further understand the physiology of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors.

110 tonic conductance, mediated by synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA Rs, respectively.

111 xonal projections from the TMN evoked tonic (extrasynaptic) GABAA receptor Cl(-) currents onto medium

112 we found tinnitus-related increases in tonic extrasynaptic GABAAR currents, in action potentials/evok

113 in expression in Mecp2-null mice was another extrasynaptic GABAAR subunit, alpha6, by approximately 4

114 To identify anesthetic binding sites in an extrasynaptic GABAAR, we photolabeled human alpha4beta3d

115 We suggest that extrasynaptic GABAARs are attractive targets for the tre

116 Given that extrasynaptic GABAARs control the firing mode of thalamo

117 However, for DR neurons extrasynaptic GABAARs exert only a limited influence.

118 sm, Thio-THIP evoked robust currents through extrasynaptic GABAARs in cerebellar granule cells.

119 ere we show evidence for augmentation of the extrasynaptic GABAARs in Mecp2-null mice.

120 expressing MSNs (D-MSNs) additionally harbor extrasynaptic GABAARs incorporating alpha4, beta, and de

121 These results suggest that extrasynaptic GABAARs seem to be augmented with Mecp2 di

122 on delineating the mechanisms that regulate extrasynaptic GABAARs, promoting new therapeutic approac

123 tonic conductance, mediated by synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAARs, respectively.

124 the delta subunit, the principal subunit of extrasynaptic GABAARs, was present in LC neurons.

125 other through the activation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAARs.

126 tance resulting from ambient GABA activating extrasynaptic GABAARs.

127 ilepsy, and stroke, with particular focus on extrasynaptic GABAARs.

128 ersistent tonic inhibition via high-affinity extrasynaptic GABAARs.

129 Extrasynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (

130 Extrasynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors t

131 dephosphorylate S845 and remove synaptic and extrasynaptic GluA1 during long-term depression (LTD).

132 xposure significantly increased synaptic and extrasynaptic GluA1 membrane expression as well as GluA1

133 he postsynaptic density and colocalizes with extrasynaptic GluA1 puncta in primary dissociated neuron

134 unique mechanism as an auxiliary factor for extrasynaptic GluA1-containing AMPARs.

135 hanol's actions and suggest a unique role of extrasynaptic GluN2B-containing receptors in facilitatin

136 rallel fiber (PF) release sites controls the extrasynaptic glutamate concentration transient followin

137 a(0/0) pups exhibited increased synaptic and extrasynaptic glutamatergic transmission and consequentl

138 neurons in this area express Cl(-) permeable extrasynaptic glycine receptors (GlyRs).

139 These findings identify extrasynaptic GlyRs as critical regulators of DR excitab

140 eveals a large tonic conductance mediated by extrasynaptic GlyRs, which dominates DR inhibition.

141 halamic relay neurons through recruitment of extrasynaptic high-affinity GABAA receptors.

142 otoxin, indicating that they are mediated by extrasynaptic homomeric GlyRs.

143 The extrasynaptic hypothesis is built in part on observed se

144 ting the activity of PKCdelta(+) neurons via extrasynaptic inhibition mediated by alpha5 subunit-cont

145 tamine-GABA axonal projections suggests that extrasynaptic inhibition will be coordinated over large

146 Rs mediate both phasic (synaptic) and tonic (extrasynaptic) inhibition.

147 te receptors, and retromer knockdown reduces extrasynaptic insertion of adrenergic receptors as well

148 ially mediate NMDAR function at synaptic and extrasynaptic locations and play opposing roles in excit

149 ndocytosis of AMPA receptors occur mainly at extrasynaptic locations on cell bodies and dendrites.

150 ermeable GluA1 homomeric receptors reside in extrasynaptic locations where they can be rapidly recrui

151 s), which were found at synaptic loci and at extrasynaptic loci 20-100 nm proximal to gap junctions.

152 and channels localize at high levels to the extrasynaptic membrane of parvalbumin-immunoreactive den

153 millisecond time range; those located in the extrasynaptic membrane respond to ambient GABA and confe

154 on synapses and micron-scale organization of extrasynaptic membrane that provides a rationale for stu

155 -S-containing channels were expressed in the extrasynaptic membrane, but were excluded from the PSD.

