ライフサイエンスコーパス: galanin

1 ral excitability through a process involving galanin.

2 nist counteracted MAPK activation induced by galanin.

3 ding tyrosine hydroxylase, prodynorphin, and galanin.

4 ivity prevented the proliferative effects of galanin.

5 roduced a complete reversal of the effect of galanin.

6 ular mechanism for the behavioral effects of galanin.

7 e neuroanatomical locus for these effects of galanin.

8 n-specific enolase, mu opioid receptors, and galanin.

9 release was the first reported activity for galanin.

10 etion postbacterial infection is mediated by galanin-1 receptors (Gal1-R).

11 whereas the galanin receptor antagonist M40 (galanin-(1-12)-Pro3-(Ala-Leu)2-Ala amide) prevented the

12 Galanin (10 microg) impaired DMTP performance in a delay

13 Finally, the effects of galanin (10, 20 microg i.c.v.) on delayed match-to-posit

14 The first experiment examined the effects of galanin (10, 20 microg i.c.v.) on the performance of a s

15 e second experiment looked at the effects of galanin (5, 20 microg i.c.v.) on the performance of non-

16 those encoding KLF2, a transcription factor; galanin, a hypothalamic neurohormone; BAX, a proapoptoti

17 and demonstrate the potential involvement of galanin, acetylcholine and serotonin in mediation of the

18 The galanin action is mediated by the galanin receptors (GAL

19 support the hypothesis that GAL-R1 mediates galanin actions on gastrointestinal motility and secreti

20 Galanin actions on K(ATP) and calcium currents were comp

21 Where and how galanin acts in the brain is poorly understood, but rece

22 Galanin affects gastrointestinal functions by activating

23 The current study addresses whether galanin affects morphine withdrawal signs by using a gal

24 affects morphine withdrawal signs by using a galanin agonist, galnon, that crosses the blood-brain ba

25 ct opiate withdrawal and that small molecule galanin agonists could be effective in diminishing the p

26 Given the availability of galanin agonists which inhibit seizures, our findings co

27 calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and galanin all are known to have central effects on food in

28 e blood-brain barrier, we designed truncated galanin analogues in which nonessential amino acid resid

29 almitoyl, and cationization into a series of galanin analogues yielded systemically active anticonvul

30 y modulate the antiepileptic activity of the galanin analogues.

31 Pretreatment with intraplantar galanin and bradykinin, compounds known to sensitize TRP

32 sion of pain mediating sensory neuropeptides galanin and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in a

33 owed that glial NF-kappaB inhibition reduces galanin and CGRP expression, which are neuropeptides tha

34 ition, co localization of neurons containing galanin and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) and seroto

35 view here what is known about the ability of galanin and galanin receptors to alter neuronal activity

36 Galanin and GALR1 also inhibit colony formation and tumo

37 in and LY294002 inhibition demonstrated that galanin and GALR1 induce ERK1/2 activation via Galphai,

38 Galanin and GalR3 mRNA were found in many noradrenergic

39 tion of the transcripts for the neuropeptide galanin and its receptors (GalR1-R3), tryptophan hydroxy

40 scription factor 3 (ATF3), the neuropeptides galanin and neuropeptide Y (NPY), brain-derived neurotro

41 ated spontaneous locomotor activity, whereas galanin and nociceptin attenuated these behaviors.

42 To investigate whether galanin and NPY might compensate for one another, we pro

43 Based on known pharmacophores of galanin and the tripeptidomimetic galnon, a combinatoria

44 the terminals of RTN-Phox2b neurons contain galanin and VGLUT2 proteins, to identify the specific pr

45 ers) at 2 hours post-treatment with galanin, galanin antibody, or lidocaine.

46 differentiation and define the neuropeptide Galanin as a novel target of this transcription factor.

47 e for this behavior and a potential role for galanin as neuromodulator remains to be identified.SIGNI

48 d GalR3 largely recapitulates the pattern of galanin binding throughout the brain, some discrepancies

49 oughout the brain, correlate with widespread galanin binding, and colocalize with tyrosine hydroxylas

50 ibited no detectable affinity for the (125)I galanin-binding site of GalR2 receptor, an effect consis

51 ons for understanding the biological role of galanin by physiologically challenging stimuli.

