ライフサイエンスコーパス: gene region

1 to a much smaller region within the GRR (Ph1 gene region).

2 erived HBV variant in the partial X and core gene region.

3 at 2q33 that map to the CASP8/ALS2CR12/TRAK2 gene region.

4 cant factors for the amplification of either gene region.

5 CFH, C2, C3, and CFI and the LOC387715/ARMS2 gene region.

6 r subregions of the GRR, 9 mapped in the Ph1 gene region.

7 use the unique genomic structure of the SMN1 gene region.

8 s even for a smaller region, such as the Ph1 gene region.

9 also depends upon a target site within the H gene region.

10 cated result was found at the AHI1-LOC441171 gene region.

11 d their periodic distribution throughout the gene region.

12 were sequenced for the open reading frame 2 gene region.

13 of the intergenic spacer region of the rRNA gene region.

14 approximately 1 Mb in the 5' half of the Vh gene region.

15 shaping the nucleotide patterns in the Est-6 gene region.

16 tis with the human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) gene region.

17 A rearrangement was detected within the hrgr gene region.

18 on human chromosome 1q, within the FcgammaR gene region.

19 tions of our original hypothesized candidate gene region.

20 REPa and NF1-REPc, which flank the human NF1 gene region.

21 as especially pronounced at the gamma-globin gene region.

22 ion in the arsenic methyltransferase (AS3MT) gene region.

23 (SNVs), including five SNVs within the IL28B gene region.

24 apsid genes and to EV-B in the nonstructural gene region.

25 servation levels are highly dependent on the gene region.

26 y aggregate the variant information within a gene/region.

27 us association analyses across more than one gene/region.

28 lity, cardiac arrhythmia, and cardiomyopathy gene regions.

29 (gene bodies) but is largely absent from non-gene regions.

30 1.2 x 10(-8)) and NOTCH2 (P = 4.1 x 10(-8)) gene regions.

31 DKN2A/CDKN2B, IGF2BP2, HHEX/IDE, and SLC30A8 gene regions.

32 HSV, at HSIII, and throughout the placental-gene regions.

33 ficient and comprehensive analysis of distal gene regions.

34 ast to the conserved flanking non-resistance gene regions.

35 ng latency that is distinct from other lytic gene regions.

36 rioritization of all whole genes and partial gene regions.

37 hly similar proteins in their predicted tail gene regions.

38 located primarily within known and predicted gene regions.

39 s been observed most often in CpG islands in gene regions.

40 ethylation beyond those of proximal promoter gene regions.

41 quences are more conserved than untranslated gene regions.

42 l characters and DNA sequence data from five gene regions.

43 rylation of RNAP was detected at these virus gene regions.

44 yet additional determinants reside in other gene regions.

45 eper analysis of genetic variation in target gene regions.

46 tent with conservation of methylation within gene regions.

47 h SNPs in the APOE, F5/SELP, LHFP, and GCFC2 gene regions.

48 ype-mining algorithm, hapConstructor, to two genes/regions.

49 e-nucleotide polymorphisms: five in the TERT gene (Region 1: rs7726159, P = 2.10 x 10(-39); Region 3:

50 x 10(-7)) and one in the neighboring CLPTM1L gene (Region 2: rs451360; P = 1.90 x 10(-18) and PCondit

51 loned from the lung cancer tumour suppressor gene region 2 (LCTSGR2 or U2020 region) at 3p12.

52 d haplotype structure across the entire GHSR gene region (99.3 kb) in 178 pedigrees with multiple obe

53 fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene region across nine eutherian mammals reveals a CpG

54 Of the 22 nonprophage accessory gene regions (AGRs) identified, only 3 account for all s

55 blood, methylation at 15 CpG sites in seven gene regions (AHRR, MYO1G, GFI1, CYP1A1, CNTNAP2, KLF13

56 d species and were lower in some overlapping gene regions, all fell within the range of those seen in

57 Variants in the APC gene region also were analyzed.

58 NAT gene regions also exhibit higher levels of H3K36me3, H3K

59 use of other loci (16S and 18S ribosomal DNA gene regions) also added the detection of species of mic

60 lative prevalence of the middle ear-specific gene regions among a large panel of otitis media and thr

61 These results were robust across all five gene regions analysed, although analyses of each gene se

62 ater than three nucleotide substitutions per gene region analyzed during all of the 4-12 y of suppres

63 We sequenced the VDR gene region and developed its SNP map.

64 rived physical map of the porcine kallikrein gene region and have fully sequenced a BAC clone contain

65 ation of SNPs and haplotypes within the GHSR gene region and human obesity.

