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1 (Uninf) subjects following stimulation with filarial Ag (BmA) or with the M. tuberculosis-specific A
2 BMC supernatants generated from MF patients, filarial Ag (Brugia malayi adult Ag (BmA))-stimulated su
3 e the relationship between early exposure to filarial Ag and subsequent immune responsiveness, CD45RA
5 rnal infection status did not correlate with filarial Ag-driven IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, or IL-5 respon
7 xhibit significantly expanded frequencies of filarial Ag-induced Th9 cells, but not of IL9(+)Th2 cell
11 RA+ CD4+ cells, demonstrating the ability of filarial Ags to prime naive T cells in the absence of ex
12 wer proliferation and IFN-gamma responses to filarial Ags, nonparasite Ag, and PHA by PBMC compared w
13 wever, the role of early innate responses to filarial and Wolbachia ligands in the development of fil
14 ongoing infection (positive for circulating filarial antigen [CFA]), or whether the majority of CFA-
15 patent filarial infections are studded with filarial antigen and express markers associated with alt
16 ilariae-infected individuals stimulated with filarial antigen following IL-19 or IL-24 neutralization
17 as determined by whether in utero priming to filarial antigen occurs, is a major determinant of child
19 ial infection, as ascertained by circulating filarial antigen, relative to children of uninfected mot
20 infection present during gestation, with no filarial antigen-driven cord blood T cell response [n =
21 and were assayed for filarial infection and filarial antigen-driven interferon (IFN)- gamma , interl
26 with a diagnosis of W. bancrofti circulating filarial antigens (CFAs) and 44 who also had microfilari
28 support the notion that in utero exposure to filarial antigens affects the natural history of filaria
29 individuals with intact immune responses to filarial antigens are capable of dealing with filarial e
30 mechanisms that lead to this Th2 bias toward filarial antigens are not clear, but one possibility is
31 then screened a novel expression library of filarial antigens displayed on the surface of T7 bacteri
32 irculation, which are chronically exposed to filarial antigens in infected subjects-is yet to be unde
33 ose of filariasis-infected subjects; whereas filarial antigens mediate apoptosis of normal human mono
34 rated that the classical subset internalized filarial antigens more efficiently than the other two su
35 feron [IFN]-gamma and interleukin [IL]-5) to filarial antigens were measured in 14 subjects with sero
36 mal monocytes, presumably due to circulating filarial antigens, and resulted in inhibition of PHA-ind
37 uals produced IL-5 mRNA in response to adult filarial antigens, and total parasite-specific IL-4 and
38 esults suggest that the role of Wolbachia in filarial biology is more subtle than previously thought
40 tified as a potent and specific inhibitor of filarial chitinases, an activity not previously reported
41 yclophilin shares 43-46% similarity to other filarial cyclophilins but does not belong to any of the
42 ls from 27 individuals either with lymphatic filarial disease (lymphedema), with the asymptomatic or
43 re involved in the pathogenesis of lymphatic filarial disease and that trafficking of particular cell
44 anti-Wolbachia immune responses and chronic filarial disease in humans, antibody responses to Wolbac
51 0.4% (P=0.005), and the rate of detection of filarial DNA decreased from 19.4% to 14.9% (P=0.13).
