ライフサイエンスコーパス: germinal center

1 ated B-cell help is regulated locally in the germinal center.

2 on and affinity maturation of B cells in the germinal center.

3 , and plasma cell differentiation within the germinal center.

4 for deletion of autoreactive B cells in the germinal center.

5 from positive and negative selection in the germinal center.

6 e fraction of the Tfh cell repertoire in the germinal center.

7 r helper T (Tfh) cells occurring in lymphoid germinal centers.

8 different follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in germinal centers.

9 n lymphoid tissues, mainly within lymph node germinal centers.

10 grate throughout follicular areas, including germinal centers.

11 e marrow while also obliterating preexisting germinal centers.

12 required for a break in B cell tolerance in germinal centers.

13 ains, even in mice that lacked TFH cells and germinal centers.

14 ease and the level of destruction of splenic germinal centers.

15 sues of the head and neck, focused mainly in germinal centers.

16 icular T helper (TFH)-B cell interactions in germinal centers.

17 -switched antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in germinal centers.

18 activated B cells seek T cell help and form germinal centers.

19 We define the half-lives of antigen-specific germinal centers (23.3 days), IgE(+) and IgG1(+) PCs (60

20 of CD278 coordinate with their appearance in germinal centers, all attributes of T follicular helper

21 arameters, thus providing new tools to study germinal center and Ab responses.

22 the development of plasmablasts derived from germinal center and extrafollicular sources, we hypothes

23 ulatory (Tfr) cell subset can migrate to the germinal center and inhibit Tfh-mediated B-cell activati

24 site-specific Ab-secreting cells, as well as germinal center and memory B cells.

25 ents Ag-specific B cell differentiation into germinal center and memory precursor B cells as well as

26 d that both combinations enhanced lymph node germinal center and T follicular helper cell responses.

27 ated with a significant reduction in induced germinal centers and CD4(+) germinal center T follicular

28 on of Cdc42 in mature B cells formed smaller germinal centers and had a reduced Ab response, mostly o

29 1 and SpiB in mature B cells do not generate germinal centers and high-affinity antibody after protei

30 chestrates B cell differentiation within the germinal centers and humoral response.

31 T-bet from B cells impaired the formation of germinal centers and mitigated the development of kidney

32 in RasGRP1 and CD275 formed Tfh17 cells and germinal centers and produced similar titers of autoanti

33 xpression patterns typically associated with germinal centers and T follicular helper cells were exam

34 grp1-deficient mice lacking IL-17R had fewer germinal centers, and germinal centers that formed conta

35 new insights into the dynamic regulation of germinal centers, and suggesting more efficacious vaccin

36 minal center B cells, the size and number of germinal centers, and the frequency of SIV-specific Ab-s

37 rime B cells to initiate extrafollicular and germinal center antibody responses and are crucial for a

38 , and disruption of the formation of ectopic germinal centers are considered the main therapeutic tar

39 nerated by aberrant somatic mutations in the germinal center, are rapidly eliminated.

40 arginal and perifollicular to the follicular/germinal center area.

41 Human germinal center-associated lymphoma (HGAL) is specifical

42 correlated with a preferential generation of germinal centers at this site.

43 (CD69 and CD86) on these cells and stronger germinal center B and T cell responses, relative to DV23

44 differentially in Burkitt lymphoma and other germinal center B cell lymphomas.

45 Id3 expression depleted displayed a block in germinal center B cell maturation, showed reduced number

46 greater impact on changing plasma cells and germinal center B cell populations in females than males

47 FH cells and TFR cells and regulation of the germinal center B cell response to antigen.

48 T follicular helper responses and subsequent germinal center B cell responses following birth.

49 stable covalent bond, resulting in enhanced germinal center B cell responses that generated higher a

50 es the function of TFH cells during aberrant germinal center B cell responses.

51 icular helper cells, and blunted PE-specific germinal center B cell responses.

52 ns regarding a possible division of labor in germinal center B cell selection and elimination.

53 rs and function, which resulted in increased germinal center B cells and Ab production.