66 d DNA instability in the delta-, beta-globin gene region and its associated recombination hotspot.

67 associations between multiple variants in a gene region and pneumococcal meningitis susceptibility y

68 Studies on the zebrafish phox2b gene region and the ENCODE project suggest that many reg

69 to be rapidly repaired relative to the hTERT gene region and the overall genome, a phenomenon that ap

70 not observed when compared to both the hTERT gene region and the overall genome, proving the assay ca

71 sociation of SNPs in the PKP3-SIGIRR-TMEM16J gene region and tuberculosis in discovery and validation

72 displays a common core conformation in this gene region and unique features that distinguish neutral

73 eras containing the IAB epizootic structural gene region and, more specifically, the IAB PE2 envelope

74 tion between loss of methylation in specific gene regions and activation of the associated genes.

75 f eukaryotic RNA polymerases along different gene regions and amongst distinct gene functional groups

76 re found in both translated and untranslated gene regions and have been shown to affect the GABAA rec

77 CpGs were characterized by distribution over gene regions and location in relation to CpG islands.

78 tic hypotheses for Fungi using data from six gene regions and nearly 200 species.

79 hylogenetic markers, including ribosomal RNA gene regions and other highly conserved genes.

80 We sequenced four nuclear gene regions and performed a phylogenetic analysis.

81 hese associated SNPs - one was the candidate gene regions and the other was the approximately 5 kb re

82 ralleled opportunities to identify candidate gene regions and, ideally, even single genes responsible

83 al guidelines for SNP selection in candidate genes/regions and genome-wide studies are provided in th

84 CFH, C2, C3, CFB, CFI, APOE, and ARMS2/HTRA1 genes/regions and the novel genes LIPC, CETP, and ABCA1

85 aining a 520-bp 5' promoter region, 4,919-bp gene region, and 547-bp 3' nontranscribed sequence.

86 nt pattern of age-demethylated CpGs at other gene regions, and by overwhelming age-related methylatio

87 tution rates, which vary substantially among gene regions, and calculate divergence times, showing th

88 Other gene regions appeared to be cell line-specific, such as

89 variants, where multiple rare variants in a gene region are analyzed jointly.

90 ee cases in which differences in the Cyp12d1 gene region are associated with the differences in trans

91 demonstrate that all of the genes in the 18-gene region are cotranscribed as part of a single transc

92 e periphery, while sequences flanking the Vh gene region are infrequently so.

93 Genealogies for five gene regions are discordant, and only one molecular mark

94 es regression with the rs4820599 in the GGT1 gene region as an instrument, one unit of GGT levels (IU

95 d a similar pattern of significance over the gene region as the case-control analysis.

96 assay targets the same Enterococcus 23S rRNA gene region as the existing quantitative polymerase chai

97 Variants in the CETP gene region associated with increased circulating HDL-ch

98 n Americans, there were 20 SNPs located in 8 gene regions associated with HCV infection outcome.

99 We identified 195 SNPs in 16 genes/regions associated with 3 major lipid fractions an

100 risk and from linkage studies that the AMACR gene region at 5p13 is linked to a CaP susceptibility ge

101 rgy (PA)-specific loci in the HLA-DR and -DQ gene region at 6p21.32, tagged by rs7192 (P=5.5 x 10(-8)

102 gy Targeted Sequencing Study, we sequenced 5 gene regions at 11p11.2 to identify rare, potentially fu

103 ncies of 32 common polymorphisms in the NOD2 gene region between patients with the different clinical

104 or-activated receptor gamma, the SUR1/Kir6.2 gene region both contributes to the inherited risk of ty

105 nce of strong purifying selection across all gene regions, but also indications that rare episodes of

106 haracterized haplotype structures across the gene region by typing 77 working, high-frequency markers

107 An enhancer located within the intron of the gene (region C) is sufficient for appropriate temporal a

108 indings were not seen for the LOC387715 A69S gene region, CFB, C2, or C3.

