ライフサイエンスコーパス: haem

1 ed signal sequence and two covalent bonds to haem.

2 th the synthesis of its cognate tetrapyrrole haem.

3 efficiency of vertebrate Fech to synthesize haem.

4 y the acquisition of nutrient iron from host haem.

5 eractions in the enzyme cavity, and with the haem.

6 e bioavailable iron from haemoglobin-derived haem.

7 ting different routes to the biosynthesis of haem.

8 ravelling to allow Lys52(E10) to bind to the haem.

9 otocatalytic generation of a mononuclear non-haem [(13-TMC)Co(IV)(O)](2+) (2) by irradiating [Co(II)(

10 lly regulate ACT drug interactions with host haem, a product of parasite-mediated haemoglobin degrada

11 porter (NEAT) domains play a central role in haem acquisition and trafficking across the cell envelop

12 However, haem acquisition can lead to the accumulation of toxic a

13 al haem-associated protein, Hb had the lower haem affinity than Mb.

14 T domains of Shr are responsible for binding haem, although they are missing a critical tyrosine resi

15 ses indicated that FixK positively regulates haem and bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis, cbb3 oxidase

16 The sensor protein RsbR binds haem and exhibits ligand-dependent control of the stress

17 Haem and iron homeostasis in most eukaryotic cells is ba

18 y in ticks and underscores the importance of haem and iron metabolism as rational targets for anti-ti

19 esses the transcription of genes involved in haem and metal uptake.

20 Enzymatic haem and non-haem high-valent iron-oxo species are known

21 f African trypanosomes allows acquisition of haem and provides an uptake route for trypanolytic facto

22 suggest a model in which membrane-associated haem and quinone molecules form a redox cycle that conti

23 2 PAS domain binds penta-co-ordinated b-type haem and that reversible signalling requires four of the

24 ositioned histidines to bis-histidine ligate haems, and exploited helical rotation and glutamate buri

25 Finally, we show that the haem- and HssRS-regulated hrtAB promoter is activated in

26 g the number of Ccm components essential for haem-apocyt c ligation per se during Ccm.

27 As determined by apo Streptococcal haem-associated protein, Hb had the lower haem affinity

28 s localizing to the cell membrane potentiate haem-associated superoxide production and subsequent oxi

29 that Cyc2p controls a reductive step in the haem attachment reaction is the finding that the require

30 o control the redox state of the iron in the haem attachment reaction to apocytochromes c.

31 (CCHL, CC(1) HL) and Cyc2p catalyse covalent haem attachment to apocytochromes c and c(1) .

32 ex with CCHL, reduces the haem iron prior to haem attachment to the apoforms of cytochrome c and c(1)

33 m binding motifs become oxidised, preventing haem attachment.

34 is elegans and related helminths are natural haem auxotrophs that acquire environmental haem for inco

35 extends, substantially, current knowledge of haem auxotrophy in ticks and underscores the importance

36 IsdI in response to alterations in iron and haem availability during infection.

37 The tetrapyrroles haem, bacteriochlorophyll and cobalamin (B12 ) exhibit a

38 tor of genes involved in the biosynthesis of haem, bacteriochlorophyll, carotenoids as well as struct

39 carotenoid complex, proposed to regulate the haem/bacteriochlorophyll branchpoint by directing porphy

40 We show that PufQ governs the haem/bacteriochlorophyll switch; pufQ is found within th

41 chelatase activities, oligomeric status and haem binding abilities.

42 that in the absence of CccA, apocytochrome c haem binding motifs become oxidised, preventing haem att

43 ses, has evolved CbiK(P) a new function as a haem binding protein permitting it to act as a potential

44 c assembly requires sulphydryls at the CXXCH haem binding site on the apoprotein and also chemical re

45 ted helical rotation and glutamate burial on haem binding to introduce distal histidine strain and fa

46 aem to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of haem binding, trafficking and redox control.

47 ught to introduce a disulphide bond into the haem-binding motif of apocytochromes c.

48 found in the ligand-binding pocket of other haem-binding NEAT domains.

49 re of the alpha subunit reveals that it is a haem-binding PAS domain, similar in structure to PAS gas

50 Globins are haem-binding proteins with a conserved fold made up of a

51 quinone methide mechanism involving metal or haem bioactivation.

52 Despite our extensive knowledge of haem biosynthesis and degradation, the cellular pathways

53 ic cells is based on a balanced flux between haem biosynthesis and haem oxygenase-mediated degradatio

54 y, HbrL activates the expression of numerous haem biosynthesis genes.