54 cally enhanced the development of Tfh cells, germinal center B cells and antibody responses against p

55 ably, FcgammaRIIB has been shown to regulate germinal center B cells and dendritic cell migration, wi

56 cacy over soluble glycoprotein in activating germinal center B cells and eliciting tier-2 autologous

57 as LCs, were less efficient in induction of germinal center B cells and humoral immune responses.

58 eased Th1-associated responses, and expanded germinal center B cells and memory T cells.

59 Enpp1 (-/-) mice generated normal levels of germinal center B cells and plasmablasts in periphery, t

60 to stimulate nitrophenyl-specific lambda(+) germinal center B cells and sequenced the unexpressed ka

61 Here, we report that germinal center B cells are formed normally after deplet

62 eased the positive selection of B1 cells and germinal center B cells by self and foreign antigens.

63 l3-/- mice, splenic T and B cells as well as germinal center B cells from Peyer's patches showed mark

64 mer-binding protein 2, encoded by Pou2f2) in germinal center B cells has proved controversial.

65 educed frequency of Peyer's Patches IgG1 and germinal center B cells in addition to small but signifi

66 Flt3 is reexpressed on B-cell lymphoma 6(+) germinal center B cells in vivo and following LPS activa

67 Nevertheless, neither germinal center B cells nor lymphocytic choriomeningitis

68 nalysis of lymphocytes indicated that GL7(+) germinal center B cells were induced at higher levels in

69 Follicular helper T cells, germinal center B cells, and autoantibodies were also lo

70 the induction of protective IgG antibodies, germinal center B cells, and plasma cells secreting anti

71 genome reorganization from naive B cells to germinal center B cells, centered on a locus control reg

72 KT cells in vivo and downstream induction of germinal center B cells, hypergammaglobulinemia, and pro

73 IV Env-specific IL-21(+) TFH cells and total germinal center B cells, the size and number of germinal

74 quired for the generation and maintenance of germinal center B cells, which require high glycolytic a

75 r lymphoma (FL) is an indolent malignancy of germinal center B cells.

76 ablishment of stable repressive complexes in germinal center B cells.

77 essed by FOXP1 in activated B-cell (ABC) and germinal center B-cell (GCB) DLBCL cell lines with aberr

78 howed that BCR signaling differs between the germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype, which is insensiti

79 ma (DLBCL) subtype from the better prognosis germinal center B-cell (GCB)-DLBCL subtype and is highly

80 to COO (activated B-cell [ABC]-like DLBCL v germinal center B-cell [GCB]-like DLBCL) were observed i

81 ition to the major molecular designations of germinal center B-cell and activated B-cell subtypes, ne

82 Pirfenidone dampened splenic germinal center B-cell and T-follicular helper cell freq

83 apoptosis in both activated B-cell (ABC) and germinal center B-cell DLBCL cell lines.

84 antially enriched in ABC-DLBCL compared with germinal center B-cell DLBCL.

85 es that have prognostic significance, namely germinal center B-cell like (GCB) and activated B-cell l

86 ate responses were observed in two models of germinal center B-cell like (GCB) DLBCL.

87 on in lymph nodes and increased Tfh cell and germinal center B-cell numbers.

88 ysis to the 10% of DLBCL patients who have a germinal center B-cell phenotype and coexpress MYC and B

89 s with vaccines toward the goal of enhancing germinal center B-cell responses to favor bNAb B-cell li

90 and BCL2 translocation with poor outcome in germinal center B-cell subtypes, respectively.

91 Patients with activated B-cell or non-germinal center B-cell type DLBCL also had an increased

92 tain 2 major molecular subtypes; namely, the germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) and the activated B-ce

93 Here, we show that in the germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) DLBCL subtype, IRE1 ex

94 es in previously untreated patients with non-germinal center B-cell-like (non-GCB) diffuse large B-ce

95 Activated B-cell-like (ABC) and germinal center B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphom

96 val and progression-free survival within the germinal center B-cell-like subclass; the centrocyte sub

97 -like TFL, we demonstrate that TFL is of the germinal-center B-cell-like subtype in the majority of c

98 In the germinal center, B cells undergo somatic hypermutation,

99 this Minireview, we discuss basic aspects of germinal center biology in the context of immunity to in

100 lls, but the function of extrafollicular and germinal center CD4(+) T and B interactions in cGVHD pat

101 ivity by direct assessment of GC B cells and germinal center CD4(+) T follicular helper (GC Tfh) cell

102 e mutation frequency was lower than found in germinal center cells after deliberate immunization, sug

103 follicular NKT cells triggers the seeding of germinal center cells and serves as an innate link betwe

104 ctor cells: antibody-producing plasma cells, germinal center cells, or memory cells.

