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1 ids that have been artificially added to the genetic code).
2 effectively side-steps the degeneracy of the genetic code.
3 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, establishes the genetic code.
4 onding orthologs, and display an alternative genetic code.
5 t in possibly catastrophic corruption of the genetic code.
6 t amino acid, as defined by the rules of the genetic code.
7 nism that cysteine was originally added into genetic code.
8 s commonly thought to strictly adhere to the genetic code.
9 ins of life is not confined to the universal genetic code.
10 SR1 bacteria use a unique genetic code.
11 nexpected surprises in mRNA splicing and the genetic code.
12 ase-pairing in mRNA, which is imposed by the genetic code.
13 tant protein molecules that deviate from the genetic code.
14 lation is determined by a triplet-of-triplet genetic code.
15 selected very early in the evolution of the genetic code.
16 ve advantage underlying the expansion of the genetic code.
17 oacylation, both essential for expanding the genetic code.
18 provided an effective mechanism to alter the genetic code.
19 e found in their respective positions in the genetic code.
20 ding of AUA, resulting in a deviation in the genetic code.
21 ents across membranes is as universal as the genetic code.
22 g experimental evidence for a stereochemical genetic code.
23 yptophane, Prochlorococcus uses the standard genetic code.
24 mechanism, may offer a new way to expand the genetic code.
25 d constitute a second transient layer of the genetic code.
26 vertically and reflect the evolution of the genetic code.
27 synthetic protein produced using an expanded genetic code.
28 ion of bulky, unnatural amino acids into the genetic code.
29 and elongation codons is used to expand the genetic code.
30 an be utilized at any one time to expand the genetic code.
31 rate among tumors and the redundancy of the genetic code.
32 cid interactions shaped the evolution of the genetic code.
33 id sites can be queried for parallels to the genetic code.
34 re constitutes an important component of the genetic code.
35 ene, turned into amino acid mutations by the genetic code.
36 or a semisynthetic organism with an expanded genetic code.
37 is thought to be an essential feature of the genetic code.
38 of considering alternative iterations of the genetic code.
39 l to deriving a theory for the origin of the genetic code.
40 ng that PR is uniquely related to the modern genetic code.
41 tive fixation of the last amino acids in the genetic code.
42 involved in maintaining the fidelity of the genetic code.
43 n the formation of UV-induced lesions of the genetic code.
44 derations and technologies for expanding the genetic code.
45 no acid side chains via the expansion of the genetic code.
46 ive during the finalization of the universal genetic code.
47 at must be overcome in order to engineer the genetic code.
48 ities beyond those directly specified by the genetic code.
49 nslation that enabled Asn to be added to the genetic code.
50 e limited functionality contained within the genetic code.
51 ues remain unsolved, such as the origin of a genetic code.
52 chemical steps that translate the universal genetic code.
53 the pairing rules are the molecule basis of genetic code.
54 NAs are essential for the translation of the genetic code.
55 e codon readings comprising about 15% of the genetic code.
56 perform an essential role in translating the genetic code.
57 reassigned codons in organisms with expanded genetic codes.
58 roteins in bacteria with expanded amino acid genetic codes.
59 systems, cellular memories, and alternative genetic codes.
60 signing genomes exhibiting radically altered genetic codes.
61 sts substantially accelerated development of genetic coding.
63 hosts, such that the evolution of a variant genetic code acts as a unique and powerful antiviral str
64 y' during an early expansion of a primordial genetic code, allowing for multiplexed protein coding an
65 Finally, we note that the degeneracy of the genetic code allows competing 3' splice sites to be elim
70 these fungi survived this potentially lethal genetic code alteration and its relevance for their biol
71 open the door to produce microorganisms with genetic code alterations for basic and applied research.
73 or a semisynthetic organism with an expanded genetic code and also have immediate in vitro applicatio
77 eriophages can infect hosts with a different genetic code and demonstrate phage-host antagonism based
78 ponsible for the faithful translation of the genetic code and have lately become a prominent target f
81 is highly demanding for the expansion of the genetic code and other possible biotechnological applica
84 ein-coding regions, our understanding of the genetic code and splicing allows us to identify likely c
85 The origins of cells, the emergence of the genetic code and translation, the evolution of the eukar
86 iety of mechanisms to ensure fidelity of the genetic code and ultimately select the correct amino aci
87 rase was expressed in cells with an expanded genetic code and used in the photochemical activation of
88 ity to identify sequences that use alternate genetic codes and confidence values for each gene call.
