ライフサイエンスコーパス: flame

1 alytes with a charged species generated in a flame.

2 solutions were separately introduced to the flame.

3 as measured at 258.056nm in an air-acetylene flame.

4 bsorption spectrometer with an air/acetylene flame.

5 ing to high strain rates that extinguish the flame.

6 in the interstellar medium and in combustion flames.

7 nerated in plants in response to wounding or flaming.

8 the fourth Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-4).

9 at the rate of 1 m(2) min(-1) using premixed flames, adhere to a variety of substrates, and tolerate

10 tramers was detected for the first time in a flame aerosol reactor during the synthesis of pristine T

11 The proven capacity of flame aerosol technology for rapid and scalable synthesi

12 Flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

13 mic Absorption Spectrometry (HR-CS-AAS) with flame and electrothermal atomisation.

14 he TiO1.9 within the high temperature plasma flame and manipulated through introduction of varying am

15 ion until convective heating by contact with flames and hot gasses occurs.

16 s per billion K(g) concentrations in biomass flames and reactor gases, the product of atomic line str

17 e strength, modulus, and resistance to heat, flame, and chemical agents that normally degrade convent

18 species have not previously been observed in flames, and their formation mechanism and interplay with

19 In contrast, situations where the central flames are suppressed are also found.

20 ned using a high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometer with an air/acetyle

21 ined with a high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometer.

22 oextraction (VA-IL-DLLME), was developed for flame atomic absorption spectrometric analysis of alumin

23 from water and vegetable samples followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometric detection.

24 ults were compared with those obtained using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS).

25 -CPE) method was developed and combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for pre-conc

26 , Mn(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) trace metals by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

27 ent samples prior to their determinations by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

28 metal ions in the samples were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

29 n limits between 0.13 and 0.35ngmL(-1) using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

30 Pb in spice, vegetable and fruit samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

31 beverages samples has been established with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

32 Quantitation is carried out by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

33 tion of total Sn in some canned beverages by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS).

34 roline (BCP) coprecipitation procedure using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

35 developed for the determination of copper by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

36 ase microextraction (HF-SLPME) combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

37 Fe(III), Cr(III), Pb(II), and Zn(II) ions by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

38 on and determination of some trace metals by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

39 mination by high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS FAAS) was op

40 The metal ions were detected by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after acid minerali

41 Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was employed for de

42 Quantitation by flame atomic absorption spectrometry yields results in a

43 HR-CS FAAS (High Resolution-Continuum Source Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) has been developed

44 nalytical determinations were carried out by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

45 Copper and lead were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

46 a, and Mg in alternative oilseed crops using flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

47 g and Mn by high resolution-continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

48 and Mg determination in cassava starch using flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

49 ion of zinc followed by its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

50 phase dissolved in ethanol and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

51 reliable, selective and sensitive method for flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination

52 e cadmium and lead levels were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

53 tly, the alphaabs can be approximately 1 for flaming biomass combustion and >1 for older vehicles tha

54 0% total body surface area third degree skin flame burn and 48 breaths of cooled cotton smoke inhalat

55 tmospheres (CN, SiN and C2H), and combustion flames (C2H, BO).

56 e photochemical processing of high burn rate flaming combustion emissions in an oxidation flow reacto

57 approach for differentiating smoldering from flaming combustion in paleo-wildfire reconstructions.

58 ldfires is critically dependent on nonsteady flame convection governed by buoyant and inertial intera

59 eactive species generated in the fossil fuel flame could also be used to ionize analytes, which forme

60 read derives from the tight coupling between flame dynamics induced by buoyancy and fine-particle res

61 ucted prespecified analyses of data from the FLAME (Effect of Indacaterol Glycopyronium vs Fluticason

62 Smoldering and flaming fires, which emit different proportions of organ

63 Ni(+), Cu(+), and Ag(+) were generated in a flame for analyte ionization.

64 easured the broadband absorption spectrum of flame generated soot aerosol at 5% and 70% RH.

65 flame in the CF regime exhibits considerable flame-generated enstrophy, and the dilatation rate and b

66 mics and plasma-driven fluid dynamics on the flame growth of laser ignited mixtures and shows that a

67 nal on flow topologies in turbulent premixed flames has been analysed using a Direct Numerical Simula

68 s hemorrhages were most commonly optic nerve flame hemorrhages (48%) and white-centered retinal hemor

69 The flame in the CF regime exhibits considerable flame-gener

70 itudinal Study on Aging Municipal Employees (FLAME) in 1981 and were followed up for 28 years.