109 ecific (housekeeping) genes are short in all gene regions (coding regions, intron, 5' and 3' untransl

110 spliced transcript expressed from the early gene region concomitant with an increase in the abundanc

111 In total, we provide evidence for 200 gene regions confirming that CD is truly multifactorial

112 Phylogenetic analysis of all gene regions confirms this relationship and shows that H

113 Six gene regions contained single nucleotide polymorphisms a

114 The imprinted Gnas1 gene region contains closely juxtaposed maternally expre

115 lymorphism compared to other genes, with all gene regions contributing to allelic differences in mRNA

116 whereas acetylation levels at the individual gene regions correlated with the state of transcription.

117 ines: (i) a DNA vaccine containing the prM-E gene region (D), (ii) a recombinant subunit protein vacc

118 Langat virus, LGTV) in the duplicated capsid gene region (DCGR).

119 Polymorphisms in the MYH9 and adjacent APOL1 gene region demonstrate a strong association with non-di

120 V(H)14-1 and V(H)14-2 gene regions differed from their neighboring V(H) genes

121 int positions, junction sequences, genes and gene regions disrupted and experimental techniques appli

122 dentified nineteen differentially methylated gene regions (DMGRs) in early stage tumors across eleven

123 lls as well as for differentially methylated gene regions (DMRs) using a methylated DNA immunoprecipi

124 stablishes that variation within the insulin gene region does influence susceptibility to LADA, with

125 deletion of only the proximal half of the Vh gene region does not.

126 ymorphisms that exist within selected single gene regions (e.g. opioid receptor mu-1, catechol-O-meth

127 viruses carrying mutated versions of the E3 gene region, E3/19K was identified as the gene responsib

128 ct alterations in the DNA methylation of the gene regions encoding TGFbeta pathway components were de

129 Polymorphism in the interleukin-28B (IL28B) gene region, encoding interferon (IFN)-lambda3, is stron

130 suggested that allelic variants in the CD58 gene region, encoding the costimulatory molecule LFA-3,

131 We sequenced 12 gene regions evenly distributed along the fourth chromos

132 Across all FIVPle gene regions except env, lion subtypes B and E are monop

133 rst, DNA replication timing is stratified in gene regions-exons tend to replicate early and introns l

134 d on 4.5 kilobases of sequence data from six gene regions extracted from 139 of the 288 described ext

135 Selection pressure on the coding gene regions follows three-nucleotide periodic pattern o

136 The gene region for biosynthesis of Shigella sonnei form I O

137 The differential distribution patterns over gene regions for methylated and demethylated CpGs both r

138 the Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome gene region from 27 cM to 6 cM flanked by D17S933 and D1

139 The gene region from Pseudomonas sp. strain A2C required for

140 ehensive array of MAPs covering two envelope gene regions from all of the SIV lineages for which env

141 Based on an expanded data set of taxa and gene regions from those previously generated, we employe

142 tive PCR assays for amplification of two SRV gene regions (gag and pol) were negative.

143 dentify simple sequence repeats derived from gene regions (genic-SSR).

144 For example, the ABCA1 gene region harbors rare mutations and common variants t

145 Polymorphism in the IL28B gene region has a major impact on the natural history an

146 gle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within a gene region have often been studied to determine their e

147 RECENT FINDINGS: Over 30 genes and gene regions have now been identified as scleroderma sus

148 plification, and mutations in protein-coding-gene regions, have frequently been implicated as well.

149 y 1-Mb region in the 5' half of the variable-gene region heavy-chain (Vh) locus regularly colocalizes

150 cluding association with a candidate gene or gene region, heritability that is inferred from relative

151 Four additional gene regions, HLA-G, HLA-DQA2, HLA-A, and Duffy blood gr

152 density genotyping study across the SERPING1 gene region identified five additional SNP variants simi

153 ap across the genetically implicated disease-gene region, identified 28 putative genes and resequence

154 us in the innate immunity viral RNA receptor gene region IFIH1 (also known as mda-5 or Helicard) on c

155 Using 30 polymorphic sites across the Gnas1 gene region in (C57BL/6JxMus spretus) F(1) mice and chro

156 enable one to assess the impact of a causal gene region in a genome by allowing comparisons of the e

157 overlapping BAC clones covering the Hv-eIF4E gene region in barley were sequenced in their entire len

158 duced nucleotide variation across the entire gene region in both the non-African and the African popu

159 netic confirmation of the importance of this gene region in BWS.

