ライフサイエンスコーパス: genetic code

1 ids that have been artificially added to the genetic code).

2 effectively side-steps the degeneracy of the genetic code.

3 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, establishes the genetic code.

4 onding orthologs, and display an alternative genetic code.

5 t in possibly catastrophic corruption of the genetic code.

6 t amino acid, as defined by the rules of the genetic code.

7 nism that cysteine was originally added into genetic code.

8 s commonly thought to strictly adhere to the genetic code.

9 ins of life is not confined to the universal genetic code.

10 SR1 bacteria use a unique genetic code.

11 nexpected surprises in mRNA splicing and the genetic code.

12 ase-pairing in mRNA, which is imposed by the genetic code.

13 tant protein molecules that deviate from the genetic code.

14 lation is determined by a triplet-of-triplet genetic code.

15 selected very early in the evolution of the genetic code.

16 ve advantage underlying the expansion of the genetic code.

17 oacylation, both essential for expanding the genetic code.

18 provided an effective mechanism to alter the genetic code.

19 e found in their respective positions in the genetic code.

20 ding of AUA, resulting in a deviation in the genetic code.

21 ents across membranes is as universal as the genetic code.

22 g experimental evidence for a stereochemical genetic code.

23 yptophane, Prochlorococcus uses the standard genetic code.

24 mechanism, may offer a new way to expand the genetic code.

25 d constitute a second transient layer of the genetic code.

26 vertically and reflect the evolution of the genetic code.

27 synthetic protein produced using an expanded genetic code.

28 ion of bulky, unnatural amino acids into the genetic code.

29 and elongation codons is used to expand the genetic code.

30 an be utilized at any one time to expand the genetic code.

31 rate among tumors and the redundancy of the genetic code.

32 cid interactions shaped the evolution of the genetic code.

33 id sites can be queried for parallels to the genetic code.

34 re constitutes an important component of the genetic code.

35 ene, turned into amino acid mutations by the genetic code.

36 or a semisynthetic organism with an expanded genetic code.

37 is thought to be an essential feature of the genetic code.

38 of considering alternative iterations of the genetic code.

39 l to deriving a theory for the origin of the genetic code.

40 ng that PR is uniquely related to the modern genetic code.

41 tive fixation of the last amino acids in the genetic code.

42 involved in maintaining the fidelity of the genetic code.

43 n the formation of UV-induced lesions of the genetic code.

44 derations and technologies for expanding the genetic code.

45 no acid side chains via the expansion of the genetic code.

46 ive during the finalization of the universal genetic code.

47 at must be overcome in order to engineer the genetic code.

48 ities beyond those directly specified by the genetic code.

49 nslation that enabled Asn to be added to the genetic code.

50 e limited functionality contained within the genetic code.

51 ues remain unsolved, such as the origin of a genetic code.

52 chemical steps that translate the universal genetic code.

53 the pairing rules are the molecule basis of genetic code.

54 NAs are essential for the translation of the genetic code.

55 e codon readings comprising about 15% of the genetic code.

56 perform an essential role in translating the genetic code.

57 reassigned codons in organisms with expanded genetic codes.

58 roteins in bacteria with expanded amino acid genetic codes.

59 systems, cellular memories, and alternative genetic codes.

60 signing genomes exhibiting radically altered genetic codes.

61 sts substantially accelerated development of genetic coding.

62 Owing to the degeneracy of the genetic code, a protein sequence can be encoded by many

63 hosts, such that the evolution of a variant genetic code acts as a unique and powerful antiviral str

64 y' during an early expansion of a primordial genetic code, allowing for multiplexed protein coding an

65 Finally, we note that the degeneracy of the genetic code allows competing 3' splice sites to be elim

66 Gene-specific expansion of the genetic code allows for UGA codons to specify the amino

67 The degeneracy of the genetic code allows nucleic acids to encode amino acid i

68 The degeneracy of the genetic code allows protein-coding DNA and RNA sequences

69 Thus, redundancy in the genetic code allows the same protein to be translated at

70 these fungi survived this potentially lethal genetic code alteration and its relevance for their biol

71 open the door to produce microorganisms with genetic code alterations for basic and applied research.

72 ite, where they are cleared to guard against genetic code ambiguities.

73 or a semisynthetic organism with an expanded genetic code and also have immediate in vitro applicatio

74 r inform discussions of the evolution of the genetic code and amino acid biosynthetic pathways.