105 colleagues evaluate genomic instability and germinal center derived lymphomagenesis in mice infected

106 Mice lacking CD37 developed germinal center-derived B cell lymphoma in lymph nodes a

107 lymphoma (HL) and Burkitt lymphoma are both germinal center-derived B-cell lymphomas.

108 mory B cells, indicating that they represent germinal center-derived IgM memory B cells and that IgM

109 inding led us to examine the role of OCT2 in germinal center-derived lymphomas.

110 and is characterized by the accumulation of germinal center-derived malignant B cells engaged in a b

111 In germinal center diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, BCL-2 lev

112 urine xenograft models of mantle cell (MCL), germinal-center diffuse large B-cell (GCB-DLBCL), and ac

113 B-cell differentiation programs and impeding germinal center exit.

114 We found that this gammaherpesvirus-driven germinal center expansion was exaggerated and lost its t

115 mprints of germinal-center-inexperienced and germinal-center-experienced B cells, and we found that D

116 s cells at governing T follicular helper and germinal center formation after intradermal immunization

117 We detected superior germinal center formation and enhanced autologous neutra

118 d proteins in B cells that may contribute to germinal center formation and IgE switching in type 2 im

119 Further, germinal center formation and LCMV-specific Ab responses

120 ses: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support germinal center formation and provide help for affinity

121 or class switch recombination to IgE and for germinal center formation during type 2 immune responses

122 , IL-17 can enhance B cell proliferation and germinal center formation in dry eye disease mice, sugge

123 SRBCs induce robust germinal center formation in mice.

124 vation, hypergammaglobulinemia, and enhanced germinal center formation in the absence of organ-specif

125 ons are sufficient for inducing cGVHD, while germinal center formation is dispensable.

126 eleration in the onset of renal disease, SLO germinal center formation, and autoreactive plasma cell

127 n did not impair Tfh cell differentiation or germinal center formation, and long-lived IgG1 responses

128 differentiation of follicular B cells during germinal center formation, and normal signaling through

129 -ordered trimers enhances B cell activation, germinal center formation, and the elicitation of tier-2

130 specific BTK overexpression show spontaneous germinal center formation, anti-nuclear autoantibodies,

131 ymus-independent Ags generally do not induce germinal center formation.

132 elopment of long-lasting humoral immunity by germinal center formation.

133 y, early IgE class switching did not require germinal center formation.

134 bial antigen exposure, PPs exhibit continual germinal center (GC) activity.

135 ophils infiltrated CXCL-8(+) DLBCL from both germinal center (GC) and non-GC subtypes.

136 s capable of measuring total and Ag-specific germinal center (GC) B cell and follicular Th cell respo

137 rated that E2A together with E2-2 controlled germinal center (GC) B cell and plasma cell development.

138 Despite enhanced germinal center (GC) B cell differentiation, the formati

139 Qa-1 deficiency enhanced CD4 TFH and germinal center (GC) B cell numbers in naive mice and ha

140 own that type I latency is associated with a germinal center (GC) B cell phenotype, and type III late

141 cells profoundly impaired the acquisition of germinal center (GC) B cell phenotype, plasma cell gener

142 on of bivalent chromatin domains at critical germinal center (GC) B cell promoters.

143 ate IL-21 and IL-17A, which drive pathogenic germinal center (GC) B cell reactions and monocyte-macro

144 We identify that germinal center (GC) B cell reactions, isotype-switched

145 lar Th (Tfh) cells orchestrate physiological germinal center (GC) B cell responses, whereas in lupus

146 Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells promote germinal center (GC) B cell survival and proliferation a

147 tly mutated in the activated B cell-like and germinal center (GC) B cell-like subtypes of diffuse lar

148 Cases resembling germinal center (GC) B cells (GCB-DLBCL) generally occur

149 on of the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes occur in germinal center (GC) B cells and are initiated through d

