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1 rocyte-restricted glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase).
2 was the specific activity of the key enzyme, glutamine synthetase.
3 was most easily studied in strains that lack glutamine synthetase.
4 enases, respectively; and (iv) GLN1 encoding glutamine synthetase.
5 amate dehydrogenase, glutamate synthase, and glutamine synthetase.
6 and the second also had a partially impaired glutamine synthetase.
7 of TnrA is required for the interaction with glutamine synthetase.
8 o regulate the AmtB ammonium transporter and glutamine synthetase.
9 es of mutants that altered the regulation by glutamine synthetase.
10 e site to bring about feedback inhibition of glutamine synthetase.
11 ystem, a putative formate transporter, and a glutamine synthetase.
12 effects on the catalytic characteristics of glutamine synthetase.
13 e acid-labile substrates such as apyrase and glutamine synthetase.
14 were labeled with GFAP and Muller cells with glutamine synthetase.
15 response, including the ammonia-assimilating glutamine synthetase.
16 ression was confirmed by colocalization with glutamine synthetase.
17 ied with antibodies directed against S100 or glutamine synthetase.
18 an inactive complex with feedback-inhibited glutamine synthetase.
19 through a protein- protein interaction with glutamine synthetase.
20 tic properties similar to those of wild-type glutamine synthetase.
21 amma polypeptide of the native and denatured glutamine synthetase.
22 t for normal posttranslational regulation of glutamine synthetase.
23 ll maturation markers carbonic anhydrase and glutamine synthetase.
24 tive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase.
25 is inhibitor than a representative mammalian glutamine synthetase.
26 ogen-regulated promoters and the activity of glutamine synthetase.
27 tory effect of PKCdelta on the expression of glutamine synthetase.
28 against vimentin, carbonic anhydrase C, and glutamine synthetase.
29 y histology and expression of the HCC marker glutamine synthetase.
30 ease in the Wnt pathway targets cyclin-D1 or glutamine synthetase.
31 ctive astrocytes downregulated expression of glutamine synthetase.
32 o decreased the association between GFAP and glutamine synthetase.
33 ression of the beta-catenin surrogate target glutamine synthetase.
34 eraction between GlnR and feedback-inhibited glutamine synthetase.
35 ding was not activated by feedback-inhibited glutamine synthetase.
36 This constitutive repression did not require glutamine synthetase.
37 tection of the early glial markers GLAST and glutamine synthetase.
38 h bears significant similarity with GSI-type glutamine synthetases.
40 a bona fide plastid transit peptide from the glutamine synthetase 2 gene does not restore DMI1 functi
41 atis bacteria expressing the M. tuberculosis glutamine synthetase A (glnA) gene or open reading frame
42 er but had only a minimal effect on cellular glutamine synthetase, a finding consistent with failure
44 in phosphorylated STAT3 was colocalized with glutamine synthetase, a Muller cell marker, by immunocyt
46 The corresponding antigens were derived from glutamine synthetase, a transitional endoplasmic reticul
47 in the domains Bacteria and Archaea encodes glutamine synthetase, a universally distributed enzyme t
48 te synthase, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, glutamine synthetases, a protein (LIM17) that has been i
49 treatment led to a deficiency in hippocampal glutamine synthetase activity by 82-97% versus saline.
50 glnA1 expression, suggesting that decreased glutamine synthetase activity contributes to glutamate a
51 rotein, was stable only in a strain in which glutamine synthetase activity is not inhibited by NH(4)(
52 cDNA is reported as well as the finding that glutamine synthetase activity is present in liver but no
53 growth in MN medium is apparently due to low glutamine synthetase activity, because a DeltaglnD strai
54 n of Tyr-397 is central to the regulation of glutamine synthetase activity, via esterification of the
59 gulating the activities of the PII receptors glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase (ATase) and the
60 ability of PII to control the activities of glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase (ATase) but did
62 ith similar AMP-transferring enzymes such as glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase or kanamycin nu
63 tion of several transcripts, including XDH1, glutamine synthetase, alanine aminotransferase, catalase
65 colytic enzyme; HSP72, a stress protein; and glutamine synthetase, an excitotoxicity-related protein.