55 , the presence of a transitional pathway for haem biosynthesis within many Gram positive pathogenic b

56 catalytic activity of the terminal enzyme in haem biosynthesis, ferrochelatase (Fech), impair haem sy

57 l functions, such as aerobic respiration and haem biosynthesis.

58 A number of these mutations clustered in the haem biosynthetic and cytochrome c maturation pathways.

59 are caused by mutations in genes that encode haem biosynthetic enzymes with resultant buildup of cyto

60 most eukaryotes, ticks possess an incomplete haem biosynthetic pathway and, together with other (non-

61 The role of the haem biosynthetic pathway in the survival of the bacteri

62 ong metabolism-related proteins, whereas the haem biosynthetic pathway was poorly represented.

63 tinuously generates semiquinones and reduced haem, both of which react with atmospheric oxygen to pro

64 We also present the crystal structure of haem-bound IsdI in which haem ruffling and constrained b

65 Some bacteria and archaea synthesize haem by an alternative pathway, which involves the seque

66 ith purified proteins revealed that the mono-haem c-type cytochromes Cj1153 (CccA) and Cj1020 (CccB)

67 ures of the newly characterized three-domain haem-c-Cu nitrite reductase from Ralstonia pickettii (Rp

68 Enzymatic haem catabolism by haem oxygenases is conserved from bac

69 protein permitting it to act as a potential haem chaperone or transporter.

70 s Cj1153 (CccA) and Cj1020 (CccB) and the di-haem Cj0037 (CccC) are electron donors to the cb-oxidase

71 poprotein and also chemical reduction of the haem co-factor.

72 that the biosynthetic route for both the d1 -haem cofactor of dissimilatory cd1 nitrite reductases an

73 ers activity on an otherwise unreactive iron-haem cofactor.

74 onalized by placing it close to the iron-oxo haem complex.

75 ere obtained: (i) the redox potential of the haem-containing centre of the enzyme was measured to be

76 in, regulates electron transfer by targeting haem-containing cytochrome oxidases under microaerobic c

77 thetic enzyme is prostaglandin H synthase, a haem-containing enzyme.

78 This model may be relevant to haem-containing globins in a broad range of NOS-containi

79 sicles with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) - a haem-containing plant enzyme - or antibodies against syn

80 ed to the mammalian enzymes, but a bacterial haem-containing receptor for endogenous enzymatically ge

81 natural reduction of oxygen to water using a haem-copper centre.

82 Haem-copper oxidase (HCO) catalyses the natural reductio

83 This pathway delivers and attaches haem covalently to two cysteines (of Cys-Xxx-Xxx-Cys-His

84 RNA gene copy numbers and mRNA expression of haem Cu oxidases (FoxA) associated with Fe(II)-oxidation

85 Combined with the detection of large multi-haem cytochromes in the genomes of methanotrophic archae

86 Oxygen binding to the haem decreases activity, while ferrous RsbR results in i

87 In mammals, haem degradation to biliverdin (BV) through the action o

88 dent and -independent NO effects and between haem-dependent and -independent sGC effects.

89 ganese-replete conditions, but degrades in a haem-dependent manner under high iron conditions, mangan

90 characterization of the first PAS enzyme: a haem-dependent oxidative N-demethylase.

91 Genetic analysis revealed that two haem-dependent, small c-type cytochromes, CccA and CccB,

92 Abrogation of Irr activation function was haem-dependent, thus haem has two functionally separable

93 PAiRFPs utilize haem-derived biliverdin, ubiquitous in mammalian tissues

94 ion, novel methods of haemoglobin digestion, haem detoxification, vitellogenesis and prolonged off-ho

95 nt system, which regulates expression of the haem-detoxifying transporter HrtAB.

96 main was found to be sufficient to sequester haem directly from methaemoglobin.

97 ows clearly defined redox transitions of the haem domain in both CYP2A6 and CYP2A6-FLD.

98 involves the biosynthesis and degradation of haem, enables Fh1-deficient cells to use the accumulated

99 ere analysed for concentrations of total Fe, haem Fe and non-haem Fe by ICP-MS.

100 concentrations of total Fe, haem Fe and non-haem Fe by ICP-MS.

101 Total Fe and non-haem Fe concentrations were measured in nitric acid-dige

102 nt by this technique may have underestimated haem Fe content.

103 acetone extracts and Fe in the residue after haem Fe extraction) was not significantly different from

104 measured in nitric acid-digested samples and haem Fe was extracted using acidified 80% acetone for 60

105 ions ranged from 0.55-14.43 mg/100 g FW, and haem Fe% ranged from 18%-93% of total Fe.