156 nerve-free AChR clusters induced by agrin in extrasynaptic membrane, internalized AChRs are driven ba

157 her the diffuse distribution of receptors in extrasynaptic membranes is a default state or is activel

158 brain and are localized at both synaptic and extrasynaptic membranes.

159 h lifetime >15 min, and do not accumulate in extrasynaptic membranes.

160 43% of particles were diffusely localized at extrasynaptic membranes.

161 Activation of extrasynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors caus

162 A1 levels, whereas stimulating predominantly extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors promoted th

163 of neuronal transporter expression can alter extrasynaptic neuroglial signaling.

164 nism that governs the spatial specificity of extrasynaptic neurosecretory terminal (ENT) formation in

165 nal LS, likely reflecting a reduction in the extrasynaptic, neurosteroid-sensitive alpha4/delta conta

166 Diffuse extrasynaptic neurotransmitter receptors constitute an a

167 ty is caused mainly by overactivation of the extrasynaptic NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and results in speci

168 proposed to combat the pathological triad of extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signaling that is common to

169 ly showed that a functional coupling between extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (eNMDARs) and the A-type K(

170 KEY POINTS: A functional coupling between extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (eNMDARs) and the A-type K(

171 strocytic glutamate, which in turn activates extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (eNMDARs) on neurons.

172 Synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs) appear to play opp

173 that glycine is the endogenous coagonist for extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs), unlike at synapse

174 effects of D1DR stimulation on synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs).

175 disease, share increased death signaling by extrasynaptic NMDA receptors caused by elevated extracel

176 CF excitation of MLIs is dependent on extrasynaptic NMDA receptors that enhance the spatial an

177 s thought to decrease glutamate spillover to extrasynaptic NMDA receptors while increasing synaptic g

178 not by glutamate bath application activating extrasynaptic NMDA receptors.

179 de the synaptic cleft and possibly stimulate extrasynaptic NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) on

180 Blocking extrasynaptic NMDA-type glutamate receptors prevented am

181 In contrast to synaptic NMDAR activation, extrasynaptic NMDAR activation had no effect on PHLPP1 a

182 a-benzyloxyaspartic acid, revealed increased extrasynaptic NMDAR activity and stronger baseline activ

183 Importantly, only extrasynaptic NMDAR expression and currents were increas

184 The extrasynaptic NMDAR hypothesis posits that synaptic NMDA

185 This led us to test the extrasynaptic NMDAR hypothesis using metabolic challenge

186 it of NMDAR, indicating decreased amounts of extrasynaptic NMDAR in the absence of PS1.

187 nhibition during repetitive stimulation, and extrasynaptic NMDAR inhibition.

188 ure enhances LTP in the BNST via paradoxical extrasynaptic NMDAR involvement.

189 self-administration limits activation of the extrasynaptic NMDAR pool by increasing glutamate reuptak

190 umbens shell and demonstrate upregulation of extrasynaptic NMDAR signaling as a novel consequence of

191 Here we report synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDAR signaling in striatal MSNs and resul

192 ne-naive rats, the D1DR-mediated increase in extrasynaptic NMDAR signaling was independent of the act

193 lunts the influence of D1DRs on synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDAR signaling.

194 1DR stimulation had an effect on synaptic or extrasynaptic NMDAR signaling.

195 nvolved in the function of both synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDAR, demonstrating that they play simila

196 calpain activation is neuroprotective, while extrasynaptic NMDAR-coupled m-calpain activation is neur

197 by calpain may mediate excitotoxicity via an extrasynaptic NMDAR-dependent manner.

198 ediated STEP degradation was associated with extrasynaptic NMDAR-induced neurotoxicity.

199 at neuroligins are selectively essential for extrasynaptic NMDAR-mediated signaling, but dispensable

200 smitter (GT), resulting in the generation of extrasynaptic NMDAR-mediated slow inward currents (SICs)

201 ered by the activation of either synaptic or extrasynaptic NMDAR.

202 ticular an imbalance between synaptic versus extrasynaptic (NMDAR(EX)) activity.