66 or that controls TnrA activity, a complex of glutamine synthetase and a feedback inhibitor, such as g
67 bition of caspases-3 and -11 also attenuated glutamine synthetase and fibroblast growth factor-2 expr
68 h zVAD significantly attenuated increases in glutamine synthetase and fibroblast growth factor-2 in t
69 luding stellate morphology and expression of glutamine synthetase and fibroblast growth factor-2.
71 ler cell changes in culture included loss of glutamine synthetase and GFAP, with coincident gains in
72 Finally, our results reveal that two genes, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase, which poten
73 ve and glutamate-induced injury and restored glutamine synthetase and glutamate transporter expressio
74 his was enhanced by inhibition of astrocytic glutamine synthetase and reversed or prevented by exogen
76 n and inactivation of glial-related enzymes (glutamine synthetase and the glutamate transporter) know
77 cooperative binding sets the basal level for glutamine synthetase and the regulators of the Ntr respo
78 fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, glutamine synthetase, and alpha smooth muscle actin (alp
81 e, an energy-requiring reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthetase, and found that at pH 7, constituti
82 acid residues in bovine serum albumin (BSA), glutamine synthetase, and insulin in the presence of a m
84 r cells mature in stages: HNK-1 labeling and glutamine synthetase arise earlier than carbonic anhydra
85 and other bacteria that indirectly regulates glutamine synthetase at the transcriptional and post-tra
86 ess nitrogen, the feedback-inhibited form of glutamine synthetase binds to TnrA and blocks DNA bindin
88 ons, residual inhibition lost sensitivity to glutamine synthetase blockade, whereas exogenous glutami
89 ransferase (ATase) regulates the activity of glutamine synthetase by adenylylation and deadenylylatio
92 hypothesis that a deficiency in hippocampal glutamine synthetase causes recurrent seizures, even in
93 created a novel animal model of hippocampal glutamine synthetase deficiency by continuous (approxima
95 2, SAG19, MT1 (metallothionein), and Atgsr2 (glutamine synthetase), did not show enhanced transcript
96 ort here that the feedback-inhibited form of glutamine synthetase directly interacts with TnrA and bl
97 ibrates across the cytoplasmic membrane, and glutamine synthetase does not manifest an isotope effect
98 Five mutants containing feedback-resistant glutamine synthetases (E65G, S66P, M68I, H195Y, and P318
100 ining ammonia is assimilated into protein by glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), which catalyzes the r
101 probably correlated with high expression of glutamine synthetase, enzymes utilizing nitrite/nitrate,
102 ular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP), glutamine synthetase, epidermal growth factor receptor (
103 00beta, and CD44, but low immunostaining for glutamine synthetase, excitatory amino-acid transporter
104 mistry was used to study the distribution of glutamine synthetase, expressed by Muller cells, and zon
107 athogenic mycobacteria, all of which release glutamine synthetase extracellularly, but had no effect
111 own with excess nitrogen, feedback-inhibited glutamine synthetase forms a protein-protein complex wit
112 own with excess nitrogen, feedback-inhibited glutamine synthetase forms a protein-protein complex wit
113 f the beta and gamma subunit polypeptides of glutamine synthetase from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) r
116 High-level expression was achieved using the Glutamine Synthetase Gene Amplification System, and the
117 e show that the upstream enhancer of the rat glutamine synthetase gene is also active, specifically i
118 assay for open reading frame 1 (ORF1) of the glutamine synthetase gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was a
124 ixation (nif) gene transcription occurs, and glutamine synthetase (glnA) gene transcription falls to
129 ipal glutamate and GABA-metabolizing enzymes glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alpha-ket
130 enteric bacteria consists of three enzymes: glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and gl
131 pression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamine synthetase, glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1), aq
133 at both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycles are linke
135 as the nitrogen is scavenged by the urea and glutamine synthetase/glutamine 2-oxoglutarate aminotrans
136 s, which was identified as soybean cytosolic glutamine synthetase GS(1)beta1 by mass spectrometry.