160 ere show real gains of the IgG heavy chain V gene region in carcinogen-induced rat mammary tumor samp

161 tigated nucleotide polymorphism in the Est-6 gene region in four samples of Drosophila melanogaster d

162 haplotype and LD maps of vitamin D receptor gene region in large samples from five populations.

163 Characterization of variation across this gene region in Mexican-American populations has not been

164 histone acetylation patterns across the Ifng gene region in natural killer (NK) cells and T cells tha

165 of variable mosaic loss involving known DBA gene regions in 3 patients from 2 kindreds.

166 dwide collection of 11 isofemale lines and 5 gene regions in a local population of 10 isofemale lines

167 hat uses species-specific primers to amplify gene regions in four species (V. cholerae, V. parahaemol

168 s in DNA damage and repair between different gene regions in individual cells in response to radiatio

169 KOS/29 was hyperacetylated relative to lytic gene regions in the absence of detectable LAT transcript

170 itive selection acting on both Ins2 and Ins1 gene regions in the Mus musculus domesticus populations.

171 as a multilocus association test on >20 000 genes/regions in a study of esophageal squamous cell car

172 ls that 5-hmC is highly enriched on specific gene regions including exons and especially the untransl

173 We genotyped 6 SNPs in the SIGIRR gene region (including the adjacent genes PKP3 and TMEM1

174 The nucleotide sequence of the soraphen A gene region, including 67,523 bp was determined.

175 e association of LOXL1 variants spanning the gene region, including the 5' and 3' regulatory regions,

176 ata reveal that the variation levels in many gene regions, including an intron region of the ci gene,

177 we found that 3 polymorphisms in this toxin gene region increase resistance to killing by human poly

178 characterization of the RelB 5' untranslated gene region indicates that RelB transcription is depende

179 t least one additional variant in the PTPN22 gene region influence RA susceptibility.

180 To localize gene regions influencing variation in urinary albumin-to

181 diversity ranged from 0.0010 to 0.0074 in 9 gene regions interspersed with several regions of greatl

182 The 3' half of the Vh gene region is less frequently colocalized with the peri

183 (2) sequence-based replication, wherein the gene region is sequenced in the replication sample and b

184 Vh genes to a new chromosome, the distal Vh gene region is still associated with the nuclear periphe

185 this study, DNA sequence variation in three gene regions is examined in a phylogeographic approach t

186 ocol that employs DNA metabarcoding of three gene regions (ITS2, rbcLa, and COI) to provide an inexpe

187 Recently, it has been shown that a gene region known as Toxo1 is critical for susceptibilit

188 The first mapped to the NOS1AP (CAPON) gene region (lead SNP: rs7538490, odds ratio 1.38 [95% C

189 oceed in antisense orientation into the late gene region, leading to the formation of highly unstable

190 Using a low-copy nuclear gene region (LEAFY second intron) we show multiple insta

191 nges in methylation over time occurred in 15 gene regions (lowest P-value (IL13) = 1.57*10(-8)).

192 Seven of the nine Ph1 gene region markers mapped within a 450-kb region on R9

193 t common polymorphisms in the IFNgamma/IL-26 gene region may contribute to sex bias in susceptibility

194 sm by which genetic alterations in noncoding gene regions may result in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficienc

195 ciation signals of multiple markers within a gene/region may cause noise due to the inclusion of neut

196 differential selection acting on the insulin gene region, most likely in the non-African ancestral po

197 onts and pathogens each contain a homologous gene region necessary for the synthesis and transfer of

198 s been described for the fatty-acid synthase gene region of -600 to +65, but the 2-3-fold increase in

199 r that causes hybrid lethality to a small 24-gene region of the D. melanogaster X.

200 A four-gene region of the ESX-5 system is duplicated three time

201 ations that reside outside of the structural gene region of the genome.