75 ubunit macromolecular machine, deciphers the genetic code and catalyzes peptide bond formation.

76 eir potential impact on the integrity of the genetic code and cellular viability.

77 eriophages can infect hosts with a different genetic code and demonstrate phage-host antagonism based

78 ponsible for the faithful translation of the genetic code and have lately become a prominent target f

79 , it is critical to be able to both read the genetic code and identify these modifications.

80 esponding codon content in both the standard genetic code and mitochondrial variants.

81 is highly demanding for the expansion of the genetic code and other possible biotechnological applica

82 the study of the evolutionary origins of the genetic code and protein-mRNA cross-regulation.

83 ved in the RNA world before evolution of the genetic code and proteins.

84 ein-coding regions, our understanding of the genetic code and splicing allows us to identify likely c

85 The origins of cells, the emergence of the genetic code and translation, the evolution of the eukar

86 iety of mechanisms to ensure fidelity of the genetic code and ultimately select the correct amino aci

87 rase was expressed in cells with an expanded genetic code and used in the photochemical activation of

88 ity to identify sequences that use alternate genetic codes and confidence values for each gene call.

89 background mutation rates, the redundancy of genetic code, and multiple mutations in one gene.

90 ng the cortex at the level of its underlying genetic code, and rapid technological advances have prop

91 very of antibiotics, the decipherment of the genetic code, and rational approaches to understand and

92 uch as scrambled coding regions, nonstandard genetic codes, and convoluted modes of posttranscription

93 they are linked by ancestral sense/antisense genetic coding, and their evident modularities suggest d

94 esearch increases the possibility of finding genetic coding anomalies that are not the primary object

95 Using an expanded genetic code, antibodies with site-specifically incorpor

96 he evolution of the splicing signals and the genetic code are connected.

97 n of nonproline N-alkyl amino acids from the genetic code are explained by intrinsic chemical reactiv

98 In particular, nonstandard genetic codes are characteristic of several eukaryotic p

99 Universal genetic codes are degenerated with 61 codons specifying

100 netic code, suggesting that ciliate-specific genetic codes arose after Stentor branched from other ci

101 de all 20 amino acids found in the universal genetic code as some amino acids have complex biosynthet

102 Several genetic code-based tests indicate, again for methylated

103 h potential impact can be estimated from the genetic code, but determining the impact of rare noncodi

104 yotic phosphoproteome, is not encoded in the genetic code, but synthesized posttranslationally.

105 synthetases in translation is to define the genetic code by accurately pairing cognate tRNAs with th

106 n amino acids were subsequently added to the genetic code by changing nonsense codons into sense codo

107 oacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) translate the genetic code by ensuring the correct pairing of amino ac

108 ically affects mRNA function--it changes the genetic code by facilitating non-canonical base pairing

109 Pyl-decoding archaea adapted to an expanded genetic code by minimizing TAG codon frequency to typica

110 mino acid supply, lift the degeneracy of the genetic code by splitting codon families into a hierarch

111 mportance due to the potential damage of the genetic code by UV light.

112 the genetic code was deciphered, but how the genetic code came into being has not been satisfactorily

113 The genetic code can be manipulated to reassign codons for t

114 hanges in gene expression independent of the genetic code can be transmitted from one generation to t

115 warhead" and demonstrates that a "synthetic" genetic code can confer a selective advantage by increas

116 This result suggests that an expanded genetic code can confer an evolutionary advantage in res

117 Capture mechanism is simulated, an optimized genetic code can rarely be achieved (0-3.2% of the time)

118 intrinsic to the network defined by expanded genetic codes can be actuated.

119 Viruses have a limited genetic coding capacity but must encounter a multilayere

120 KSHV overcomes its limited genetic coding capacity by generating alternatively init

121 We identify a genetic code change, CUG-Ala, in Pachysolen tannophilus

122 xtent to which the structure of the standard genetic code constrains evolution by analyzing adaptive

123 he past 20 years for reading and writing the genetic code converged when the first synthetic cell was

124 Rewriting the genetic code could lead to new biological functions such

125 to T7 bacteriophage, demonstrating that new genetic codes could enable increased viral resistance.