137 to a single monomer of the protein substrate glutamine synthetase (GS(m)), as well as that of unligan
138 s the first step in that recovery, we report glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in highly purified Ar
139 roxynitrite to modify amino acid residues in glutamine synthetase (GS) and BSA is greatly influenced
140 e in Wnt-1, beta-catenin, and known targets, glutamine synthetase (GS) and cyclin-D1, along with a co
141 ression of the ammonium-assimilating enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (G
142 of ammonia through the concerted activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT)
143 r cells and subsequently in the promotion of glutamine synthetase (GS) and L-Glutamate/L-Aspartate Tr
146 nit binds directly to the astrocytic protein glutamine synthetase (GS) and that this interaction dete
147 se brings about the short-term regulation of glutamine synthetase (GS) by catalyzing the adenylylatio
153 , which is deactivated by feedback-inhibited glutamine synthetase (GS) during nitrogen excess and sta
154 ruminicola 23 genome encodes three different glutamine synthetase (GS) enzymes: glutamine synthetase
156 reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), and glutamine synthetase (GS) from leaves of diploid barley
158 We present the first cloning and study of glutamine synthetase (GS) genes in wheat (Triticum aesti
159 ure of PA5508 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a glutamine synthetase (GS) homologue, has been determined
160 genetic analyses suggest that genes encoding glutamine synthetase (GS) III in the prasinophytes evolv
161 ere correlated with changes in expression in glutamine synthetase (GS) in astrocyte-like glia and in
163 This study focuses on the mechanism of how glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibits TnrA function in resp
170 ammonia or glutamate as the nitrogen source; glutamine synthetase (GS) levels were also affected in t
171 non-native conformations, such as denatured glutamine synthetase (GS) monomers, preventing their agg
176 ) show that p300/CBP-mediated acetylation of glutamine synthetase (GS) triggers recognition by the CR
178 s we detected homology between gamma-GCS and glutamine synthetase (GS), allowing these proteins to be
180 he feasibility of inhibiting M. tuberculosis glutamine synthetase (GS), an enzyme that plays a key ro
182 on were assessed by anti-cytokeratin-7, anti-glutamine synthetase (GS), anti-cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2
184 expressed constitutively in mutants lacking glutamine synthetase (GS), GS is required for repression
185 d up-regulation of beta-catenin targets like glutamine synthetase (GS), leukocyte cell-derived chemot
186 that gamma-GCS is a structural homologue of glutamine synthetase (GS), providing the basis to build
188 s glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS), the bipolar cell marker prote
189 , rhodanese, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and glutamine synthetase (GS), the folding efficiencies, and
191 The enzymatic activity of Bacillus subtilis glutamine synthetase (GS), which catalyzes the synthesis
203 Specifically, coexpression of CD44/Vim and glutamine synthetase (GS)/VGLUT1 reflects glial speciali
205 etabolism (glutamate dehydrogenase [GDH] and glutamine synthetase [GS]), axonal damage (SMI 32) and C
206 ing the expression of three proteins (Bcl-2, glutamine synthetase [GS], and glial fibrillar acidic pr
207 ivation (tyrosine aminotransferase, TAT, and glutamine synthetase, GS) and transrepression (IL-6).