52 ediates the inhibition of insulin release by galanin by regulating both K(ATP) and Ca(2+) channels in

53 is of the distributions of the neuropeptides galanin, calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), substan

54 distributions of met-enkephalin, vasotocin, galanin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, tyrosine hydro

55 Like a number of neuropeptides, galanin can alter neural activity in brain areas that ar

56 The neuropeptide galanin can modulate seizure activity in vivo, and the l

57 Galanin caused a significantly higher increase in the ne

58 in sciatic nerve and/or L4-L5 DRG tissue for galanin, CGRP and macrophage marker CD11b.

59 50%, in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus, where galanin coexists with serotonin.

60 A significant increase in the number of galanin containing neurons expressing c-fos in the media

61 t study examined whether genetic deletion of galanin could affect the locomotor and reinforcing effec

62 l1R ligands: a negative cross talk, by which galanin counteracted MAPK activation induced by the endo

63 More specifically, galanin counteracts the behavioral effects of the system

64 Galanin decreases firing of locus coeruleus neurons, an

65 cture and expression and the consequences of galanin deficiency in developing zebrafish are unknown.

66 Together, these data suggest that galanin does not produce perseveration, but are consiste

67 The results suggest that galanin does not regulate the development of these key m

68 ptors alone is not sufficient to mediate the galanin effect on resting membrane potential and spontan

69 f GABA(B) receptors by baclofen restored the galanin effect under low Ca (2+) conditions.

70 ular and molecular mechanisms underlying the galanin effect.

71 des, including substance P, neurotensin, and galanin, emerged as important mediators in the developme

72 o report of pathogenic mutations in GAL, the galanin-encoding gene, and therefore its role in human e

73 increased expression of orexigenic peptides, galanin, enkephalin, and dynorphin, in the paraventricul

74 d inhibition of dorsal raphe cell firing and galanin-evoked hyperpolarizing currents.

75 SNAP 398299 partially reversed the galanin-evoked inhibition of dorsal raphe cell firing an

76 tudies, SNAP 37889 partially antagonized the galanin-evoked reduction in hippocampal serotonin (5-hyd

77 ave shown that the endogenous peptide ligand galanin exerts powerful anticonvulsant effect through ac

78 se key markers of specific neurons, although galanin-expressing fibers were in a close spatial proxim

79 Our study integrates galanin-expressing LHA neurons into our current understa

80 Here we ask whether these galanin-expressing neurons are the same cells as the rec

81 Furthermore, we uncover a subset of galanin-expressing neurons in the medial preoptic area (

82 these observations underscore heterogeneous galanin expression and raise potential implications for

83 Changes in galanin expression in micturition pathways after SCI may

84 In contrast, galanin expression in nerve fibers in the urinary bladde

85 Not much is known of the topography of galanin expression in the hypothalamic supraoptic (SON)

86 nsight into the biological implication(s) of galanin expression in the PVN and SON will depend, at le

87 In control animals, galanin expression was present in specific regions of th

88 r damage, and inflammation, whereas blocking galanin expression with specific vivo-morpholino sequenc

89 ce display dramatically altered NPY, but not galanin, expression in response to injury.

90 (PVN(p)) was predominantly as varicose thin galanin fiber processes while the magnocellular PVN (PVN

91 expression of both neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin following peripheral nerve injury.

92 for NPY as a more appropriate candidate than galanin for future gene therapy trials in pharmacoresist

93 Correcting abnormal galanin function in depression could prove to be a novel

94 Fibers immunoreactive (ir) for galanin, GABA, TRH, or methionine-enkephalin (mENK) were

95 Here we report that variants in genes for galanin (GAL) and its receptors (GALR1, GALR2, GALR3), d

96 nt experiments suggest that the neuropeptide galanin (GAL) and its three G protein-coupled receptors,

97 that co-contain cholecystokinin-8 (CCK) and galanin (GAL) are sexually dimorphic.