203 Considering that synaptic NMDARs and extrasynaptic NMDARs (eNMDARs) can have opposite effects

204 The activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs alone was sufficient for degradatio

205 that involves a functional coupling between extrasynaptic NMDARs and A-type K(+) channels, which is

206 synaptic as well as tonic zinc in inhibiting extrasynaptic NMDARs and thereby fine tuning neuronal ex

207 NMDARs are neurotrophic/neuroprotective and extrasynaptic NMDARs are neurotoxic.

208 xcitotoxic global activation of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs by bath application of NMDA causes

209 that synaptic NMDARs activate CREB, whereas extrasynaptic NMDARs dominantly oppose CREB activation.

210 hus far, this interplay between synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs has been studied exclusively in cor

211 mple, memantine but not ketamine may inhibit extrasynaptic NMDARs more effectively than synaptic NMDA

212 c, but not synaptic, NMDARs, and blockade of extrasynaptic NMDARs reduced ischemia-gated currents and

213 Activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs relies on the availability of extra

214 In contrast, extrasynaptic NMDARs suppress COX-2 expression while act

215 ion, released glutamate activates additional extrasynaptic NMDARs that are not reached by synapticall

216 on of memantine shows little selectivity for extrasynaptic NMDARs when all receptors are tonically ac

217 retina, where ON synapses reportedly include extrasynaptic NMDARs with GluN2B subunits.

218 r glutamate concentration, overactivation of extrasynaptic NMDARs, and ischemic neuronal death.

219 ctional coupling resulted from activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs, was calcium- and protein kinase C-

220 We found that both synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs, which are differentially modulated

221 d currents and increased the contribution of extrasynaptic NMDARs.

222 f the coagonist binding site of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs.

223 ctor, myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D), by extrasynaptic NMDARs.

224 tic physiological and pathological roles for extrasynaptic NMDARs.

225 ating that NL1 is responsible for recruiting extrasynaptic NMDARs.

226 te interneurons for enabling the function of extrasynaptic NMDARs.

227 beyond the synaptic cleft where it inhibits extrasynaptic NMDARs.

228 glutamatergic signaling at synaptic but not extrasynaptic, NMDARs by differentially augmenting CREB

229 espite the low degree of overlap between the extrasynaptic (or wireless) and synaptic (or wired) conn

230 t NitroMemantine, which selectively inhibits extrasynaptic over physiological synaptic NMDAR activity

231 work has implications for neurotransmission, extrasynaptic receptor activation, and synaptic plastici

232 to TTX, as well as a variety of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptor antagonists, indicating that the

233 tional mode of synaptic plasticity, in which extrasynaptic receptor reservoirs supply synaptic GABAAR

234 that glutamate spillover and recruitment of extrasynaptic receptors contribute to the initiation of

235 n RSU-1-dependent active mechanism maintains extrasynaptic receptors dispersed and indirectly regulat

236 e cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) primes extrasynaptic receptors for synaptic insertion in respon

237 alpha4betaxdelta GABAA receptors are extrasynaptic receptors important for tonic inhibition.

238 into the function of inhibitory synapses and extrasynaptic receptors in controlling neuronal excitati

239 effects of 100 mum Thio-THIP at synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors in principal cells of four diffe

240 e results indicate that the diffuse state of extrasynaptic receptors is not a default state that is s

241 in some situations therapeutically targeting extrasynaptic receptors may be inappropriate.

242 is built in part on observed selectivity for extrasynaptic receptors of a neuroprotective use-depende

243 However, the ability of Zn(2+) to block extrasynaptic receptors remains unclear.

244 apse stimulate cell survival pathways, while extrasynaptic receptors signal for cell death.

245 pting rsu-1 causes spontaneous clustering of extrasynaptic receptors that are normally dispersed, ind

246 le spillover may allow for the activation of extrasynaptic receptors, efficient uptake by serotonin r

247 interaction is less well appreciated at the extrasynaptic receptors, which respond sensitively to en

248 s contain the gamma2-subunit, in contrast to extrasynaptic receptors, which were not modulated by zol

249 y occurs through the spillover activation of extrasynaptic receptors.

250 riggered by the coactivation of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors.

251 ned, little is known about the regulation of extrasynaptic receptors.

252 ic mechanisms or through tonic activation of extrasynaptic receptors.

253 mitter spillover and paracrine activation of extrasynaptic receptors.