106 minimized computer model contains a haem/non-haem Fe(B) centre that is remarkably similar to that in

107 se) from Sphingobium chlorophenolicum, a non-haem Fe(II) dioxygenase capable of cleaving the aromatic

108 ylglutaryl mediated by Cur halogenase, a non-haem Fe(ii), alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme.

109 itive signal is generated by a series of non-haem Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases t

110 ctions with 80% acetone recovered additional haem Fe, suggesting that previous measurement by this te

111 ), yet the final attachment requires reduced haem (Fe(2+)).

112 es coordination of the substrate's N-atom to haem-Fe(II) with electron transfer and concomitant N-O h

113 o other amine oxidases, this enzyme contains haem, flavin mononucleotide, 2Fe-2S and tetrahydrofolic

114 can bind a broad range of ligands, including haem, flavins and metal ions.

115 l haem auxotrophs that acquire environmental haem for incorporation into haemoproteins, which have ve

116 Thus, we demonstrate that UPEC requires haem for kidney colonization and that uptake of this iro

117 Haemoglobin and haem fractionation assays suggest a mode of action that

118 Here we introduce Apo-sGC mice expressing haem-free sGC.

119 a, gonorrhoea and endocarditis, and extracts haem from haemoglobin as an important iron source within

120 ulated cellular synthesis and degradation of haem from intracellular trafficking events.

121 that the previously identified activator of haem gene expression HbrL is a crucial regulator of iron

122 r disease, results in loss of the prosthetic haem group of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), preventin

123 dly, CbiK(P) is shown to bind two additional haem groups through interaction with His103.

124 His96 is responsible for the binding of two haem groups within the main central cavity of the tetram

125 activation function was haem-dependent, thus haem has two functionally separable roles in modulating

126 Enzymatic haem and non-haem high-valent iron-oxo species are known to activate

127 g of the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial haem homeostasis and red blood cell development.

128 n-bound HpuA, an essential component of this haem import system.

129 miting haem (iron) environments and reducing haem in oxidizing environments.

130 We show that Shr obtains haem in solution and furthermore reduces the haem iron;

131 that have been proposed to degrade exogenous haem in the bacterial cytoplasm as a mechanism to libera

132 mpicillin being dependent on the presence of haem in the growth medium.

133 stigated the function of biliverdin (BV) and haem in the parasite.

134 Increased numbers of erythrocytes and the haem-induced response also correlate with poor response

135 parasite survival, can be subverted by drug-haem interaction as in the case of quinolines and many o

136 The malaria parasite converts haem into the chemically inert haemozoin to avoid toxici

137 , we show that in S. aureus the formation of haem involves the conversion of coproporphyrinogen III i

138 Mononuclear non-haem iron (NHFe) enzymes catalyse a broad range of oxida

139 etella pertussis alcaligin, enterobactin and haem iron acquisition systems were examined using alcA-,

140 s the ability to acquire siderophores and/or haem iron chelates is beneficial.

141 The non-haem iron complex alpha-[Fe(II)(CF3SO3)2(mcp)] (mcp=(N,N

142 (2+) and iron chelates (e.g. siderophore and haem iron complexes).

143 contained the lowest remaining myoglobin and haem iron content and also showed the lowest total lipid

144 The haem iron content in beef (A-age), lamb, pork and chicke

145 ric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and non-haem iron content throughout hydrolysis period (P<0.05).

146 This study provides data on the total and haem iron contents in raw lean beef, chicken, lamb and p

147 During storage, the extractable haem iron decreased (p < 0.05), while the non-haem iron

148 biosynthesis protein EgtB, a mononuclear non-haem iron enzyme capable of catalysing the C-S bond form

149 lpha-ketoglutarate-dependent mononuclear non-haem iron enzyme that can catalyse an endoperoxide forma

150 Carboxylate-ligated, non-haem iron enzymes demonstrate the capacity for catalysin

151 talytic cycles of dioxygen activation by non-haem iron enzymes.

152 d by the 2-His-1-carboxylate mononuclear non-haem iron family of enzymes.

153 mportant dietary implications in calculating haem iron fractions of meat as this is higher than the c

154 We report that a non-haem iron hydroxylase catalyst [Fe(PDP)] can also be div

155 Mechanistically, endothelial Hb alpha haem iron in the Fe(3+) state permits NO signalling, and

156 aem iron decreased (p < 0.05), while the non-haem iron increased (p < 0.05).

157 possibly in a complex with CCHL, reduces the haem iron prior to haem attachment to the apoforms of cy

158 ant displays a decreased capacity to use non-haem iron sources in vitro, a growth defect in a low iro

159 strate selectivity, enzyme efficiency and/or haem iron spin state.