71 Here, an advanced flame-in-gas-shield atomizer (FIGS) was interfaced to HG

72 ristic patterns in the dynamics of spreading flames indicate when such transitions are likely to occu

73 , and burns completely blue as a hydrocarbon flame, indicating soot-free burning.

74 A flame-induced atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (

75 al model for examining the eruption of small flames into intense, rapidly moving flames stabilized by

76 kernel was quantified by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionisation Detection (GC-FID) and identified by Ga

77 analysis (EA), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/flame ionisation detection (Py-GC/FID), pyrolysis-gas ch

78 o analysis by gas chromatograph coupled with flame ionisation detector (GC-FID).

79 t with the capillary gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector (GC/FID).

80 coupled with a simultaneous dual detection (flame ionisation detector and mass spectrometer) for qua

81 Using gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector, TFA was estimated in six comm

82 idimensional gas chromatography (MDGC), with flame ionisation, olfactometry and mass spectrometry det

83 Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and wavelength scann

84 d technique, such as gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID).

85 tron microscopy (SEM) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID).

86 he mutants with the highest lipid content by flame ionization detection and mass spectrometry lipidom

87 rse micelles coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection has been developed for the ex

88 atography mass spectrometry-olfactometry and flame ionization detection was employed; key aroma compo

89 id-liquid microextraction/gas chromatography-flame ionization detection was investigated for the dete

90 Conventional injection methods and flame ionization detection were used.

91 acids (using gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization detection).

92 Separations employed flame ionization detection, and the system was operated

93 existing or proposed detection technologies: flame ionization detection, manual infrared camera, auto

94 ped and tested using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.

95 ection and capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.

96 omatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-flame ionization detector (FID) analysis.

97 e known to be challenging to quantify by SFC-flame ionization detector (FID) due to incomplete resolu

98 For example, a flame ionization detector (FID) produces data that is es

99 alyzed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to flame ionization detector (FID).

100 Hz into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID).

101 e data obtained by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID).

102 ns was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID).

103 is using a validated gas chromatography with flame ionization detector method.

104 Additionally, gas chromatography (with flame ionization detector) confirmed that neither regene

105 wide bore capillary column with detection by flame ionization.

106 urth Fire Laboratory at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-IV) using scanning electron microscopy energy disp

107 pulse laser ignition at lean conditions, the flame kernel separates through third lobe detachment, co

108 ence to visualize the evolution of the early flame kernel.

109 s compared to a standard miniature diffusion flame (MDF) atomizer.

110 a ring of candles the visible parts of each flame move together, up and down and back and forth, in

111 As flames move through spatially heterogeneous environments

112 zole or hexamine to deoxidize the combustion flame of a Mg/Sr(NO3 )2 /Epon-binder composition and red

113 In spatially ordered ensembles of candle flame oscillators the fluctuations in the ratio of oxyge

114 he simplest hydrocarbon fuel exhibiting cool flame oxidation chemistry which represents a key process

115 e generated in situ on an SS felt surface by flame oxidation.

116 make SS electrodes biocompatible by means of flame oxidation.

117 results demonstrate for the first time that flame oxidized SS felts could be a good alternative to c

118 surface area, and comparatively low cost of flame oxidized SS felts offer exciting opportunities for

119 s, and PBDEs, were typically observed in the flaming phase of combustion.

120 ubber tires, and plastic bottles/bags in the flaming phase released large amounts of soot internally

121 Wild grass combustion in flaming phase released some Cl-rich-OM/soot particles an

122 d) combustion were mainly soot and OM in the flaming phase, respectively.

123 , whereas soot-OM internally mixed with K in flaming phase.

124 perature combustion during the intermediate (flaming) phase was dominated by soot agglomerates with A

125 54) was analyzed by AOAC 969.23 method using Flame Photometer.

126 ectrometry (MS), nitrogen phosphorous (NPD), flame photometric (FPD) detectors, as well as gas chroma

127 upled to HPLC-UV and gas chromatography with flame photometric detector (GC-FPD), respectively; was c

128 pink) using gas chromatography with a pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD).