90 ng the cortex at the level of its underlying genetic code, and rapid technological advances have prop
91 very of antibiotics, the decipherment of the genetic code, and rational approaches to understand and
92 uch as scrambled coding regions, nonstandard genetic codes, and convoluted modes of posttranscription
93 they are linked by ancestral sense/antisense genetic coding, and their evident modularities suggest d
94 esearch increases the possibility of finding genetic coding anomalies that are not the primary object
97 n of nonproline N-alkyl amino acids from the genetic code are explained by intrinsic chemical reactiv
100 netic code, suggesting that ciliate-specific genetic codes arose after Stentor branched from other ci
101 de all 20 amino acids found in the universal genetic code as some amino acids have complex biosynthet
103 h potential impact can be estimated from the genetic code, but determining the impact of rare noncodi
105 synthetases in translation is to define the genetic code by accurately pairing cognate tRNAs with th
106 n amino acids were subsequently added to the genetic code by changing nonsense codons into sense codo
107 oacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) translate the genetic code by ensuring the correct pairing of amino ac
108 ically affects mRNA function--it changes the genetic code by facilitating non-canonical base pairing
109 Pyl-decoding archaea adapted to an expanded genetic code by minimizing TAG codon frequency to typica
110 mino acid supply, lift the degeneracy of the genetic code by splitting codon families into a hierarch
112 the genetic code was deciphered, but how the genetic code came into being has not been satisfactorily
114 hanges in gene expression independent of the genetic code can be transmitted from one generation to t
115 warhead" and demonstrates that a "synthetic" genetic code can confer a selective advantage by increas
117 Capture mechanism is simulated, an optimized genetic code can rarely be achieved (0-3.2% of the time)
122 xtent to which the structure of the standard genetic code constrains evolution by analyzing adaptive
123 he past 20 years for reading and writing the genetic code converged when the first synthetic cell was
125 to T7 bacteriophage, demonstrating that new genetic codes could enable increased viral resistance.
130 It is now widely accepted that the earliest genetic code did not encode all 20 amino acids found in
132 ecoding (local deviation from using standard genetic code) due to possessing specific sequence motifs
134 s are required that provide control over the genetic code - enabling targeted modifications to DNA se
135 alteration will be important as the field of genetic code engineering continues to infiltrate the gen
137 in the first organism possessing an altered genetic code (Escherichia coli strain C321.DeltaA) to co
138 ) hypothesis proposes that an early stage of genetic code evolution involved RNA molecules acting as
139 olecular level is critical for understanding genetic code evolution, and provides clues to genetic co
142 volutionary record suggests that a primitive genetic code expanded into the current genetic code, ove
145 rucial part of foundational technologies for genetic code expansion and encoded and evolvable polymer
150 trinsic limitation on the scope of synthetic genetic code expansion for the incorporation of multiple
152 ), and demonstrate practical applications of genetic code expansion in protein labeling, photocrossli
156 ic incorporation of bioorthogonal groups via genetic code expansion provides a powerful general strat
160 y, which will augment the current efforts on genetic code expansion through quadruplet decoding.
162 a useful guidance for further efforts on the genetic code expansion using a non-canonical quadruplet
169 utilized in many research fields, including genetic-code extension, novel therapeutics development,
170 ation into proteins via the expansion of the genetic code, F-PSCaa reacts with a nearby cysteine with
172 nsfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases, which preserve genetic code fidelity by removing incorrect amino acids
175 s bearing ncAAs, but stabilizing an expanded genetic code for sustained function in vivo requires an
176 eus while still enabling rapid access to the genetic code for transcriptional processes is a challeng
177 collectively, its genome) provides a primary genetic code for what makes that individual unique, just
178 proposes that early in the evolution of the genetic code four amino acids-valine, alanine, aspartic
181 explosion of protein sequences deduced from genetic code has led to both a problem and a potential r
185 ibonucleoprotein machine that translates the genetic code in all cells, synthesizing proteins accordi
187 nown organism that modulates the size of its genetic code in response to its environment and energy s
188 Mining the information contained within the genetic code in untranslated regions has proven difficul
190 rk highlights the dynamic feature of natural genetic codes in mitochondria, and the relative simplici
191 design of engineered organisms with altered genetic codes in order to preclude the exchange of genet
192 does our work demonstrate the involvement of genetic codes in regulating protein synthesis and foldin
194 to divide the 20 amino acids of the standard genetic code into groups, thereby forming a simplified a
201 evolutionary mechanism for expansion of the genetic code is described in which individual coded amin
204 Here we show that the degeneracy of the genetic code is lifted by environmental perturbations to
205 adapt to changing environments, and show the genetic code is much more flexible than previously thoug
212 cate that the selective value of an expanded genetic code is related to carbon source range and metab
213 of 20 amino acids found within the standard genetic code is the result of considerable natural selec
215 because every triplet codon in the universal genetic code is used in encoding the synthesis of the pr
218 mino acid found to be encoded in the natural genetic code, is necessary for all of the known pathways
221 some organisms developed naturally expanded genetic codes long ago over the course of evolution.