150 ) TET2 is turned off in normal and malignant germinal center (GC) B cells but expressed in other B ce

151 During antibody affinity maturation, germinal center (GC) B cells cycle between affinity-driv

152 Germinal center (GC) B cells evolve toward increased aff

153 d the synapse center before internalization, germinal center (GC) B cells extracted antigen by a dist

154 induced higher proportions of TFH cells and germinal center (GC) B cells following immunization than

155 and emerge as IgM(+) and IgM(-) GL7(+)Fas(+) germinal center (GC) B cells following immunization with

156 rates of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal center (GC) B cells from draining lymph nodes (

157 ) results from the accumulation of malignant germinal center (GC) B cells leading to the development

158 In cGVHD, alloreactive T cells and germinal center (GC) B cells often participate in GC rea

159 Germinal center (GC) B cells undergo affinity selection,

160 Antigen-stimulated germinal center (GC) B cells undergo somatic hypermutati

161 CL13 recruited follicular helper T (Tfh) and germinal center (GC) B cells, promoted the formation of

162 t arise from the malignant transformation of germinal center (GC) B cells, underscoring the importanc

163 ibited a deficit in latency amplification in germinal center (GC) B cells.

164 t is gained by virus-driven proliferation in germinal center (GC) B cells.

165 ell responses by inhibiting proliferation of germinal center (GC) B cells.

166 -based selection toward antigen in activated germinal center (GC) B cells.

167 oma (HGAL) is specifically expressed only in germinal center (GC) B lymphocytes and GC-derived lympho

168 In contrast to germinal center (GC) B-cell (GCB) DLBCL, ABC DLBCL cell

169 1PR2) promoter have been associated with the germinal center (GC) B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphom

170 d that levels of this molecule are higher in germinal center (GC) B-cell DLBCL (GCB-DLBCL) compared w

171 Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a malignancy of germinal center (GC) B-cell origin.

172 ics analysis data have implicated YY1 in the germinal center (GC) B-cell transcriptional program.

173 Here, we show that among B cells, germinal center (GC) cells exhibited the highest rate of

174 Here, we examined the role of Id3 in germinal center (GC) cells.

175 eration of high-affinity antibodies requires germinal center (GC) development and differentiation of

176 B1a cells are characterized by lack of germinal center (GC) development, and the B1a cell popul

177 n wild-type (WT) mice and extended them with germinal center (GC) disruption experiments and variable

178 licular helper T (Tfh) cells are crucial for germinal center (GC) formation and humoral adaptive immu

179 egulators driving B cell differentiation and germinal center (GC) formation by lowering the threshold

180 We found spontaneous anti-insulin germinal center (GC) formation throughout lymphoid tissu

181 luding IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+) B cells--are post-germinal center (GC) memory B cells.

182 riptional repressor that is required for the germinal center (GC) reaction and is implicated in lymph

183 The germinal center (GC) reaction begins with a diverse and

184 t infection depends on the initiation of the germinal center (GC) reaction in secondary lymphoid orga

185 The germinal center (GC) reaction produces high-affinity Abs

186 been shown to be critically required for the germinal center (GC) reaction where B cells undergo clas

187 A case in point is the germinal center (GC) reaction, wherein high mutational a

188 ssed the autoimmune response by reducing the germinal center (GC) reaction, which was associated with

189 B cells and on light zone B cells during the germinal center (GC) reaction.

190 Germinal center (GC) responses are required for the gene

191 Furthermore, the germinal center (GC) responses in the spleen were more e

192 he diversity of B cell clones recruited into germinal center (GC) responses is likely to be important

193 T cell-dependent germinal center (GC) responses require coordinated inter

194 Mer-deficient mice (Mer(-/-)) have increased germinal center (GC) responses, T cell activation, and A

195 ented roles in T follicular helper (TFH) and germinal center (GC) responses.

196 ment, whereas downregulation of FOXP1 at the germinal center (GC) stage is required for GC B-cell fun

197 Identification of Ag-specific germinal center (GC) T follicular helper (Tfh) cells by

198 on is the elimination of viral reservoirs in germinal center (GC) T follicular helper (Tfh) cells.