98 activity in muscle (mLPL); and (4) elevated galanin (GAL) expression and peptide levels in the anter

99 ditioning (CFC) and messenger RNA (mRNA) for galanin (GAL) in the locus coeruleus (LC) and brain-deri

100 quantitative PCR revealed markedly enhanced galanin (GAL) in the paraventricular nucleus and reduced

101 We show that the neuropeptide galanin (GAL) initiates nerve-tumour crosstalk via activ

102 The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) is widely distributed in the central and p

103 IP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), galanin (GAL), and somatostatin (SOM).

104 The neuropeptides galanin (GAL), cholecystokinin (CCK), and substance P (S

105 wild-type (GAL-WT) and knockout mice lacking galanin (GAL-KO) maintained on the 129/OlaHsd background

106 published, high-affinity antagonists of the galanin GAL3 receptor.

107 /centimeters) at 2 hours post-treatment with galanin, galanin antibody, or lidocaine.

108 on increases sleep and induces expression of galanin (galn), a hypothalamic sleep-inducing peptide.

109 us to neuropeptide FF2, neuropeptide Y2, and galanin GalR1 receptors.

110 Galanin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and thyrotropin

111 - and amphetamine-related transcript (CART), galanin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuropeptide Y

112 We cloned the galanin gene and analyzed its expression by using in sit

113 The single zebrafish galanin gene encoded for a single amidated galanin pepti

114 in in the nervous system of vertebrates, the galanin gene structure and expression and the consequenc

115 In forebrain regions the ranking was GalR1 > galanin > GalR2.

116 ranscripts in the following order in the LC: galanin >> GalR3 >> GalR1 > GalR2; in the DRN the rankin

117 >> GalR1 > GalR2; in the DRN the ranking was galanin >> GalR3 >> GalR1 = GalR2.

118 d 55%, respectively) via Y2 receptors, while galanin had no significant effect.

119 Like Brn-3a, the neuropeptide Galanin has been implicated in the development of sensor

120 Galanin has been shown to disrupt the performance of maz

121 Galanin has been shown to enhance GnRH secretion, but it

122 The neuropeptide galanin has been shown to interact with the opioid syste

123 To test whether NPY and galanin have antiepileptic actions in human epileptic ti

124 ments based on viral vectors encoding NPY or galanin have been shown to effectively suppress seizures

125 Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin have both been implicated in the regulation of b

126 se-activating polypeptide, nitric oxide, and galanin), hormonal (e.g. gastrin, cholecystokinin, and g

127 ck), calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), galanin, hypocretin, and nociceptin.

128 divisions, i.e., a medial portion containing galanin-immunoreactive (-IR) axons and a lateral portion

129 Noncatecholaminergic galanin-immunoreactive (ir) neurons within a region of t

130 CCK-, NPY-, and galanin-immunoreactive fibers and puncta also were prese

131 eavy concentration of CCK-, CGRP-, NPY-, and galanin-immunoreactive fibers in the capsular fiber laye

132 l subdivision contains a dense population of galanin-immunoreactive fibers, originating from galanin

133 Individuals with more galanin-immunoreactive intermediate nucleus neurons had

134 try and stereology to quantify the number of galanin-immunoreactive intermediate nucleus neurons in e

135 Moreover, they demonstrate that a paucity of galanin-immunoreactive intermediate nucleus neurons is a

136 In histamine-ir fibers TRH and galanin immunoreactivities were also detected in the ven

137 ed significant increases (P < or = 0.001) in galanin immunoreactivity (IR) in these regions of the S1

138 nucleotides caused complete disappearance of galanin immunoreactivity in the brain until 7 dpf and di

139 In contrast, NPY and galanin immunoreactivity in the capsular fiber layer and

140 atomical studies have shown the existence of galanin immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata, but a

141 The total capsaicin-induced galanin immunoreactivity was higher in rostral versus ca

142 Furthermore, capsaicin increased galanin immunoreactivity with predominant staining in ce

143 nd many BDA-ir boutons were found to contain galanin immunoreactivity.

144 AL-KO mice does not support a major role for galanin in cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion and self-admi

145 ter understand this potential involvement of galanin in executive control, the present study tested t

146 Transgenic mice overexpressing galanin in noradrenergic neurons also showed decreased m

147 fiber layer and reactivity for CCK, NPY, and galanin in the deeper sensory and fiber layers are relat

148 NPS was found co-localized with galanin in the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus of the lateral para

149 Despite the known importance of galanin in the nervous system of vertebrates, the galani

150 atment of sham and BDL rats with recombinant galanin increased cholangiocyte proliferation and intrah

151 In transfected cells, galanin induced activation of the extracellular-regulate

152 uce perseveration, but are consistent with a galanin-induced decrease in reinforcer strength.