202 determined the DNA sequence of the envelope gene region of the GR strain of mouse mammary tumour vir

203 p of the complete Ig H chain constant (IGHC) gene region of the horse (Equus caballus), represented b

204 An 8-gene region of the MAI encodes several factors implicate

205 e DNA damage and repair in the p53 and hTERT gene regions of bladder cancer cell-lines RT4 and RT112,

206 pens the way to the direct study of specific gene regions of eukaryotic chromosomes in diverse functi

207 A comparison of the tail gene regions of Phi K5, Phi K1E, and Phi K1-5 shows that

208 swapped structural and nonstructural protein gene regions of the North American and South American st

209 Subsequent sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene regions of these isolates showed the presence of am

210 Although the protein-coding gene regions often had a higher percent of correct ident

211 he SNPs rs7173419 and rs12913832 in the OCA2 gene region on brown eye color (P-value for interaction

212 0 families and identified a common candidate gene region on chromosome 16 in a subset of these.

213 Three SNPs in the RANTES gene region on chromosome 17 (403A in the promoter, In1.

214 ingle nucleotide polymorphisms in the IGFBP3 gene region on chromosome 7p12.3 with IGFBP-3 concentrat

215 g-range allele-specific associations between gene regions on different chromosomes that suggest a fra

216 nces of structural and nonstructural protein gene regions on EEEV virulence.

217 um of functional variation in protein coding gene regions on HIV-1 progression through exome sequenci

218 genomic projects must be able to prioritize gene regions on the basis of significant sequence simila

219 e approximately 1 Mb physical maps in the R1 gene region, one for each of the three genomes (haplotyp

220 otential to look for associations between 5'-gene region or promoter hypermethylation, satellite, or

221 ated mutation rate in an adaptively evolving gene region or widespread selection on "silent" sites.

222 ucted from either multiple SNPs in candidate gene regions or from panels of markers that span the ent

223 This study suggests that the HLA-DR and -DQ gene region probably poses significant genetic risk for

224 leotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) within selected genes/regions, providing data for haplotype association

225 lt of past events of duplication of genes or gene regions, rather than a direct result of TE insertio

226 tone hyperacetylated domains across the Ifng gene region represents a developmental mechanism that ma

227 e either unspliced or spliced within the rep gene region, respectively.

228 ght recent advances in identifying genes and gene regions responsible for the variation in serum lipi

229 cus, including part of the 5' half of the Vh gene region, result in loss of peripheral compartmentali

230 A variant in the APOA5 gene region (rs662799) was used as the genetic instrumen

231 ociated with log[IL-12p40] was in the IL-12B gene region (rs6897260, combined P=9.26 x 10(-38)); this

232 The construction of a composite gene region (sequence pair) heterogeneity measure is one

233 r EKC pathogens, specifically the fiber knob gene region, share a distinct phylogenetic clade.

234 sults suggest that the promoter and proximal gene region should be not only included but prioritized

235 Overall, most gene regions showed low levels of conservation at many s

236 SNPs in the MYOC, COL8A2, COL1A1 and ZNF469 gene regions showed marginal associations with POAG.

237 ng information across multiple SNPs within a gene region simultaneously to characterize gene and locu

238 od, which considers multi-locus data for two genes/regions simultaneously.

239 Four of the gene regions studied (TNFSF18, TANK, HAVCR1, and IL18BP)

240 Furthermore, a 257-gene region (STY1360 to STY1639) showed an aberrant repl

241 One strain was devoid of a 149-gene region (STY4521 to STY4680), which encodes numerous

242 ntacts gp120 mainly through immunoglobulin V-gene regions substantially altered from their genomic pr

243 otype analysis using SNPs spanning the HPRP3 gene region supporting multiple origins of the mutation.