53 generated a set of hybridomas reactive with filarial E/S products and screened them for their abilit
54 ic albendazole (ABZ) and drugs depleting the filarial endosymbiont Wolbachia, a proven macrofilaricid
55 ilarial antigens are capable of dealing with filarial exposure without developing persistent infectio
56 Similarly, these cytokines were induced by filarial extracts containing Wolbachia organisms but not
57 phage migration to the cornea in response to filarial extracts containing Wolbachia was dependent on
59 or corneal fibroblasts, either alone or with filarial extracts; in contrast, rIFN-gamma was found to
60 ions, and coincident allergic sensitization (filarial [Fil](+)allergy [A](+)) were compared with the
65 ow cytometry on PBMCs from 25 microfilaremic filarial-infected (Inf) and 14 filarial-uninfected (Unin
67 population, we performed ImmunoCAP tests in filarial-infected and noninfected individuals for IgE me
68 s significantly diminished in the T cells of filarial-infected individuals based on decreased T cell
69 R9 was significantly lower in T cells of the filarial-infected individuals compared with the uninfect
70 ut not of IL9(+)Th2 cells in comparison with filarial-infected individuals without associated disease
72 annually to age 7 years and were assayed for filarial infection and filarial antigen-driven interfero
73 macrophage function is down modulated during filarial infection and suggest that mechanisms involved
76 ng malaria-infected individuals, concomitant filarial infection diminishes dramatically the frequenci
77 that allergic sensitization coincident with filarial infection drives parasite Ag-specific T cell hy
78 t individuals with pathology associated with filarial infection exhibit significantly expanded freque
84 the protective potential of T lymphocytes in filarial infection is well documented, investigation of
85 t to restore "normal" immune responsiveness; filarial infection may induce very long-term deficits in
87 the ages of 2 and 17 years were examined for filarial infection status as determined by blood-borne m
88 esence of chronic filarial morbidity and not filarial infection status in humans and suggest that WSP
91 omparison with filarial-uninfected subjects, filarial infection was associated with higher ex vivo fr
93 response to malaria Ag stimulation, however, filarial infection was associated with lower frequencies
95 cts on host clinical and immune responses to filarial infection, along with potential confounding det
96 factors in impaired Th1 responses of patent filarial infection, analysis of cytokine, SOCS, and tran
97 s had a three- to fourfold increased risk of filarial infection, as ascertained by circulating filari
98 In previous studies using a murine model of filarial infection, granuloma formation was found to be
99 Immune modulation is a hallmark of patent filarial infection, including suppression of antigen-pre
102 BL-A(-/-) mice or the effect was specific to filarial infection, we immunized these mice with OVA or
103 memory T cell compartments in the context of filarial infection, we used multiparameter flow cytometr
111 mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with filarial infections (n=24) and from unexposed control su
113 tions in the circulation of 23 patients with filarial infections and 8 uninfected control subjects.
114 of 38 serum samples from patients with other filarial infections and for 1 of 23 serum samples from p
115 ssed using PBMC from 20 patients with active filarial infections and from 9 uninfected subjects.
116 h parasitologically proven S. stercoralis or filarial infections and from healthy, uninfected control
118 he most frequent producers of IL-10 in human filarial infections are CD4(+) T cells, many of which ar
119 Human monocytes from patients with patent filarial infections are studded with filarial antigen an
121 Thus, the posttreatment reactions seen in filarial infections can be divided into an early phase w
124 factors in determining the host response to filarial infections in humans and emphasize the complexi
125 poptosis observed in vitro extends to patent filarial infections in humans and is reflected in the nu
127 suggest that in helminth infections (and in filarial infections in particular), the ratios of polycl
132 Basophil contribution to the IL-4 pool in filarial infections was assessed using PBMC from 20 pati
133 CD4(+) T cell responses in 12 subjects with filarial infections, and coincident allergic sensitizati
134 accharides modulates host immune response in filarial infections, this in vitro system may help in ga
148 lation through endothelium and into sites of filarial inflammation was investigated in asymptomatic m
149 Thus, IL-4 produced in vivo in response to filarial L3 and adult parasites is essential for the ind
150 rasite interactions during early third-stage filarial larva (L3) migration are poorly understood.
