ライフサイエンスコーパス: gastric mill

1 an herbivory, such as stomach contents and a gastric mill.

2 ric and medial gastric motor neurons and the gastric mill 6a and 9 (gm6a, gm9) muscles and between th

3 Under these conditions the much slower gastric mill and cardiac sac networks of the stomatogast

4 ause MCN1 stimulation conjointly excites the gastric mill and pyloric rhythms, the gastric mill rhyth

5 a multifunctional network that generates the gastric mill and pyloric rhythms.

6 neurons arrayed into two different networks (gastric mill and pyloric), each of which produces a dist

7 astric mill rhythm and, at these times, is a gastric mill central pattern generator (CPG) neuron.

8 onic stimulation activates and modulates the gastric mill (chewing) and pyloric (filtering of chewed

9 addressing this issue in the network-driven, gastric mill (chewing) circuit in the crab stomatogastri

10 chanisms in this latter situation, using the gastric mill (chewing) CPG in the crab (Cancer borealis)

11 The STNS includes the gastric mill (chewing) motor circuit in the stomatogastr

12 tric ganglion (STG), where they activate the gastric mill (chewing) motor circuit.

13 commissure (POC) neurons trigger a specific gastric mill (chewing) motor pattern in the stomatogastr

14 stretch receptor (GPR) neuron, regulates the gastric mill (chewing) motor rhythm.

15 r (GPR) proprioceptor neuron on the biphasic gastric mill (chewing) rhythm driven by the projection n

16 ulates the biphasic (protraction/retraction) gastric mill (chewing) rhythm driven by the projection n

17 ly that pyrokinin (PK) peptides activate the gastric mill (chewing) rhythm without the participation

18 ns of the biphasic (protraction, retraction) gastric mill (chewing) rhythm, triggered in the isolated

19 ntified projection neurons that regulate the gastric mill circuit in the stomatogastric nervous syste

20 s in the stomato gastric ganglion, where the gastric mill circuit is located.

21 STG synapse from the pyloric circuit to the gastric mill circuit is not necessary for pyloric regula

22 ed synapse from the pyloric circuit onto the gastric mill circuit is pivotal for determining the gast

23 activated conductance (G(MI)) as MCN1 in the gastric mill circuit neuron lateral gastric (LG).

24 of mechanosensory neurons that activates the gastric mill circuit.

25 euron on the rhythmically active pyloric and gastric mill circuits within the stomatogastric ganglion

26 motor pattern, despite configuring different gastric mill circuits.

27 c pacemaker neuron anterior burster onto the gastric mill CPG was necessary only for generation of th

28 ntified projection neurons that regulate the gastric mill CPG, in the crab stomatogastric nervous sys

29 of MCN1, the pyloric circuit regulates both gastric mill cycle frequency and gastropyloric coordinat

30 mill circuit is pivotal for determining the gastric mill cycle period and the gastric-pyloric rhythm

31 to be necessary for production of the normal gastric mill cycle period.

32 c mill neuron, delayed the start of the next gastric mill cycle until after the imposed hyperpolariza

33 ations of pyloric neuron activity induced by gastric mill (cycle period, approximately 10 sec) activi

34 ths (CV = 0.4) and branching patterns in the Gastric Mill (GM) neuron, an identified neuron type with

35 2-cell reciprocally inhibitory networks from gastric mill (GM) neurons of the crab stomatogastric gan

36 spike voltage threshold) of dorsal gastric, gastric mill, lateral pyloric, and pyloric dilator neuro

37 howed that rhythmically stimulating GPR in a gastric mill-like pattern, in the isolated STNS, elicits

38 ommissural neuron 1 (MCN1) is activated, the gastric mill motor pattern is generated by interactions

39 borealis pyrokinin) peptide elicits the same gastric mill motor pattern, despite configuring differen

40 We first establish that distinct gastric mill motor patterns are triggered by separate st

41 A prominent feature that distinguishes these gastric mill motor patterns is the LG (lateral gastric)

42 nerates multiple versions of the pyloric and gastric mill motor patterns.

43 The gastric mill motor rhythm breaks down, and several gastr

44 he STG is both rapid and reversible, and the gastric mill motor rhythm is restored when the ganglion

45 in the crab stomatogastric ganglion (STG), a gastric mill network neuron presynaptically inhibits tra

46 ntirely by the interaction of neurons in the gastric mill network, can be strongly influenced by inhi

47 ric coordination via a direct synapse onto a gastric mill neuron in the STG.

48 bly hyperpolarizing LG or Int1, but no other gastric mill neuron, delayed the start of the next gastr

49 ity of the same two, reciprocally inhibitory gastric mill neurons [LG, Int1 (interneuron 1)].

50 ion neurons, MPN removes excitatory drive to gastric mill neurons and elicits an MPN-specific pyloric

51 urons in the crab inhibited some pyloric and gastric mill neurons and, with inputs from the commissur

52 ause MCN1 and CPN2 have different actions on gastric mill neurons, these manipulations resulted in rh

53 als of MCN1, reducing MCN1 excitation of all gastric mill neurons.