244 and also carrying a deletion around the H19 gene region that causes bialellic expression of the clos

245 identify a rare coding variant in the KALRN gene region that encodes the catalytic domain, in a schi

246 sent a detailed transcript map of the MCOLN1 gene region that includes the genes KIAA0521, neuropathy

247 ased AMD risk, although variants in the LIPC gene region that increase circulating HDL-cholesterol ha

248 This 5' Vh gene region that produces peripheral compartmentalizatio

249 Idd3 is one of many gene regions that affect the development of type 1 diabe

250 SNPs in 112 candidate genes, we identified 4 gene regions that are likely candidates for a role in HC

251 Here, we identified meat quality related gene regions that are positively selected in Ankole (San

252 We particularly focus on variants in gene regions that are proxies for specific pharmacologic

253 transfection approaches to characterize the gene regions that confer the islet-specific expression o

254 sed reverse genetics system to identify NSP2 gene regions that correlate with restricted reassortment

255 pe 1 diabetes genes, methods to identify the gene regions that interact to define the risk for type 1

256 We identify 78 additional gene regions that pass genome-wide significance, providi

257 ericans, we identified 18 SNPs located in 11 gene regions that were associated with HCV infection out

258 inversion of the proposed B3 immunity/early gene region, the loss of Mu-like tail genes, and an extr

259 ype diversity are markedly different between gene regions, these data show the importance of either e

260 s identified by sequencing of an independent gene region; this is not a Lyme group spirochete and is

261 d group significantly narrowed the candidate gene region to a 103-kb interval spanning only four gene

262 ositioning sequence (MP2) into a variable Ig gene region to assess its impact on SHM in vivo.

263 es have evolved to recruit CTCF to the early gene region to control the balance and complexity of spl

264 tic (WSS) to collapse multiple variants in a gene region to form a gene score.

265 in the interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL2RA) gene region to two independent groups of SNPs, spanning

266 : We use three mitochondrial and one nuclear gene regions to estimate the phylogenetic relationships

267 axa (48 families) and DNA sequences of three gene regions, to obtain divergence time estimates and co

268 ture and sequence motifs, RBP co-binding and gene region type.

269 d pol II take place as the human beta-globin gene region undergoes its developmental switches.

270 enzae throat strain 23221, and the resultant gene regions unique to the middle ear strain were identi

271 tion, we further interrogated the MYH9/APOL1 gene region using 282 SNPs for association with CKD usin

272 ation dynamics of this epidemic for all five gene regions using Bayesian skyline plots.

273 Variant data are generated for gene regions using forward-time simulation that incorpor

274 ets containing up to 216,402 sites and 1,185 gene regions using multiple models and methods.

275 y 16S rRNA and 99.3 to 100% identity by rpoB gene region V sequencing and represent a previously unde

276 ing' associated with the physical linkage of gene regions, versus 'genome hitchhiking' associated wit

277 r cell-lines and normal fibroblasts, the p53 gene region was found to be rapidly repaired relative to

278 Ribosome transit through the upstream NS2 gene region was necessary for efficient VP1 and VP2 expr

279 d repair (TCR), this rapid repair of the p53 gene region was not observed when compared to both the h

280 The adi gene region was shown to be organized into two transcrip

281 t-generation sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene regions was used to characterize the microbiota of

282 on within a chromosome 7q31 autism candidate gene region, we analyzed the gene encoding the pleiotrop

283 Eight SNPs across the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene region were analyzed in 78 FCH probands and their n

284 In addition, seven SNPs within the NOTCH4 gene region were associated with enhanced NOTCH4 mRNA le

285 Four SNPs in the ADM gene region were associated with plasma MR-proADM concen

286 sms occurring in the interferon (IFN)-lambda gene region were associated with response to IFN-based t

287 enotypes of all rare variants within a given gene region were collapsed into a single locus and a glo

288 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IGF2 gene region were genotyped in 1,160 mother/partner/offsp

289 e polymorphisms spaced throughout the SLC1A1 gene region were genotyped.

290 nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SMAD3 gene region were tested in a discovery set: 313 patients

291 arks, defined by a sliding window, imprinted gene regions were enriched for double hits 5.4-fold.

292 e (Adh), big brain (bib), and timeless (tim) gene regions, which represent separate positions along t

293 lex real-time PCR assays targeting different gene regions, which revealed 89% (55/62 results) concord

294 A seven-gene region with a host association signal was found.

295 An orthologous gene region with ALOX12 centromeric is also present in h

296 in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene region with body mass index (BMI) and risk of obesi

297 imer design that saturates only the targeted gene region with single codon changes.

298 We analyzed rare variants in 5 gene regions with FI or fasting glucose using the sequen

299 himeras was made by replacing various W956IC gene regions with the Eg101 equivalents.

300 virginiana with at least two linked loci (or gene regions) with major effects.