199 lls severely impaired the differentiation of germinal center (GC) TFH cells and the development of GC

200 Here we found that germinal center (GC) Tfh cells, defined here as CXCR5(+)

201 GNA13 is the most frequently mutated gene in germinal center (GC)-derived B-cell lymphomas, including

202 phoproliferative disorders, including mostly germinal center (GC)-derived B-cell lymphomas.

203 riety of neoplasms, many of which arise from germinal center (GC)-experienced B cells.

204 nificantly affecting clonal expansion in the germinal center (GC).

205 mune response, including in the formation of germinal centers (GC) and the development and maturation

206 Germinal centers (GC) are the main sites where antigen-a

207 ted with MF59 or aluminum salts, focusing on germinal centers (GC) in secondary lymphoid organs.

208 et of T follicular helper cells (TFH) within germinal centers (GC) is highly permissive to HIV-1.

209 sis that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal centers (GC) play a critical role in the abilit

210 VRC01-class B cells successfully competed in germinal centers (GC), underwent extensive somatic hyper

211 ltransferase is required for B cells to form germinal centers (GC).

212 tion in LSCC culminating in the formation of germinal centers (GC).

213 permutation (SHM) for affinity maturation in germinal centers (GCs) and IgH switch (S) region DNA bre

214 tor CD4(+) T cells that help B cells develop germinal centers (GCs) and memory.

215 f the secondary lymphoid structures known as germinal centers (GCs) and the environmental and signali

216 Germinal centers (GCs) are microanatomical structures cr

217 ypermutation, and affinity maturation within germinal centers (GCs) are required for high-affinity me

218 Germinal centers (GCs) are the engines of Ab affinity ma

219 Germinal centers (GCs) are the primary sites of clonal B

220 Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of antibody diversif

221 evalent in women and associates with ectopic germinal centers (GCs) development and inflammation in t

222 n murine models of lupus is the formation of germinal centers (GCs) in lymphoid tissues where self-re

223 Germinal centers (GCs) perform the remarkable task of op

224 Plasma cells (PCs) derived from germinal centers (GCs) secrete the high-affinity antibod

225 The follicular pathway gives rise to germinal centers (GCs) that can take weeks to fully deve

226 s that have passed this step generate normal germinal centers (GCs) upon a T-dependent immune challen

227 d with blood, although it is well known that germinal centers (GCs) within lymph nodes (LNs) serve as

228 at support B cell affinity maturation within germinal centers (GCs), resulting in the production of h

229 Pc induces prolonged expansion of germinal centers (GCs), unique compartments in which B c

230 ls promote affinity maturation of B cells in germinal centers (GCs), whereas T follicular regulatory

231 response to T-dependent (TD) antigens within germinal centers (GCs).

232 mature their antigen receptor repertoire in germinal centers (GCs).

233 pe to enable antibody affinity maturation in germinal centers (GCs).

234 increased through the affinity maturation in germinal centers (GCs).

235 omatically mutate to attain high affinity in germinal centers (GCs).

236 t different stages of the immune response in germinal centers (GCs).

237 lly distinct sites in lymphoid organs called germinal centers (GCs).

238 correlate with the ability of MF59 to boost germinal center generation and Ag-specific Ab titers.

239 In CLCa-null mice, the germinal centers have fewer B cells, and they are enrich

240 jority of the Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells are germinal center-homing CXCR5(+)Bcl6(+) Tfh cells.

241 typed the NLPHL cell line (DEV) confirming a germinal center immunophenotype, lack of expression of C

242 iency reduces B cell clonal expansion in the germinal center in mice and blocks the proliferation of

243 evelopment and affinity maturation occurs in germinal centers in lymphoid follicles through a critica

244 e the rapid appearance of autoantibodies and germinal centers in spontaneous murine models of systemi

245 affects the immune and lymphocyte response, germinal centers in the spleen, plasma cells in poplitea

246 ls; this caused the spontaneous formation of germinal centers, increased titers of serum autoantibodi

247 respectively carrying epigenetic imprints of germinal-center-inexperienced and germinal-center-experi

248 vel therapeutic targets, and discovered that germinal center kinase (GCK) was extensively activated.

249 tation and affinity maturation take place in germinal centers leading to the generation of memory B c

250 84S) mutation displayed excessive numbers of germinal center-like structures; abnormal serum Ig profi

251 s among the most frequently mutated genes in germinal center lymphomas.