129 sicochemical properties have been made using flame processes.

130 ed due to low oxygen partial pressure in the flame products as a result of the high ratio of fuel to

131 In this model system, flames propagate along strips of nitrocellulose with one

132 anneal treatment temperatures, experimental flame propagation rates for Al combined with nanoscale c

133 These reactions are also found to influence flame propagation speeds, a common measure of global rea

134 ters are observed to influence the resultant flame propagation velocity, indicating that the architec

135 x situ analyses of substances extracted from flames provide useful albeit mostly qualitative informat

136 The best treatment increases flame rate by 36% and achieves 68% of that for the best

137 ed an oral faropenem-linezolid-moxifloxacin (FLAME) regimen that is free of first-line drugs.

138 es an oscillation in the visible part of the flame related to the energy released per unit mass of ox

139 his endows the hybrid material with enhanced flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical prop

140 Flame retardant (FR) chemicals are applied to products t

141 Flame retardant (FR) chemicals have often been added to

142 EDCs such as the flame retardant 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether

143 HBCD) is a high production volume brominated flame retardant added to building insulation foams, elec

144 of polybrominated organic compounds, used as flame retardant additives, belong to the group of persis

145 ntyl alcohol (TBNPA), one of the widely used flame retardant additives, in three different chemical p

146 intriguing, and beyond explanation, why the flame retardant BB-209 (discontinued in 2000) is present

147 The flame retardant BDE-209 may release BDE-99 and other low

148 diphenoxybenzene (TeDB-DiPhOBz) is used as a flame retardant chemical and has been hypothesized to be

149 dust is a significant source of exposure to flame retardant chemicals (FRs), particularly in the US.

150 the highest concentrations relative to other flame retardant chemicals in house dust; however, little

151 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardant chemicals used in consumer products.

152 In general, the flame retardant concentrations in the United States and

153 One specific chemical flame retardant congener, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diph

154 (DP) is a proposed alternative to the legacy flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), a maj

155 diphenylphosphate) (RDP) is widely used as a flame retardant in electrical/electronic products and co

156 all, these trends are consistent with higher flame retardant levels in children as a result of increa

157 Comparison of flame retardant levels in WWTP influents to estimates ba

158 Firemaster(R) 550 (FM 550) is a commercial flame retardant mixture of brominated and organophosphat

159 dual ITP and TBPP isomers in four commercial flame retardant mixtures: FM 550, FM 600, an ITP mixture

160 light emitting devices, supercapacitors, and flame retardant nanocomposites.

161 (AMO-LDHs) can act as organophilic inorganic flame retardant nanofillers for unmodified non-polar pol

162 LDH and OCNT has a significant effect on the flame retardant performance of the hybrids.

163 Studies have shown the main fate of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in soils i

164 nyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardant that is distally transported to the Arct

165 HBCD is added as a flame retardant to many consumer products and leaches fr

166 henylphosphate) (RDP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant widely used in electric and electronic e

167 volume organophosphate-based plasticizer and flame retardant widely used within the United States.

168 ion moieties from the high production volume flame retardant, Dechlorane Plus (DP), has largely been

169 DE-47), a compound manufactured for use as a flame retardant, is a ubiquitous environmental contamina

170 The organophosphate flame retardant, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), has been de

171 hate pesticide, and tetrabromobisphenol A, a flame retardant.

172 ass of flame retardants is PolyFR (polymeric flame retardant; CAS No 1195978-93-8), which is used as

173 agents (antioxidants, anticorrosion agents, flame-retardant agents, drugs, or proteins) allowing for

174 nd polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in flame-retardant chemicals are measured ubiquitously in c

175 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that are added to many consume

176 of pentaBDE in the early 2000s, replacement flame-retardant mixtures including Firemaster 550 (FM 55

177 nductivity, and excellent thermal-insulation/flame-retardant performance simultaneously.

178 , thermal shock barriers, thermal insulation/flame-retardant skins, and porous microwave-absorbing co

179 ated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative flame retardants (AFRs) were analyzed by GC-MS.