126 Together, epistasis and the genetic code create a pattern of connectivity of functio

127 We assembled splicing (epi)genetic code, DeepCode, for human embryonic stem cell (h

128 These results illuminate how genetic code degeneracy may function to specify properti

129 Faithful translation of the genetic code depends on the GTPase EF-Tu delivering corr

130 It is now widely accepted that the earliest genetic code did not encode all 20 amino acids found in

131 By regulating access to the genetic code, DNA supercoiling strongly affects DNA meta

132 ecoding (local deviation from using standard genetic code) due to possessing specific sequence motifs

133 I further suggest that genetic code emerged to avoid this randomness.

134 s are required that provide control over the genetic code - enabling targeted modifications to DNA se

135 alteration will be important as the field of genetic code engineering continues to infiltrate the gen

136 additional codons will become available for genetic code engineering.

137 in the first organism possessing an altered genetic code (Escherichia coli strain C321.DeltaA) to co

138 ) hypothesis proposes that an early stage of genetic code evolution involved RNA molecules acting as

139 olecular level is critical for understanding genetic code evolution, and provides clues to genetic co

140 Therefore, the genetic code evolved as pathways for synthesis of new am

141 w genomes are designed and how the canonical genetic code evolved.

142 volutionary record suggests that a primitive genetic code expanded into the current genetic code, ove

143 Recent advances in genetic code expansion and bioorthogonal chemistry have

144 Genetic code expansion and bioorthogonal labeling provid

145 rucial part of foundational technologies for genetic code expansion and encoded and evolvable polymer

146 Genetic code expansion and reprogramming enable the site

147 We utilized genetic code expansion and site-specific bioorthogonal l

148 ding challenge in realizing the potential of genetic code expansion approaches.

149 We used the genetic code expansion concept to produce natively folde

150 trinsic limitation on the scope of synthetic genetic code expansion for the incorporation of multiple

151 Rapid progress in moving genetic code expansion from bacteria to eukaryotic cells

152 ), and demonstrate practical applications of genetic code expansion in protein labeling, photocrossli

153 Here we report genetic code expansion in zebrafish embryos and its appl

154 Genetic code expansion is a key objective of synthetic b

155 However, the potential of synthetic genetic code expansion is generally limited to the low e

156 ic incorporation of bioorthogonal groups via genetic code expansion provides a powerful general strat

157 Therefore, using our optimized assay, genetic code expansion provides an attractive tool for l

158 Here, we applied the genetic code expansion strategy to site-specifically inc

159 The genetic code expansion strategy, which co-translationall

160 y, which will augment the current efforts on genetic code expansion through quadruplet decoding.

161 In this study, we have utilized genetic code expansion to site-specifically incorporate

162 a useful guidance for further efforts on the genetic code expansion using a non-canonical quadruplet

163 Genetic code expansion, for the site-specific incorporat

164 hannels with subtype specificity through the genetic code expansion.

165 table for recombinant protein production via genetic code expansion.

166 replaced with a photocaged lysine (PCK), via genetic code expansion.

167 ave been only few studies on pathogens using genetic code expansion.

168 Owing to their great potentials in genetic code extension and the development of nucleic ac

169 utilized in many research fields, including genetic-code extension, novel therapeutics development,

170 ation into proteins via the expansion of the genetic code, F-PSCaa reacts with a nearby cysteine with

171 ncreasingly dominant factor in expanding the genetic code far beyond 20 amino acids.

172 nsfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases, which preserve genetic code fidelity by removing incorrect amino acids

173 rial ND4 subunit of complex I in the nuclear genetic code for import into mitochondria.

174 In parallel to the genetic code for protein synthesis, a second layer of in

175 s bearing ncAAs, but stabilizing an expanded genetic code for sustained function in vivo requires an

176 eus while still enabling rapid access to the genetic code for transcriptional processes is a challeng

177 collectively, its genome) provides a primary genetic code for what makes that individual unique, just

178 proposes that early in the evolution of the genetic code four amino acids-valine, alanine, aspartic

179 Reduction of the genetic code from 21 to 20 amino acids led to significan

180 bserved in many genomes, suggesting that the genetic code has been evolving.

181 explosion of protein sequences deduced from genetic code has led to both a problem and a potential r

182 The evolution of deviant genetic codes illustrates how populations move from a lo

183 The redundancy of the genetic code implies that most amino acids are encoded b

184 ked the fiftieth anniversary of breaking the genetic code in 1961.

185 ibonucleoprotein machine that translates the genetic code in all cells, synthesizing proteins accordi

186 their hosts and organisms that adjust their genetic code in response to changing environments.