252 henotype (73%), which included expression of germinal center markers (CD75/Bcl-6-positive, CD32-weak/

253 l-defined zonal areas that expressed classic germinal center markers, peanut lectin (agglutinin) and

254 t was required for their survival within the germinal center niche.

255 orly understood as selection taking place in germinal centers occurs on the basis of antibody affinit

256 lar helper T cells (Tfh ) are located within germinal centers of lymph nodes.

257 suggest that FMDV persistence occurs in the germinal centers of lymphoid tissue but that the duratio

258 pression signatures reminiscent of dark zone germinal center or activated B cells.

259 N-gamma production was accompanied by a poor germinal center output, an accumulation of T-box transcr

260 ed the lymphoid follicle size (p < 0.01) and germinal centers (p < 0.01) with in the Peyer's patch we

261 )-specific IgG(+) memory B cells with a post-germinal center phenotype (CD73(+)CD273(+)CD38(hi)CD138(

262 is that disrupt pathways associated with the germinal center reaction (TNFRSF14, IRF8), immune escape

263 Under normal circumstances, the germinal center reaction results in antibodies that prec

264 ollicular regulatory (Tfr) cells inhibit the germinal center reaction to limit autoantibody productio

265 to transiently stimulate a broad, polyclonal germinal center reaction, an inherently mutagenic stage

266 e rise to B cells capable of entering into a germinal center reaction, and they developed into memory

267 produced by B cells themselves controls the germinal center reaction, plasma cell differentiation, a

268 alized roles of Tfr cells in controlling the germinal center reaction.

269 ed by T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the germinal center reaction.

270 g B cells transiting different stages of the germinal center reaction.

271 lper T cell-mediated B cell responses in the germinal center reaction.

272 f tonsils as lymphoid sites for the study of germinal center reactions after vaccination in children.

273 ions demonstrate a role for the Breg cell in germinal center reactions and suggest that deficient act

274 he mechanism by which B cells initially seed germinal center reactions remains elusive.

275 CD4(+) Th (Tfh) cells provide B cell help in germinal center reactions that support class switching,

276 nd NFAT2 in CD4(+) T cells leads to impaired germinal center reactions upon viral infection because o

277 ZIKV-specific Ab-secreting cells, germinal center reactions, and monocyte, dendritic cell,

278 nAb responses were strongly associated with germinal center reactions, as assessed by lymph node fin

279 on and antibody responses without disturbing germinal center reactions.

280 red humoral immunity as indicated by reduced germinal centers reactions, follicular CD4 T cells, and

281 mpared with controls, mirroring an increased germinal center reactivity in the tonsils.

282 Computational modeling of the germinal center response suggested that antigen availabi

283 ed role for MZB cells in controlling the TFH-germinal center response to a cholesterol-rich diet and

284 However, germinal center responses appeared unaffected.

285 id alternative to investigate alterations in germinal center responses in the context of autoimmune d

286 vels were reduced and, upon viral infection, germinal center responses were defective in TC10-deficie

287 early during development, as well as during germinal center responses, suggesting that T cell-indepe

288 Therefore, this Ag is commonly used to study germinal center responses.

289 Germinal center T follicular helper cells (GCTfh) in lym

290 However, CGS did abrogate germinal center T follicular helper cells, and blunted P

291 ction in induced germinal centers and CD4(+) germinal center T follicular helper cells.

292 restores their ability to expand and become germinal center T follicular helpers and enhances B cell

293 nregulated on B cells, possibly resulting in germinal center Tfh cell apoptosis.

294 nd for positively regulating Id3 to restrain germinal center TFH cell differentiation.

295 ected hepatoma cells lead to an expansion of germinal center Tfr.

296 cking IL-17R had fewer germinal centers, and germinal centers that formed contained fewer autoreactiv

297 develop mathematical models of Tfh cells in germinal centers to explicitly define the mechanisms of

298 non-Hodgkin lymphoma able to transform into germinal center-type diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

299 lymphoid aggregates give rise to functional germinal centers, which produce Abs.

300 endritic cells, hindering B-cell division in germinal centers, which results in a delayed production