180 henyl ethers (PBDEs), the use of alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as FireMaster 550, and of

181 Aryl phosphate flame retardants (aryl-PFRs), such as triphenyl phosphat

182 accumulation of phthalate esters, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs

183 The analysis of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) commonly relies on the use of ga

184 estimate serum concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in toddlers for biomonitoring pu

185 We have examined several emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,

186 mine whether prenatal exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is associated with autism spectr

187 ers (OPEs) and 45 brominated and chlorinated flame retardants (BFRs) were measured in particle phase

188 ed organophosphate esters (OPEs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and Dechlorane-related compound

189 chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), were measured using gas chromat

190 ing the formation of PBDD/Fs from brominated flame retardants (BFRs).

191 BBPA), and three chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (ClOPFRs), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)p

192 yclododecanes (HBCDDs), and several emerging flame retardants (EFRs) via inhalation and dust ingestio

193 The concentrations of several emerging flame retardants (EFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers

194 ence of 37 organohalogen and organophosphate flame retardants (FRs) from Norwegian households (n = 48

195 Alternative plasticizers and flame retardants (FRs) have been introduced as replaceme

196 ominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 14 non-BDE flame retardants (FRs), and 25 organochlorine pesticides

197 ty standards are typically met with chemical flame retardants (FRs).

198 to determine the presence of 65 halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in the United Sates National Ins

199 centrations of 27 emerging (EFRs) and legacy flame retardants (LFRs) were measured in samples of indo

200 omocyclododecane (HBCD) and a group of novel flame retardants (NFRs) on atmospheric aerosols.

201 iphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel halogenated flame retardants (NHFRs) are ubiquitous, persistent, and

202 Organic flame retardants (OFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl

203 ence and fate of 14 triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and plasticizers and their two

204 riesters are high production volume additive flame retardants (OPFRs) and plasticizers.

205 Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were the most commonly detected

206 l butyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate) and flame retardants (PBDE 99, PBDE 47) were detected at the

207 BDEs, Q1, and related PMBPs) and halogenated flame retardants (PBDEs, HBB, Dec 602, Dec 603, and DP)

208 Phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are abundant and found at the hi

209 Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are becoming popular replacement

210 Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are widely used as replacements

211 es suggests that exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) can disrupt endocrine function a

212 Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) have been proposed as alternativ

213 mpared the human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) via inhalation, dust ingestion,

214 am are commonly treated with organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), including tris(1,3-dichloro-2-p

215 r dust literature on phthalates, replacement flame retardants (RFRs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS

216 assay to investigate the binding potency of flame retardants and dust extracts to human PPARgamma li

217 geted assessment of changes in the levels of flame retardants and legacy contaminants during the inst

218 Five organic flame retardants and one plasticizer decreased cormorant

219 Phosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) are increasingl

220 nophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers and have been detected

221 The presence of organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers has been confirmed for

222 bility standards may lessen the use of other flame retardants and similarly reduce Bay contamination.

223 Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are environmental contaminants that can

224 s for studying the degradation of brominated flame retardants are not useful when working with polyme

225 Our results suggest that several flame retardants are potential PPARgamma ligands and tha

226 The study of not only main flame retardants but also of related degradation product

227 diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are bioaccumulating flame retardants causing developmental neurotoxicity (DN

228 Generally, low levels of legacy flame retardants compared to their novel alternatives we

229 bivalve (Mytilus galloprovincialis) to both flame retardants did not induce effects at the physiolog

230 Unregulated flame retardants had lower median concentrations of 1.06

231 The use of alternative flame retardants has increased since the phase out of pe

232 lthough recent usage of organophosphate (OP) flame retardants has increased substantially, very few s

233 tent chemicals that have been widely used as flame retardants in furniture, carpet padding, car seats

234 This is the first study to report flame retardants in high volume air samples and precipit

235 Levels of flame retardants in house dust and a transport pathway f

236 study, we measured the concentrations of 65 flame retardants in water samples from five Lake Michiga

237 These flame retardants included organophosphate esters (OPEs),

238 An example for this specific class of flame retardants is PolyFR (polymeric flame retardant; C

239 nated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are lipophilic flame retardants that bioaccumulate in humans.

240 and Longview, WA and analyzed for a suite of flame retardants to test the hypothesis that dust collec

241 transferring to laundry water is a source of flame retardants to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)

242 sure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants was assessed in humans and an animal mo

243 at is capable of hydrolyzing organophosphate flame retardants was determined.