187 nown organism that modulates the size of its genetic code in response to its environment and energy s

188 Mining the information contained within the genetic code in untranslated regions has proven difficul

189 ng so it facilitates the reassignment of the genetic code in yeast mitochondria.

190 rk highlights the dynamic feature of natural genetic codes in mitochondria, and the relative simplici

191 design of engineered organisms with altered genetic codes in order to preclude the exchange of genet

192 does our work demonstrate the involvement of genetic codes in regulating protein synthesis and foldin

193 emerged as ideal translation components for genetic code innovation.

194 to divide the 20 amino acids of the standard genetic code into groups, thereby forming a simplified a

195 Rapid and accurate translation of the genetic code into protein is fundamental to life.

196 The genetic code is an abstraction of how mRNA codons and tR

197 Expanding the genetic code is an important aim of synthetic biology, b

198 The canonical genetic code is assumed to be deeply conserved across al

199 The genetic code is degenerate--most amino acids can be enco

200 The genetic code is degenerate.

201 evolutionary mechanism for expansion of the genetic code is described in which individual coded amin

202 The genetic code is implemented by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

203 Despite the fact that the genetic code is known to vary between organisms in rare

204 Here we show that the degeneracy of the genetic code is lifted by environmental perturbations to

205 adapt to changing environments, and show the genetic code is much more flexible than previously thoug

206 t events has demonstrated that the canonical genetic code is not universal.

207 The non-universality of the genetic code is now widely appreciated.

208 The canonical genetic code is on a sub-optimal adaptive peak with resp

209 The origin of translation and the genetic code is one of the major mysteries of evolution.

210 If the table of the genetic code is rearranged to put complementary codons f

211 The genetic code is redundant with most amino acids using mu

212 cate that the selective value of an expanded genetic code is related to carbon source range and metab

213 of 20 amino acids found within the standard genetic code is the result of considerable natural selec

214 The standard genetic code is used by most living organisms, yet devia

215 because every triplet codon in the universal genetic code is used in encoding the synthesis of the pr

216 Although the 'universal' genetic code is widespread among life-forms, a number of

217 xpand our view of how tRNA, and possibly the genetic code, is diversified in nature.

218 mino acid found to be encoded in the natural genetic code, is necessary for all of the known pathways

219 Considering the redundancy of the genetic code, it was postulated that in case of the most

220 Establishment of the early genetic code likely required strategies to ensure transl

221 some organisms developed naturally expanded genetic codes long ago over the course of evolution.

222 ity reflects differences in the evolution of genetic code machineries of emerging bacterial clades.

223 enetic code evolution, and provides clues to genetic code manipulation in synthetic biology.

224 This illustrates the ease by which the genetic code may evolve new coding schemes, possibly aid

225 ids for Val-216, indicating that an expanded genetic code may offer novel solutions to proteins as th

226 o which amino acids that are not part of the genetic code might also threaten translational accuracy.

227 Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, most amino acids can be encoded by multipl

228 Here we expand the genetic code of a multicellular animal, the nematode Cae

229 me in recruiting selenocysteine (Sec) to the genetic code of archaea and eukaryotes.

230 The genetic code of cells is near-universally triplet, and s

231 Accordingly, the genetic code of DNA offers limited understanding of geno

232 We have changed the amino acid set of the genetic code of Escherichia coli by evolving cultures ca

233 We also expanded the genetic code of mammals to express PIRK channels in embr

234 n Escherichia coli can be used to expand the genetic code of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

235 of many genes, viruses that alter the entire genetic code of their hosts and organisms that adjust th

236 code engineering continues to infiltrate the genetic codes of diverse organisms.

237 By expanding the genetic codes of E. coli and mammalian cells, FP chromop

238 ately 70 unnatural amino acids (UAAs) to the genetic codes of Escherichia coli, yeast, and mammalian

239 These and other results suggest that genetic coding of 3D protein structures evolved in disti

240 making it possible to rationally change the genetic code, offering resistance to viruses, genetic is

241 have been engineered to alter or expand the genetic code, only the Methanococcus jannaschii tyrosyl

242 Expanding the genetic code opens new avenues to modulate protein funct

243 tracellular roles as building blocks for the genetic code or cellular energy currencies.

