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   1 x (gamma-TuC), consisting of GCP1-6 (GCP1 is gamma-tubulin).                                         
     2 CPAP) and the pericentriolar localization of gamma-tubulin.                                          
     3 d dendrites, we examined the distribution of gamma-tubulin.                                          
     4 in-1 (BAP1) as a deubiquitination enzyme for gamma-tubulin.                                          
     5 play altered fractionation of beta-actin and gamma-tubulin.                                          
     6 tive complex and likely equimolar amounts of gamma-tubulin.                                          
     7  organizing centers with Aurora kinase A and gamma-tubulin.                                          
     8 taining gain- or loss-of-function alleles of gamma-tubulin.                                          
     9 levels of the microtubule nucleation protein gamma-tubulin.                                          
    10 by promoting the centrosomal accumulation of gamma-tubulin.                                          
    11 to the centrosome independently of BARD1 and gamma-tubulin.                                          
    12 d that both arrestins directly interact with gamma-tubulin.                                          
    13  (MTOC)-associated proteins, pericentrin and gamma-tubulin.                                          
    14 mains mediate longitudinal interactions with gamma-tubulin.                                          
    15 GIT1 and gamma-tubulin complex proteins with gamma-tubulin.                                          
    16  sequence" present in all alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tubulins.                                         
    17 lts in coprecipitation of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tubulins.                                         
    18 e levels are not changed by codepleting both gamma-tubulins.                                         
    19 was not further prolonged when we codepleted gamma-tubulins.                                         
    20 y originate in the C-terminal regions of the gamma-tubulins.                                         
    21 ata indicate that in the face of predominant gamma-tubulin-1 expression, the accumulation of gamma-tu
  
    23 ve RT-PCR and 2-dimensional-PAGE showed that gamma-tubulin-1 is the dominant isotype in fetal neurons
    24 ma-tubulin-2 accumulates in the adult brain, gamma-tubulin-1 remains the major isotype in various bra
  
  
  
    28 ma-tubulin-1 expression, the accumulation of gamma-tubulin-2 in mature neurons and neuroblastoma cell
  
    30 n-1 represents a ubiquitous isotype, whereas gamma-tubulin-2 is found predominantly in the brain, whe
  
    32 rial inhibitors, resulted in upregulation of gamma-tubulin-2, whereas the expression of gamma-tubulin
    33 MIN subunit3 (AUG3), a homolog of animal dim gamma-tubulin 3, plays a critical role in gamma-tubulin-
    34 AUG3), which encodes a homolog of animal dim gamma-tubulin 3/human augmin-like complex, subunit 3, wa
    35 nistically, NDRG1 physically associates with gamma-tubulin, a key component of the centrosome, with r
  
  
  
    39 respective epitope showing immunolabeling of gamma-tubulin, actin, Golgi protein, and the transcripti
    40 complex subunit in this tissue revealed that gamma-tubulin acts with NOCA-1 in parallel to Patronin/P
  
  
  
    44 eated from multiprotein complexes containing gamma-tubulin and associated gamma-tubulin complex prote
    45 nd spindle formation rely on the activity of gamma-tubulin and associated proteins throughout the cel
    46    Branching microtubule nucleation requires gamma-tubulin and augmin and is stimulated by factors pr
    47 that microtubule-nucleating proteins such as gamma-tubulin and CeGrip-1 that are centrosome component
  
  
  
    51 ediated a novel interaction between p115 and gamma-tubulin and functioned in its centrosomal targetin
  
  
    54 Pk3 activity, cilia growth was inhibited and gamma-tubulin and Nedd1 no longer associated with the ba
  
    56 (gamma-TuSC), consisting of two molecules of gamma-tubulin and one copy each of the accessory protein
    57 ex (gamma-TuSC) consists of two molecules of gamma-tubulin and one molecule each of Spc97 and Spc98. 
  
  
    60 iated with the MT-organizing center proteins gamma-tubulin and pericentrin, are major sites of muscle
    61 on allele impairs centrosomal recruitment of gamma-tubulin and pericentrin, interferes with microtubu
  
    63 correlation between the expression levels of gamma-tubulin and RB1 and that in tumor cell lines with 
    64 so defective in spindle pole localization of gamma-tubulin and showed spindle assembly checkpoint (SA
    65 crotubules are stabilized by the presence of gamma-tubulin and Spc72, a protein that tethers the gamm
    66  role in mitotic spindle positioning through gamma-tubulin and spindle fidelity through an unknown me
    67 gulation of Ran GTPase, serotransferrin, and gamma-tubulin and suppression of light-evoked electrophy
    68 olar and pericentriolar components including gamma-tubulin and the centriole duplication factors ZYG-
    69 inases regulate the cellular localization of gamma-tubulin and thereby control S-phase progression.  
    70 -tubulin complex in T. brucei is composed of gamma-tubulin and three GCP proteins, GCP2-GCP4, and is 
  