153 1/2-specific inhibitor U0126 prevented these galanin-induced effects.

154 e., nonmatching) was critical to observing a galanin-induced impairment in this task.

155 f other neurotransmitters and contributes to galanin-induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion by

156 the present study tested the hypothesis that galanin induces perseveration.

157 n human islets, so that it reads (GALR3) and galanin inhibited insulin secretion only from mouse isle

158 neuronal NOS, thus suggesting a potential NO-galanin interaction in these neurons.

159 However, little is known about galanin involvement in higher cognitive processes, espec

160 The number of galanin-IR cells increased (P < or = 0.001) in the L1 an

161 the L4-L6 segments except for an increase in galanin-IR in the dorsal commissure in the L4 segment.

162 centage of bladder afferent cells expressing galanin-IR significantly increased (4-19-fold) after chr

163 Changes in galanin-IR were not observed at the L4-L6 segments excep

164 In contrast, decreases in galanin-IR were observed in the L1 segment.

165 Galanin is a 29/30 amino acid neuropeptide that has been

166 Galanin is a neuroendocrine factor responsible for regul

167 Galanin is a neuropeptide extensively coexisting with no

168 Galanin is a neuropeptide implicated in the regulation o

169 Galanin is a neuropeptide with a wide variety of biologi

170 Galanin is a stress-inducible neuropeptide and cotransmi

171 Furthermore, the hyperglycemic effect of galanin is also blunted in G(o)2(-/-) mice.

172 Galanin is an endogenous neuropeptide that modulates sei

173 Galanin is implicated in numerous physiological function

174 Because the anticonvulsant activity of galanin is mediated by the receptors located in hippocam

175 Galanin knockdown did not alter the expression of tyrosi

176 The generation and study of galanin knockout mice has indicated that the peptide is

177 Our results indicate that wild-type and galanin knockout mice on a congenic 129/OlaHsd backgroun

178 ABA) neurons that coexpress the neuropeptide galanin (LHA (Gal) ).

179 Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is produced in a small popul

180 This is a missense mutation in the galanin-like peptide precursor gene (P = 0.00005, OR = 1

181 d containing several neuropeptides including galanin, located in laminas 7 and 10 of the lumbar segme

182 These data suggest that galanin may affect a subpopulation of GnRH neurons throu

183 lified by receptors for melanocortins, GnRH, galanin, MCH, orexin, and some chemokine receptors vario

184 Galanin-mediated modulation of the arcuate nucleus (Arc)

185 , and thus can be targeted to manipulate the galanin-mediated physiological and behavioral responses.

186 ng that GalR1 may play a predominant role in galanin-mediated regulation of dopamine neurotransmissio

187 ing that these isoforms may be important for galanin-mediated regulation of noradrenergic transmissio

188 The neuropeptide galanin mediates its effects through the receptor subtyp

189 for a single amidated galanin peptide and a galanin message-associated peptide.

190 physical activity in rats upregulates prepro-galanin messenger RNA levels in the locus coeruleus.

191 Galanin modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission in the

192 Galanin modulates seizures in the brain through two gala

193 rgic Phox2b(+)/TH(-) neurons of the RTN, but galanin mRNA identifies only half of these putative cent

194 In conclusion, galanin mRNA is a very specific marker of the glutamater

195 d that 14 days of FLX treatment up-regulated galanin mRNA levels by 100% and GalR2-binding sites by 5

196 gic nuclei: Electroconvulsive shock elevated galanin mRNA levels in dorsal raphe nucleus, whereas sle

197 nucleus, whereas sleep deprivation increased galanin mRNA levels in the locus coeruleus, further unde

198 Galanin mRNA was increased in the hypothalamus of NPY(-/

199 Galanin mRNA was maternally expressed and found in devel

200 Translation inhibition of galanin mRNA with morpholino oligonucleotides caused com

201 PO cluster in dark-treated animals contained galanin mRNA.

202 We show that galanin neurons are activated by fasting and that prodyn

203 Thus, MPOA galanin neurons emerge as an essential regulatory node o

204 anin-immunoreactive fibers, originating from galanin neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord.