54 Using the well-studied gastric mill pattern generator of the crab, we show that

55 Surprisingly, the change of the gastric mill period produced by the pyloric input to the

56 However, during the gastric mill protraction phase, MCN1/CPN2 exhibit pylori

57 ulations to establish that CCAP prolongs the gastric mill protractor (LG) phase and maintains the ret

58 ally appropriate pattern (active during each gastric mill retractor phase) influences an ongoing gast

59 ne, GPR stimulation selectively prolongs the gastric mill retractor phase, via presynaptic inhibition

60 These circuits generate the gastric mill rhythm (cycle period, approximately 10 sec)

61 rustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG), the gastric mill rhythm and the pyloric rhythm.

62 ntide I present, MCN1 no longer elicited the gastric mill rhythm and the resulting pyloric rhythm was

63 t contain the PK peptide, also activates the gastric mill rhythm and, at these times, is a gastric mi

64 heir actions on STG neurons, they elicit the gastric mill rhythm as well as modify the pyloric rhythm

65 The VCN neurons also elicit the gastric mill rhythm by coactivating MCN1 and CPN2, but t

66 ely, the GPR and VCN neurons each elicit the gastric mill rhythm by coactivating MCN1 and CPN2.

67 ental model to explore the activation of the gastric mill rhythm by the modulatory commissural neuron

68 Here we establish that CabPK drives gastric mill rhythm generation by activating in the LG n

69 model was inspired by the activation of the gastric mill rhythm in the crab stomatogastric ganglion

70 e, we show that the GPR neurons activate the gastric mill rhythm in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG)

71 tivating MCN1 and CPN2, but the GPR-elicited gastric mill rhythm is distinct.

72 The POC-triggered gastric mill rhythm is shaped by feedback inhibition ont

73 mill retractor phase) influences an ongoing gastric mill rhythm via actions in the stomato gastric g

74 us the VCN mechanosensory system elicits the gastric mill rhythm via its activation of a subset of th

75 e pattern, in the isolated STNS, elicits the gastric mill rhythm via its activation of two identified

76 PN), a projection neuron that suppresses the gastric mill rhythm via its inhibitory actions on MCN1 a

77 hen GPR is instead stimulated during the VCN-gastric mill rhythm, it slows this rhythm.

78 uently, during each protraction phase of the gastric mill rhythm, presynaptic inhibition suppresses M

79 trates that the period of the MCN1-activated gastric mill rhythm, which was thought to be determined

80 es the gastric mill and pyloric rhythms, the gastric mill rhythm-timed presynaptic inhibition of MCN1

81 We showed previously that the gastric mill rhythm-timed presynaptic inhibition of the

82 thm, we have now found that MPN inhibits the gastric mill rhythm.

83 weakens or eliminates the GPR effect on the gastric mill rhythm.

84 and reduces the GPR ability to regulate the gastric mill rhythm.

85 ssary only for generation of the PK-elicited gastric mill rhythm.

86 e initiation/maintenance of the VCN-elicited gastric mill rhythm.

87 CPN2, VCN stimulation failed to activate the gastric mill rhythm.

88 and firing frequencies, elicited a VCN-like gastric mill rhythm.

89 er MCN1 or CPN2 still enabled a VCN-elicited gastric mill rhythm.

90 n MCN1 and CPN2, to inhibit the GPR-elicited gastric mill rhythm.

91 uit with a second pathway for regulating the gastric mill rhythm.

92 not necessary for pyloric regulation of the gastric mill rhythm.

93 odified the pyloric rhythm and activated the gastric mill rhythm.

94 euron and enabled full expression of the POC-gastric mill rhythm.

95 icits a distinct pyloric rhythm as well as a gastric mill rhythm.

96 ic rhythm and indirect MPN inhibition of the gastric mill rhythm.

97 bition of projection neurons that excite the gastric mill rhythm.

98 over, only one of them (MCN1) also elicits a gastric mill rhythm.

99 pid pyloric rhythm and a considerably slower gastric mill rhythm.

100 l commissure (POC) neurons] trigger distinct gastric mill rhythms despite acting via the same project

101 are comparable, in contrast to the distinct gastric mill rhythms elicited by other input pathways.

102 Here, we show that the gastric mill rhythms elicited by PK superfusion and MCN1

103 ction neurons that influence the pyloric and gastric mill rhythms have been studied.

104 hanisms underlying the PK- and MCN1-elicited gastric mill rhythms that are distinct, including additi

105 traction phase of the VCN- and POC-triggered gastric mill rhythms.

106 which persists for the same duration as POC-gastric mill rhythms.

107 at produces many versions of the pyloric and gastric mill rhythms.

108 period produced by the pyloric input to the gastric mill system can be many times larger than the pe

109 t in some pyloric muscles showing prominent, gastric mill-timed, changes in either phasic or tonic co