    72 osed nucleation/stabilization factors, TPX2, gamma-tubulin and XMAP215, in chromatin-promoted assembl
    73  been made in understanding the functions of gamma-tubulin and, in particular, its role in microtubul
    74 n of mature centrioles capable of recruiting gamma-Tubulin, and a nonphosphorylatable Cetn2 mutant ca
    75 ry centrosomes had less centrosome-localized gamma-tubulin, and Plk1 blockade prevented MT growth, wh
    76 ary basal bodies, physically interacted with gamma-tubulin, and was present along ciliary axonemes, s
    77 nt for proper recruitment of pericentrin and gamma-tubulin, and, ultimately, for formation of normal 
  
  
  
  
    82   We discovered that Arpc1b colocalizes with gamma-tubulin at centrosomes and stimulates Aurora A act
    83 ndle stability was associated with decreased gamma-tubulin at MTOCs in NEDD1-depleted oocytes, as wel
    84 hat codepletion of MYPT1 and PLK1 reinstates gamma-tubulin at the centrosomes, rescuing the mitotic a
  
    86 beta-tubulin, the 2.3 A crystal structure of gamma-tubulin bound to GDP, and kinetic simulations to i
    87 lexes (gammaTuSCs) comprise two molecules of gamma-tubulin bound to the C-terminal domains of GCP2 an
    88 xpression of a non-phosphorylatable Ala(385)-gamma-tubulin but were enhanced by expression of SadB, w
  
    90   Here we report that GRK5 co-localizes with gamma-tubulin, centrin, and pericentrin in centrosomes. 
    91 ow that the localization of the MT nucleator gamma-tubulin changes from diffuse cytoplasmic staining 
  
  
  
    95 through recruiting two critical factors, the gamma-tubulin complex (gamma-TuC) and polo kinase (Plo1)
  
    97 nctions as a multiprotein complex called the gamma-tubulin complex (gamma-TuC), consisting of GCP1-6 
    98 to1/2 complex, which binds and activates the gamma-tubulin complex and also recruits the gamma-tubuli
    99 o1/2 complex stability, interaction with the gamma-tubulin complex and microtubule nucleation activit
  
  
  
  
   104 ogether, these results identified an unusual gamma-tubulin complex in T. brucei, uncovered an essenti
   105 ytokinesis defects, suggesting a role of the gamma-tubulin complex in the regulation of cytokinesis. 
  
   107 show that during mitosis GIPs play a role in gamma-tubulin complex localization, spindle stability an
   108 To date, the molecular mechanisms modulating gamma-tubulin complex location remain largely unknown.  
  
  
   111 mplex (gammaTuSC) composed of gamma-tubulin, gamma-tubulin complex protein (GCP)2 and GCP3, whereas a
  
   113 investigate the role of the highly conserved gamma-tubulin complex protein 3-interacting proteins (GI
  
   115 ocations marked by green fluorescent protein-gamma-tubulin complex protein2-tagged gamma-nucleation c
  
   117 abidopsis thaliana proteins interacting with gamma-tubulin complex protein3 (GCP3), GCP3-interacting 
   118 le from those of the AUG1-7 subunits and the gamma-tubulin complex proteins (GCPs) that exhibit biase
  
  
  
  
   123 amma-tubulin small complex (gamma-TuSC), and gamma-tubulin complex receptors (gamma-TuCRs) Spc72 and 
   124 TOC sites has been proposed as a key step in gamma-tubulin complex recruitment and MTOC formation, bu
   125 n Trypanosoma brucei, the composition of the gamma-tubulin complex remains elusive, and it is not kno
  
  
   128 ) as an additional member of the BRCA1/BARD1/gamma-tubulin complex that is critically involved in cen
   129  gamma-tubulin complex and also recruits the gamma-tubulin complex to both centrosomal (spindle pole 
   130 e augmin complex functions in recruiting the gamma-tubulin complex to cortical MTs and initiating MT 
   131 T)-dependent MT nucleation by recruiting the gamma-tubulin complex to MT walls to generate new MTs [1
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   144 ively, our studies demonstrate that distinct gamma-tubulin complexes regulate different microtubule b
   145 ulin on Ser(385) formed chromatin-associated gamma-tubulin complexes that moderate gene expression.  
   146 mplex receptor family (gamma-TuCR), recruits gamma-tubulin complexes to microtubule (MT) organizing c
   147 RT1/Mzt1 is required for the localization of gamma-tubulin complexes to microtubule (MT)-organizing c
  