254 because of long-range diffusion limitations, extrasynaptic recycling is intrinsically slower and less

255 s displayed higher diffusion coefficients in extrasynaptic regions and excitatory or inhibitory termi

256 Synaptic vesicles (SVs) remained at extrasynaptic regions in Hb9(cre)NCAM(flx) mice rather t

257 S1P induced SynI relocation to extrasynaptic regions of mature neurons, as well as SynI

258 ze to cell bodies where they are enriched at extrasynaptic regions that are in contact with the basal

259 In contrast with CP-AMPARs in extrasynaptic regions, synaptic CP-AMPARs displayed an u

260 tatory and inhibitory synapses compared with extrasynaptic regions.

261 f and a set of tools for examining peri- and extrasynaptic regulations of pain-afferent transmission.

262 apses, but the possible contribution of this extrasynaptic release to intersynaptic communication has

263 e dense-core vesicles (LDCVs), which mediate extrasynaptic release.

264 eta enhanced NR2B-mediated NMDA currents and extrasynaptic responses; these effects were mimicked by

265 ce of compensatory adhesion complexes at the extrasynaptic sarcolemma.

266 of ACh adjusted by BChE and may represent an extrasynaptic sensor for homeostasis at the NMJ.

267 results show that serotonin functions as an extrasynaptic signal that independently activates multip

268 to glutamate increases and promotes aberrant extrasynaptic signaling through ionotropic and metabotro

269 rd-wired synaptic or junctional circuits and extrasynaptic signals wirelessly broadcast from a small

270 hile 27% were distributed along membranes at extrasynaptic sites (>0.5 mum from the postsynaptic dens

271 shed presence of glutamate NMDA receptors at extrasynaptic sites (eNMDARs), their functional roles re

272 study, we focused on ERK at synaptic versus extrasynaptic sites and investigated its responses to th

273 in intracellular Ca(2+) at both synaptic and extrasynaptic sites and provide evidence for activity-de

274 lutamate homeostasis and whether synaptic or extrasynaptic sites are responsible for excess glutamate

275 DCVs also fused at extrasynaptic sites but only after prolonged stimulation

276 elta-gamma2 chimeric subunits to synaptic or extrasynaptic sites, depending on whether it was co-asse

277 BA(A)-Rs) are localized at both synaptic and extrasynaptic sites, mediating phasic and tonic inhibiti

278 n) but transiently (<24 h) elevated GluA1 at extrasynaptic sites.

279 e BLA nucleus, where it is located mostly at extrasynaptic sites.

280 tions or relocalization of NMDA receptors to extrasynaptic sites.

281 face membrane receptors between synaptic and extrasynaptic sites.

282 stsynaptic density (PSD), but did not affect extrasynaptic sites.

283 ll-type-specific micron-scale domains within extrasynaptic somatodendritic plasma membranes of pyrami

284 d dense core vesicles diffuse readily to the extrasynaptic space adjacent to the AIM and RIH neurons.

285 caused a profound spillover of GABA into the extrasynaptic space and this increase in e[GABA] was sig

286 cytokine consumption, escape fluxes into the extrasynaptic space are expected to be substantial (>/=2

287 orters prevented pooling of serotonin in the extrasynaptic space from activating 5-HT1A -IPSCs.

288 dual AMPARs, including free diffusion in the extrasynaptic space, confinement in the synapse, and tra

289 ntration and time course of glutamate in the extrasynaptic space, such as the topography of the neuro

290 Extrasynaptic SVs in Hb9(cre)NCAM(flx) sprouts were asso

291 a critical role in governing synaptic versus extrasynaptic targeting of GABA(A)-Rs, possibly through

292 gamma2 and delta subunits in synaptic versus extrasynaptic targeting of GABA(A)-Rs.

293 lize on dendritic spines and shafts at sites extrasynaptic to GABAergic input at pubertal onset in ti

294 he alpha1 subunit and generated increases in extrasynaptic "tonic" current with no significant effect

295 GABA-A receptors mediating synaptic or extrasynaptic transmission are molecularly and functiona

296 f neuronal transporter expression influences extrasynaptic transmission from PFs to adjacent Bergmann

297 ivated ion channels involved in synaptic and extrasynaptic transmission in the brain and are also pre

298 GABArho dynamics may be a novel mechanism of extrasynaptic transmission regulating GABAergic control

299 n the brain; yet it is well established that extrasynaptic volume transmission, especially via monoam

300 onses, which, in stellate cells, are largely extrasynaptic, without a change in AMPA-receptor-mediate