205 Genetic ablation of MPOA galanin neurons results in marked impairment of parental

206 A role for the galanin neuropeptide in the regulation of epileptic seiz

207 cystokinin, corticotropin releasing hormone, galanin, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, preproenkephalin a

208 These studies suggest that galanin normally acts to counteract opiate withdrawal an

209 withdrawal signs, suggesting that endogenous galanin normally counteracts opiate withdrawal.

210 y by attenuating the inhibitory influence of galanin on 5-HT transmission at the level of the dorsal

211 mechanisms that may underlie the effects of galanin on behaviors involved in responses to stress and

212 i/o) proteins, lose the inhibitory effect of galanin on insulin release.

213 In more details, the effect of galanin on the membrane properties of Arc neurons is blo

214 Yet the mechanism responsible for this galanin-opioid interaction has remained elusive.

215 xplain previous results showing antagonistic galanin-opioid interactions and offers a new therapeutic

216 This was assessed using galanin or cholecystokinin as a marker for this subset o

217 thod was applied to a line of STFP-impaired, galanin-overexpressing transgenic (GAL-tg).

218 The results suggest that the galanin pathway plays an important role in the pathogene

219 h galanin gene encoded for a single amidated galanin peptide and a galanin message-associated peptide

220 gnal with the coding sequence for the active galanin peptide significantly attenuated in vivo focal s

221 etically engineered to under- or overexpress galanin peptide.

222 We previously reported that galanin perfusion significantly hyperpolarized the resti

223 Light- and intensely-stained galanin-positive cells as well as large- and small-diame

224 versus caudal DRN, and a high proportion of galanin-positive cells in the midline also contained NAD

225 in situ hybridization, we found that pre-pro-galanin (PPGal) mRNA is expressed by an isolated cluster

226 of Nmb, but low levels of Kcnk5/Gpr4/pre-pro-galanin/pre-pro-enkephalin, and do not respond to hyperc

227 monstrate that the RA-mediated activation of Galanin promoter activity and Brn-3a N-terminal transcri

228 rgistically with RA treatment to up-regulate Galanin promoter activity; that the activity of the N-te

229 elopment of anticonvulsant therapy using the galanin R2 receptor as target.

230 There are three known galanin receptor (GALR) subtypes (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR

231 we identified the sites of expression of the galanin receptor 1 (GAL-R1) subtype in the rat stomach a

232 d showed marked regional variations, GAL and galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) being most abundant.

233 Variants in the galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) gene have been associated wit

234 Galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) maps to a common region of 18

235 The G-protein-coupled receptor, galanin receptor 1 (GALR1), maps to this region of chrom

236 mutant showed antagonistic activity against galanin receptor 1 (GalR1)-mediated response, and decrea

237 ve effects of galanin were via activation of galanin receptor 1 expressed specifically on cholangiocy

238 different models of chronic pain requires a galanin receptor 1-triggered depression of excitatory sy

239 Galanin receptor affinity, serum stability, lipophilicit

240 riment indicated that galnon, a nonselective galanin receptor agonist, did not affect cocaine-induced

241 Direct activation of galanin receptors by a galanin receptor agonist, galnon, was found to produce a

242 ) neurons, inhibited OX neurons, whereas the galanin receptor antagonist M40 (galanin-(1-12)-Pro3-(Al

243 cid following either an injection of M-40 (a galanin receptor antagonist) or saline.

244 Furthermore, a galanin receptor antagonist, M40, attenuated the antidep

245 For example, GalR3 seems to be the important galanin receptor in both the human LC and DRN versus Gal

246 To generate systemically active galanin receptor ligands that discriminate between GalR1

247 g was only detected for NPY, suggesting that galanin receptor signaling may be impaired.

248 ese MORs form functional heteromers with the galanin receptor subtype Gal1 (Gal1R), which modulate th

249 or selective heteromerization of MOR and the galanin receptor subtype Gal1 (Gal1R).

250 modulates seizures in the brain through two galanin receptor subtypes, GalR1 and GalR2.