   149 le exit specifically triggered loss of Nedd1-gamma-tubulin complexes, providing a mechanistic link co
  
  
  
   153 by the composition, position and dynamics of gamma-tubulin-containing nucleation complexes, which rep
  
   155 Ts can be generated from preexiting MTs in a gamma-tubulin-dependent manner in yeast, plant, and Dros
   156 im gamma-tubulin 3, plays a critical role in gamma-tubulin-dependent MT nucleation and amplification 
   157 l proteins, including Pericentrin, Pcm1, and gamma-tubulin, depends on Nesprin-1, an outer nuclear me
   158 -body components, provokes misrecruitment of gamma-tubulin, disorganization of this microtubule frame
  
   160 ins co-localized with the centrosomal marker gamma-tubulin during interphase and mitosis and were fou
  
   162 at gamma-tubulin mutations or alterations of gamma-tubulin expression play an important role in certa
  
  
   165 c siRNA injection caused the dissociation of gamma-tubulin from the spindle poles, resulting in sever
  
   167 ce recovery kinetics we observe implies that gamma-tubulin functions by binding weakly to spindle mic
  
   169 ubulin small complex (gammaTuSC) composed of gamma-tubulin, gamma-tubulin complex protein (GCP)2 and 
   170 fusions have shown that GIPs colocalize with gamma-tubulin, GCP3, and/or GCP4 and reorganize from the
  
  
  
  
   175 At the same time, data have accumulated that gamma-tubulin has important but less well understood fun
   176 ubules and interacts with alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tubulin, heat shock proteins 70 and 90 (HSP-70; HS
   177  indispensable component for the function of gamma -tubulin in MT nucleation and organization in plan
  
   179     In our efforts to understand the role of gamma-tubulin in cell cycle regulation, we have created 
   180 dle and centrosomes to determine the role of gamma-tubulin in microtubule nucleation in the spindle. 
   181 The aug7-1 mutation caused delocalization of gamma-tubulin in the mitotic spindle and phragmoplast.  
   182 etion spread its localization beyond that of gamma-tubulin, indicating an MT-dependent regulation of 
   183 , in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), gamma-tubulin interacts with p21-activated kinase intera
  
  
   186 evolutionarily conserved Cdk1 site (S360) in gamma-tubulin is correlated with the number and organiza
  
  
   189  Microtubule (MT)-dependent MT nucleation by gamma-tubulin is required for interphase plant cells to 
  
  
  
   193 se each gamma-TuSC contains two molecules of gamma-tubulin, it was assumed that the gamma-TuRC-specif
  
  
   196 we show that loss of B1 enhanced centrosomal gamma-tubulin localization and microtubule nucleation.  
  
  
   199 To explore whether microtubule nucleation by gamma-tubulin might contribute to polarity, we analyzed 
  
  
  
   203 icrotubules and followed similar dynamics to gamma-tubulin, moving from poles to midzone during the a
  
  
  
  
  
  
   210 r that polymerizes to form microtubules, and gamma-tubulin nucleates microtubules as a component of t
  
  
   213  found that SadB-mediated phosphorylation of gamma-tubulin on Ser(385) formed chromatin-associated ga
   214 the active form of MAP kinase interacts with gamma-tubulin on specific subsets of mitotic microtubule
   215 , compromises the localization of augmin and gamma-tubulin on the spindle and phragmoplast MT arrays 
  
   217 re enhanced by expression of SadB, wild-type gamma-tubulin, or a phosphomimetic Asp(385)-gamma-tubuli
   218 ic reconstruction of the filament reveals 13 gamma-tubulins per turn, matching microtubule symmetry, 
   219 ion led to loss of PCM components, including gamma-tubulin, pericentrin, and Cdk5Rap2, with centrosom
   220  pericentriolar proteins to MTNCs, including gamma-tubulin, pericentrin, Cep68, Cep170, and Cdk5RAP2.
  
   222 on to the spindle pole body, and, thus, that gamma-tubulin plays an important role in inactivating AP
   223 anced level of free cytosolic Ca(2+) affects gamma-tubulin properties and stimulates the association 
   224 ines with a nonfunctioning RB1, reduction of gamma-tubulin protein levels leads to induction of apopt
  
  
   227 g gamma-tubulin small complex (gammaTuSC) or gamma-tubulin, rather than gamma-tubulin ring complex (g
  
  
  
   231 terfering RNAs is known to result in loss of gamma-tubulin recruitment to the centrosomes, blocking c
   232  impaired both the Augmin-MT interaction and gamma-tubulin recruitment to the spindles, thus resultin
   233 ts in mislocalized Plk1 and poor centrosomal gamma-tubulin recruitment, potentially contributing to m
  