152 tudy was to determine whether improvement of filarial lymphedema (LE) by doxycycline is restricted to
155 are associated with the presence of chronic filarial morbidity and not filarial infection status in
156 ining glycoprotein secreted by the parasitic filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae targets dendr
157 62, a glycoprotein secreted by the parasitic filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae, subverts hos
158 y of lymphocytes to respond appropriately to filarial nematode antigens and, in some cases, to other
159 wn, this study clearly demonstrates that the filarial nematode B. malayi is capable of transporting e
160 , named Bm-spn-2, has been isolated from the filarial nematode Brugia malayi, a causative agent of hu
168 ng a well-characterized mouse model of human filarial nematode infection, nematode survival and prote
173 by investigating whether infection with the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis prevents diab
176 s a neglected tropical disease caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus that affects more
177 ous neglected tropical disease caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus that can lead to b
178 symbiotic Wolbachia bacteria that infect the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus were previously fo
179 localization of a related cathepsin L in the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus, eggshell and cuti
180 iator of corneal inflammation induced by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus, which harbors end
182 ly infected with Litomosoides sigmodontis, a filarial nematode, and Schistosoma mansoni, a blood fluk
183 nt with this, we have previously described a filarial nematode-derived, secreted phosphorylcholine-co
184 moproteus and Plasmodium spp.) and parasitic filarial nematodes (microfilariae) in wild birds (New Ca
185 ed for C. elegans as well those found in the filarial nematodes Acanthocheilonema viteae, Onchocerca
194 th substantial curative activity against the filarial nematodes responsible for LF (Brugia malayi, Wu
195 rifampicin deplete essential Wolbachia from filarial nematodes that cause lymphatic filariasis or on
196 iotic Wolbachia bacteria are abundant in the filarial nematodes that cause onchocerciasis (river blin
198 river blindness in which soluble extracts of filarial nematodes were injected into the corneal stroma
199 cluding dengue virus (DENV), Plasmodium, and filarial nematodes, but the molecular mechanism involved
200 thropod symbiont Wolbachia and occur in many filarial nematodes, including Brugia pahangi and Brugia
201 in the pathophysiology of diseases caused by filarial nematodes, including lymphatic filariasis and o
202 Wolbachia, symbiotic bacteria living within filarial nematodes, may be involved in disease progressi
205 tion from the mammal-dominated host range of filarial nematodes, we hypothesize that these major huma
220 ntaining glycoprotein released by the rodent filarial parasite Acanthocheilonema viteae, interferes w
221 reover, using multiparameter flow cytometry, filarial parasite Ag induced a marked increase in not on
222 imately 90 megabase (Mb) genome of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi and predict approximatel
223 We show that soluble extracts of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi can induce potent inflam
225 ility to synthesize heme; however, the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi has acquired a bacterial
226 ith soluble microfilarial Ag (MfAg) from the filarial parasite Brugia malayi in the presence of APCs.
230 teraction of the host immune system with the filarial parasite is double edged, with both host protec
232 ective, third-stage (L3) larvae of the human filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus, belongs to the fa
233 -Mb genome of L. loa and that of the related filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti and predict 14,90
234 y comparing these genomes to that of another filarial parasite, Brugia malayi, and to those of severa
240 K cell-parasite interaction is complex, with filarial parasites inducing NK cell activation and cytok
241 flammatory response to the invasive stage of filarial parasites may be a strategy for immune evasion
243 e definitive (mammalian) host, the lymphatic filarial parasites reside in the lymph nodes and lymphat
244 vitamin B2 supplementation partially rescues filarial parasites treated with doxycycline, indicating
245 Wolbachia bacteria found in the majority of filarial parasites, failed to induce any inflammatory re
246 of loiasis overlap with those of other human filarial parasites, presenting challenges in the specifi
247 sopeptide bonds in the sheath and cuticle of filarial parasites, suggesting an important role for TGa
248 ed to be immunosuppressive when derived from filarial parasites, we determined whether R36A lacking P
256 phorylcholine-ES) are also released by human filarial parasites; hence we discuss how these findings
261 me PCR assays for the four most common human filarial pathogens among blood and tissue samples collec
264 ertainties and gaps in data and knowledge of filarial population dynamics and the effectiveness of cu
269 amma responses, and contrasted with those of filarial-sensitized newborns, who had sustained and elev
272 re also found to be expressed in the related filarial species Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca vol
273 nce or sensitization affect the evolution of filarial-specific immunity and susceptibility to W. banc
275 icrofilaremic filarial-infected (Inf) and 14 filarial-uninfected (Uninf) subjects following stimulati
279 ema viteae has been evaluated as a surrogate filarial worm for studying immunity to the infection.
281 primary vector of West Nile virus (WNV), the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti, and an avian malaria
282 e treatment modalities do not kill the adult filarial worms effectively; hence, there is a need to id
283 pathogen interactions involving arboviruses, filarial worms, bacteria, and malaria parasites, reveali
284 other human pathogens including viruses and filarial worms, but have never been observed to transmit
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