251 discrepancies exist, suggesting that another galanin receptor(s) may be present in some brain areas.

252 lated, synthesized, and screened against the galanin receptor.

253 The galanin action is mediated by the galanin receptors (GAL1/2/3R).

254 -NH(2) motif and exhibited high affinity for galanin receptors (K(i) = 3.5 nM and 51.5 nM for GalR1 a

255 We found that activation of galanin receptors alone is not sufficient to mediate the

256 All three galanin receptors are found in the VTA, SN, NA, and LC;

257 data further implicate brain and spinal cord galanin receptors as drug targets and provide an example

258 The pharmacological exploitation of the galanin receptors as drug targets for treatment of epile

259 Direct activation of galanin receptors by a galanin receptor agonist, galnon,

260 Accordingly, drugs that target galanin receptors can alter behavioral responses to drug

261 Similarly, mRNAs encoding the galanin receptors GAL1 (GALR1), GAL2 (GALR2) and GAL3 GA

262 at is known about the ability of galanin and galanin receptors to alter neuronal activity, and we dis

263 Galanin receptors type 1 (GalR1) and/or type 2 (GalR2) r

264 ew nonpeptide ligands, capable of activating galanin receptors, are available today.

265 tivity for the three identified neuropeptide galanin receptors, GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3, was determin

266 inding revealed the presence of both NPY and galanin receptors, while functional receptor binding was

267 and in vivo for its affinity and efficacy at galanin receptors.

268 and in vivo for its affinity and efficacy at galanin receptors.

269 Galanin reduced the rate of trial completion in all the

270 The neuropeptide galanin regulates numerous physiological activities in t

271 Our findings provide insight into galanin's action in glucose homeostasis.

272 Understanding the mechanisms underlying galanin's effects on neuronal function in brain regions

273 e not known because of the lack of available galanin-selective ligands.

274 Further, knockout mice lacking galanin showed exacerbated morphine withdrawal signs, su

275 may also be relevant to the understanding of galanin signaling in other biological systems, especiall

276 suggest that the p.A39E mutant could impair galanin signaling in the hippocampus, leading to increas

277 together, these data suggest that targeting galanin signaling may be effective for the maintenance o

278 In this study, we investigated galanin signaling mechanisms in beta cells using cell bi

279 receptors may serve as a molecular gate for galanin signaling, and thus can be targeted to manipulat

280 al evidence that the mutant protein disrupts galanin signaling, strongly supports GAL as the causal g

281 CYM2503 potentiated the galanin-stimulated IP1 accumulation in HEK293 cells stab

282 Galanin stimulation mediated decreased expression of cyc

283 In vitro, Galmic, like galanin, suppresses long-term potentiation in the dentat

284 , especially rat, in the distribution of the galanin system and some other transmitter systems.

285 ate analysis revealed a greater relevance of galanin system genes in highly stressed subjects compare

286 Using the same method, the effect of the galanin system genes was stronger than the effect of the

287 near models demonstrated that interaction of galanin system genes with life stressors explained more

288 Previous studies have demonstrated that the galanin system modulates responses to drugs of abuse suc

289 with special relevance for the neuropeptide galanin that also revealed DNA methylation changes at it

290 However, the neuropeptide galanin, the ATP-gated ion channel P2X3, and calcium cha

291 ivation of GABA(B) receptors is required for galanin to accomplish its modulation on the membrane pro

292 tide selectively counteracted the ability of galanin to block the dendritic dopamine release in the r

293 UM-SCC-1-GALR1 and UM-SCC-1-mock cells after galanin treatment.

294 After CCI, we observed galanin upregulation in DRG and sciatic nerve, which was

295 ts via bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery, and galanin was increased in serum and liver homogenates fro

296 (ATP)) and inhibition of calcium currents by galanin were disrupted by anti-G(o)2alpha antibodies.

297 ations in the expression of the neuropeptide galanin were examined in micturition reflex pathways 6 w

298 The proliferative effects of galanin were via activation of galanin receptor 1 expres

299 Although Nts did not alter OX activity, galanin, which is coexpressed in LepRb(Nts) neurons, inh

300 pes (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3), which bind to galanin with different affinities and have their own uni