  
   236  sites in myotubes, and in RacGAP50C mutants gamma-tubulin remains dispersed throughout the cytoplasm
  
   238 plex protein 4, a component belonging to the gamma-tubulin ring complex (gamma-TuRC) and known to reg
   239 ein-dependent manner and interacted with the gamma-tubulin ring complex (gamma-TuRC) and the centriol
   240 iates interactions with proteins of both the gamma-tubulin ring complex (gamma-TuRC) and the gamma-tu
   241 fission yeast, the kinesin-14 Pkl1 binds the gamma-tubulin ring complex (gamma-TuRC) microtubule-orga
   242 ted that Cdc2-dependent phosphorylation on a gamma-tubulin ring complex (gamma-TuRC) recruitment prot
   243 chondrial surface, recruits the MT nucleator gamma-tubulin ring complex (gamma-TuRC), and is sufficie
   244 requires many identified components, such as gamma-tubulin ring complex (gamma-TuRC), components of t
  
   246 (GCP)2 and GCP3, whereas animals contain the gamma-tubulin ring complex (gammaTuRC) composed of gamma
   247  In vivo, MT nucleation is controlled by the gamma-tubulin ring complex (gammaTuRC), a 2.1-MDa comple
  
  
   250 letion in human cells destabilizes the large gamma-tubulin ring complex and abolishes CEP215(CM1)-ind
   251 ogress in understanding the structure of the gamma-tubulin ring complex and its components has led to
   252 omains leads to the loss of anchoring of the gamma-tubulin ring complex and of nucleation of microtub
   253 ues to generate the attachment sites for the gamma-tubulin ring complex and, possibly, other pericent
  
  
   256  protein2-tagged gamma-nucleation complexes (gamma-tubulin ring complex), therefore indicating that a
  
  
  
  
   261 tion of microtubules arises from distributed gamma-tubulin ring complexes (gamma-TuRCs) at the cell c
   262   Microtubules are nucleated and anchored by gamma-tubulin ring complexes (gamma-TuRCs) embedded with
  
   264 bule nucleation within cells is catalyzed by gamma-tubulin ring complexes localized at specific micro
   265 ET and Xenopus XCTK2 cofractionated with the gamma-tubulin ring complexes on sucrose gradients and th
  
   267   In mitotic cells, it was observed that the gamma -tubulin signal associated with the mitotic spindl
  
  
   270 , we reconstituted the interactions of Mzt1, gamma-tubulin small complex (gamma-TuSC), and gamma-tubu
  
   272  TUB4) encoding the evolutionarily conserved gamma-tubulin small complex (gamma-TuSC), which nucleate
  
   274 ere that budding yeast CK1delta, Hrr25, is a gamma-tubulin small complex (gammaTuSC) binding factor. 
   275 nt organisms: the budding yeast contains the gamma-tubulin small complex (gammaTuSC) composed of gamm
   276 cytoplasm as the less efficiently nucleating gamma-tubulin small complex (gammaTuSC) or gamma-tubulin
  
   278 ltimers act to multimerize the fission yeast gamma-tubulin small complex and that multimerization of 
   279 ab11 increases astral microtubules, restores gamma-tubulin spindle pole localization, and generates r
  
   281   Shot/Patronin foci do not co-localize with gamma-tubulin, suggesting that they do not nucleate new 
  
   283 ty in the epidermis to identify two pools of gamma-tubulin that are biochemically and functionally di
   284     Both increased and decreased activity of gamma-tubulin, the core microtubule nucleation protein, 
  
   286 lusory Clb3-Cdk1-specific phosphorylation of gamma-tubulin, thus establishing the timing of this even
   287     These results show that NOCA-1 acts with gamma-tubulin to assemble non-centrosomal arrays in mult
   288 A1-BARD1 heterodimer binds and ubiquitinates gamma-tubulin to inhibit centrosome amplification and pr
  
   290  assembly regulators (i.e., AURKA, PLK1, and gamma-tubulin) to the microtubule-organizing center via 
  
   292 y, mutation of one conserved Cdk site within gamma-tubulin (Tub4-S360D) caused mitotic delay and aber
   293 pPKCdelta(Thr505) and pericentrin as well as gamma-tubulin was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation an
   294  recovery after photobleaching analysis that gamma-tubulin was stably integrated into MT nucleation s
  
   296 with local nucleation, tagged and endogenous gamma-tubulins were found in specific positions in dendr
   297 tly of NOCA-1, but NOCA-1 targeting requires gamma-tubulin when a non-essential putatively palmitoyla
   298 pend on the evolutionarily conserved protein gamma -tubulin, which forms a complex with GCP2-GCP6 (GC
   299 ism for BAP1 involved in deubiquitination of gamma-tubulin, which is required to prevent abnormal mit
  
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