244 itive genetic code expanded into the current genetic code, over billions of years, through duplicatio

245 The abundance and diversity of genetic codes present in environmental organisms should

246 While the redundancy of genetic code provides a large number of potentially reas

247 e data show how a natural proteome adapts to genetic code reduction and indicate that the selective v

248 Genetic code redundancy allows most amino acids to be en

249 a stereochemical era during evolution of the genetic code, relying on chemical interactions between a

250 The elucidation of the genetic code remains among the most influential discover

251 The establishment of the genetic code remains elusive nearly five decades after t

252 illion years of genetic drift, the canonical genetic code remains such a fundamental foundation for t

253 Expanding the genetic code rested on reengineering EF-Tu to relax its

254 of such representations are specified by the genetic code, robust learning of such complex representa

255 ECENT FINDINGS: NGS sequencing of the entire genetic coding sequence (the exome) has successfully ide

256 The genetic code sets the correspondence between codons and

257 The standard genetic code (SGC) has a fundamental error-minimizing pr

258 The standard genetic code (SGC) is virtually universal among extant l

259 We find that the architecture of the genetic code significantly constrains the adaptive explo

260 Emerging strategies aim to reprogram the genetic code so that noncanonical biopolymers can be syn

261 Genomes contain both a genetic code specifying amino acids and a regulatory cod

262 the Newfoundland Population: Environment and Genetics (CODING) study were genotyped by using probe-ba

263 oach can be applied to sequences lacking the genetic code such as ncRNAs and 5'-untranslated regions.

264 irst, we find that Stentor uses the standard genetic code, suggesting that ciliate-specific genetic c

265 ient specificity to ensure a fully developed genetic code, suggesting that they participated in synth

266 Thus, the genetic code supports the use of one codon to code for m

267 structure to function, we exploited expanded genetic-code technology to insert photo-activatable prob

268 herichia coli through the use of an expanded genetic code that co-translationally inserts sulfotyrosi

269 These auxotrophic GROs possess alternative genetic codes that impart genetic isolation by impeding

270 In contrast to the genetic code, the transcriptional regulatory code is far

271 The genetic code-the language used by cells to translate the

272 ts do not preclude an adaptive origin of the genetic code, they suggest that the code was not selecte

273 es are key enzymes in the translation of the genetic code; they attach the correct amino acid to each

274 for the rapid and regulated rewiring of the genetic code through inducible mRNA modifications.

275 The initial genetic code thus emerged as an assignment of amino acid

276 (TMA), A. arabaticum dynamically expands its genetic code to 21 amino acids including pyrrolysine (Py

277 lement selenium can alter the readout of the genetic code to affect the expression of an entire class

278 ogical systems exploit the degeneracy of the genetic code to control gene expression, protein folding

279 This provides a genetic code to define positional information of any ect

280 from benign rare variants have leveraged the genetic code to identify deleterious protein-coding alle

281 that protein composition works alongside the genetic code to minimize impact of mutations on protein

282 ed with at least two superimposed codes: the genetic code to specify the primary structure of protein

283 ese amino acids were predicted, based on the genetic code, to be refractory to deattenuation.

284 messenger RNA (mRNA) and the cracking of the genetic code took place within weeks of each other in a

285 The genetic code underlying protein synthesis is a canonical

286 s the stop codon UAG to pyrrolysine (Pyl), a genetic code variant that results from the biosynthesis

287 Main Outcomes and Measures: Genetic coding variations between monozygotic twins usin

288 Breaking the degeneracy of the genetic code via sense codon reassignment has emerged as

289 Fifty years have passed since the genetic code was deciphered, but how the genetic code ca

290 Earlier, the genetic code was found to be organized in such a way tha

291 ngs support the hypothesis that the standard genetic code was shaped by selective pressure to minimiz

292 ss the feasibility of radically altering the genetic code, we selected a panel of 42 highly expressed

293 NA pairs available for engineering bacterial genetic codes, we have developed an orthogonal tryptopha

294 me interprets two codes within the mRNA: the genetic code which specifies the amino acid sequence and

295 The genetic code, which defines the amino acid sequence of a

296 Degeneracy in the genetic code, which enables a single protein to be encod

297 The knowledge obtained by rewriting the genetic code will deepen our understanding of how genome

298 Engineering radically altered genetic codes will allow for genomically recoded organis

299 Expansion of the genetic code with nonstandard amino acids (nsAAs) has en

300 ia are not strict adherents to the universal genetic code, with modifications that include the appare