208 generally mirror the response of cytoplasmic glutamine synthetase (Gs1) transcript abundance to chang
209 chloroplast by a chloroplastic isoenzyme of glutamine synthetase (GS2), the predominant GS isoform i
211 o experiments showed that feedback-inhibited glutamine synthetase had a significantly reduced ability
214 dition of PS-ODNs against the transcripts of glutamine synthetase I (glnA1) and alanine racemase (alr
215 different glutamine synthetase (GS) enzymes: glutamine synthetase I (GSI) (ORF02151), GSIII-1 (ORF014
219 Muller cell morphology was different and glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity was reduced in the
220 -sulfoximine rapidly inhibited extracellular glutamine synthetase in a concentration-dependent manner
227 an inhibitory effect on the inactivation of glutamine synthetase in the thiol metal-catalyzed oxidat
232 nted here demonstrate that rapamycin and the glutamine synthetase inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine (
233 In normal islets, methionine sulfoximine, a glutamine synthetase inhibitor, suppressed insulin relea
234 eport that local application of glutamate or glutamine synthetase inhibitors induces astrocytic relea
236 this study, we investigated the influence of glutamine synthetase inhibitors on the growth of pathoge
237 the feedback inhibitors necessary to convert glutamine synthetase into its feedback-inhibited form an
240 orted that the glutamate-metabolizing enzyme glutamine synthetase is deficient in the hippocampus in
242 One major extracellular protein, the enzyme glutamine synthetase, is of particular interest because
247 needed to define the cause, but the loss of glutamine synthetase may provide a new focus for therape
248 temporal sclerosis, and that restoration of glutamine synthetase may represent a novel approach to t
249 egulons include those for nitrogen fixation, glutamine synthetase, (methyl)ammonia transport, the reg
251 We find that pharmacological inhibitors of glutamine synthetase or system A transporters cause an a
252 revealed a 34% increase in the expression of glutamine synthetase (p<0.05) with unchanged metallothio
254 stic foci throughout the hepatic lobule were glutamine synthetase-positive, suggestive of a pericentr
255 methylammonium to gamma-N-methylglutamine by glutamine synthetase precludes its use in assessing conc
256 te plus ammonium, because feedback-inhibited glutamine synthetase (product of glnA) binds to TnrA and
258 nd TnrA proteins is not known, the wild-type glutamine synthetase protein is required for the transdu
261 feedback-inhibited form of Bacillus subtilis glutamine synthetase regulates the activity of the TnrA
262 odel in which the feedback-inhibited form of glutamine synthetase regulates TnrA activity in vivo.
263 presence or absence of MSX, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, resulting in a block of Glu/Gln sy
266 r retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) and glutamine synthetase showed that the GFP-expressing cell
268 reticulin, alteration of normal perivenular glutamine synthetase staining (absent or diffuse), and v
269 , because a DeltaglnD strain with an altered glutamine synthetase that cannot be adenylylated can gro
271 -protein interaction with feedback-inhibited glutamine synthetase that stabilizes GlnR-DNA complexes.
272 he alsS gene), acidifying the growth medium, glutamine synthetase (the glnA gene), and two surfactin
274 how they conjointly modulate the activity of glutamine synthetase, the key enzyme for nitrogen assimi
275 Elevated Mn(II) reduces the sensitivity of glutamine synthetase to feedback inhibitors, and we sugg
278 eterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase (SoxA) and glutamine synthetase type III (GSIII) respectively.
280 nrA at the gltAB promoter was antagonized by glutamine synthetase under certain growth conditions.
291 glnA mRNA levels and specific activities of glutamine synthetase were regulated similarly by nitroge
293 dulin, solute carrier family 1 member 2, and glutamine synthetase) were identified in a phenotype-dep
294 d by expression of immunoreactive Kir4.1 and glutamine synthetase, were closely associated with neuro
295 regulates the AmtB ammonium transporter and glutamine synthetase, which controls the rate of glutama
296 bears a similarity to the mechanism used by glutamine synthetase, which may point to an ancient link
297 rapidly inactivated purified M. tuberculosis glutamine synthetase, which was 100-fold more sensitive
299 In this study, we inhibited the activity of glutamine synthetase with methionine-sulfoximine (MSO) a
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