244 A method to determine halogenated flame retardants was developed that utilizes gas chromat

245 -decabrominated diphenyl ethers and 21 other flame retardants were determined in matched serum sample

246 Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants were once widely incorporated into prod

247 esticides, fungicides, and bactericides; and flame retardants) and looking forward to future developm

248 e esters (OPEs; current-use plasticizers and flame retardants).

249 inhibitory effects of five novel brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,5-tribromophenoxy)ethane (

250 All samples contained flame retardants, but these did not show any estrogenici

251 Among non-PBDE flame retardants, hexabromobenzene, Dechlorane Plus (DP)

252 Median levels of regulated flame retardants, i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (

253 amma ligand binding potency of several major flame retardants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethe

254 ivation by 30 common SVOCs (e.g., brominated flame retardants, organophosphates, and phthalates) and

255 Atmospheric concentrations of flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and

256 d their applications as drug/gene carriers), flame retardants, polymeric antioxidants and nanocrystal

257 Similar to other flame retardants, RDP formulations and products treated

258 rt on two highly brominated polyphenyl ether flame retardants, tetradecabromo-1,4- diphenoxybenzene (

259 The dechlorane family of flame retardants, which includes Mirex (also known as De

260 inated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) -also known as flame retardants- in major ocean compartments, with no r

261 PAHs and for a number of emerging brominated flame retardants.

262 ity of tetrabromo-BPA (TBBPA) or TBBPA-based flame retardants.

263 ucts such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, or flame retardants.

264 ing these communities were also analyzed for flame retardants.

265 alysis methods for the identification of new flame retardants.

266 ominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and related flame retardants.

267 f the most commonly applied novel brominated flame retardants.

268 noninvasive biomarkers of exposure to these flame retardants.

269 for future biomonitoring studies concerning flame retardants.

270 t, and cat food were analyzed for brominated flame retardants/natural products (polybrominated diphen

271 omocyclododecanes (HBCDDs), and new types of flame retardants: brominated (BFRs) and organophosphate

272 The use of chemical flame-retardants (FR) in consumer products has steadily

273 ogenic contaminants, such as the halogenated flame-retardants and pesticides.

274 diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as commercial flame-retardants, are bioaccumulating in threatened Paci

275 ether (BDE-209) are photolytically unstable flame retarding chemicals.

276 arison of data obtained from the analysis of flame sampled soot with standard commercial GC-MS run in

277 was preretinal (57%), blot (57%), dot (38%), flame-shaped (16%), and vitreous (8%); most IOHs were un

278 on microscope imaging were applied to the in-flame soot particles inside the cylinder of a working di

279 e that the dual-pulse method enables reduced flame speeds (at early times), an extended lean limit, i

280 by means of a novel synthetic route based on flame spray pyrolysis.

281 of small flames into intense, rapidly moving flames stabilized by feedback between wind and fire (i.e

282 ion of the third lobe, consequently reducing flame stretch.

283 In controlled flame studies, we discovered approximately 100 oxygenate

284 tutorial review covers the main features of flame synthesis and illustrates how the physical and che

285 This flame synthesis method is therefore a promising route fo

286 lly, opportunities and challenges offered by flame synthesis of catalytic materials are addressed.

287 combustion and venting during unintentional flame termination.

288 ture to withstand a much-more-demanding test flame than TB117, we hypothesized that spaces with TB133

289 ng dynamical sub-systems occurs as arrays of flames that act as master and slave oscillators, with gr

290 The structure and intermittency of flames that ignite fuel particles were found to correlat

291 on was introduced into the mini oxyacetylene flame to generate alkali ions, which were reacted with a

292 flames which collectively empower a central flame to pulse to greater heights.

293 suggest that slowing responses of spreading flames to sudden changes in environment (e.g., wind, ter

294 essential for the understanding of premixed flame-turbulence interaction.

295 etal foil substrates using rapid atmospheric flame vapor deposition without any chamber or walls.

296 fire, concentration decrease for PCBs during flaming was faster compared to PAHs, while levoglucosan

297 the high-temperature regions of hydrocarbon flames, where they remarkably survive and become the mai

298 Here this effect is shown for rings of flames which collectively empower a central flame to pul

299 gh ratio of fuel to oxidizer supplied to the flame, which enables the correct ratio of MoO2 and MoO3

300 lities induced by the strong buoyancy of the flame zone itself.