222 ity reflects differences in the evolution of genetic code machineries of emerging bacterial clades.
225 ids for Val-216, indicating that an expanded genetic code may offer novel solutions to proteins as th
226 o which amino acids that are not part of the genetic code might also threaten translational accuracy.
232 We have changed the amino acid set of the genetic code of Escherichia coli by evolving cultures ca
235 of many genes, viruses that alter the entire genetic code of their hosts and organisms that adjust th
238 ately 70 unnatural amino acids (UAAs) to the genetic codes of Escherichia coli, yeast, and mammalian
240 making it possible to rationally change the genetic code, offering resistance to viruses, genetic is
241 have been engineered to alter or expand the genetic code, only the Methanococcus jannaschii tyrosyl
244 itive genetic code expanded into the current genetic code, over billions of years, through duplicatio
247 e data show how a natural proteome adapts to genetic code reduction and indicate that the selective v
249 a stereochemical era during evolution of the genetic code, relying on chemical interactions between a
252 illion years of genetic drift, the canonical genetic code remains such a fundamental foundation for t
254 of such representations are specified by the genetic code, robust learning of such complex representa
255 ECENT FINDINGS: NGS sequencing of the entire genetic coding sequence (the exome) has successfully ide
260 Emerging strategies aim to reprogram the genetic code so that noncanonical biopolymers can be syn
262 the Newfoundland Population: Environment and Genetics (CODING) study were genotyped by using probe-ba
263 oach can be applied to sequences lacking the genetic code such as ncRNAs and 5'-untranslated regions.
264 irst, we find that Stentor uses the standard genetic code, suggesting that ciliate-specific genetic c
265 ient specificity to ensure a fully developed genetic code, suggesting that they participated in synth
267 structure to function, we exploited expanded genetic-code technology to insert photo-activatable prob
268 herichia coli through the use of an expanded genetic code that co-translationally inserts sulfotyrosi
269 These auxotrophic GROs possess alternative genetic codes that impart genetic isolation by impeding
272 ts do not preclude an adaptive origin of the genetic code, they suggest that the code was not selecte
273 es are key enzymes in the translation of the genetic code; they attach the correct amino acid to each
276 (TMA), A. arabaticum dynamically expands its genetic code to 21 amino acids including pyrrolysine (Py
277 lement selenium can alter the readout of the genetic code to affect the expression of an entire class
278 ogical systems exploit the degeneracy of the genetic code to control gene expression, protein folding
280 from benign rare variants have leveraged the genetic code to identify deleterious protein-coding alle
281 that protein composition works alongside the genetic code to minimize impact of mutations on protein
282 ed with at least two superimposed codes: the genetic code to specify the primary structure of protein
284 messenger RNA (mRNA) and the cracking of the genetic code took place within weeks of each other in a
286 s the stop codon UAG to pyrrolysine (Pyl), a genetic code variant that results from the biosynthesis
291 ngs support the hypothesis that the standard genetic code was shaped by selective pressure to minimiz
292 ss the feasibility of radically altering the genetic code, we selected a panel of 42 highly expressed
293 NA pairs available for engineering bacterial genetic codes, we have developed an orthogonal tryptopha
294 me interprets two codes within the mRNA: the genetic code which specifies the amino acid sequence and
297 The knowledge obtained by rewriting the genetic code will deepen our understanding of how genome
300 ia are not strict adherents to the universal genetic code, with modifications that include the appare
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