160 Unlike Bordetella siderophore-dependent and haem iron transport systems, and in agreement with its h

161 ion of oxygen free radicals catalysed by non-haem iron was investigated in an in vitro mimetic model

162 The protein is a mononuclear non-haem iron(ii)-dependent dioxygenase that converts HEP to

163 rt the synthesis and characterization of non-haem iron(III)-peroxo complexes that bind redox-inactive

164 Mononuclear non-haem iron(III)-superoxo species (Fe(III)-O2(-.)) have be

165 Although non-haem iron(III)-superoxo species have been trapped and ch

166 The non-haem iron(III)-superoxo species undergoes both electroph

167 In particular, although nature's non-haem iron(IV)-oxo compounds possess high-spin S = 2 grou

168 Both of these inhibitors bind the haem iron, forming a 60 degrees angle above the haem pla

169 oxidative carbocyclizations catalysed by non-haem iron-dependent oxidases and define a novel type of

170 ite their efficiency at reducing hypervalent haem iron.

171 haem in solution and furthermore reduces the haem iron; this is the first report of haem reduction by

172 for cytochrome c synthesis even in limiting haem (iron) environments and reducing haem in oxidizing

173 reductase (Nir) that is solely dependent on haem-iron as a cofactor (e.g. Paracoccus denitrificans)

174 2-HPP) epoxidase (HppE) is a mononuclear non-haem-iron-dependent enzyme responsible for the final ste

175 in the catalytic cycle of a mononuclear non-haem-iron-dependent enzyme.

176 lipin complex by specifically binding to its haem-iron.

177 Haem is a life supporting molecule that is ubiquitous in

178 Acquired haem is distributed by haemolymph carrier protein(s) and

179 In Staphylococcus aureus, the importance of haem is highlighted by the presence of systems both for

180 However, the presence of excess haem is highly toxic, necessitating tight regulation of

181 With a few exceptions, haem is synthesized by a multistep biosynthetic pathway

182 a recent report indicates that HrtAB exports haem itself, the haem-resistant mutants uncovered by the

183 hly toxic, necessitating tight regulation of haem levels.

184 ogue (C8j_0040), lacking the unusual His-Cys haem ligation of TsdA, had low thiosulphate dehydrogenas

185 Cytochrome c biogenesis requires haem ligation to reduced apocytochrome cysteines, cataly

186 In yeast mitochondria, the cytochrome haem lyases (CCHL, CC(1) HL) and Cyc2p catalyse covalent

187 may provide insights into human disorders of haem metabolism and reveal new drug targets for developi

188 of haem oxygenase (HO) is a critical step in haem metabolism.

189 decades of research on HCOs, the role of non-haem metal and the reason for nature's choice of copper

190 heory calculations, demonstrate that the non-haem metal not only donates electrons to oxygen but also

191 oglobin that selectively binds different non-haem metals to demonstrate 30-fold and 11-fold enhanceme

192 synthase (NOS) result from targeting of the haem moiety of soluble guanylate cyclase.

193 Surprisingly, CcmF is a cytochrome b with a haem never before realized, and in vitro, CcmF functions

194 Summary Haem Nitric oxide/OXygen (H-NOX) binding domains are a f

195 that the minimized computer model contains a haem/non-haem Fe(B) centre that is remarkably similar to

196 ning reductase domain to oxygen bound at the haem of an oxygenase domain, which also contains binding

197 a precursor to N2O, is performed by either a haem- or copper-containing nitrite reductase (CuNiR) whe

198 For stable oxygen binding without haem oxidation, water is excluded by simple packing of t

199 ed, and in vitro, CcmF functions as a quinol:haem oxidoreductase.

200 ion to biliverdin (BV) through the action of haem oxygenase (HO) is a critical step in haem metabolis

201 a(2+)/calmodulin-mediated signalling and the haem oxygenase (HO) pathway in the hypoxic regulation of

202 KEY POINTS: Haem oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) is a cytoprotective enzyme with

203 and GP5 (glycoprotein 5), as well as HMOX1 (haem oxygenase 1) and BCL2L1 (BCL2-like 1) which are inv

204 uctures distinct from those of the canonical haem oxygenase family, suggesting that IsdG-family membe

205 Carbon monoxide (CO)--produced by haem oxygenase in cardiomyocytes--has been reported to p

206 s by which H2 S, reactive oxygen species and haem oxygenase may integrate to provide a rapid oxygen s

207 tingly, expression of the antioxidant enzyme haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was reduced in the liver (P < 0.

208 glutathione S-transferases Alpha-1 and Mu-1, haem oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1.

209 cript encoding the key cytoprotective enzyme haem oxygenase-1 and other oxidative stress response gen

210 e of O2 sensing in the carotid body, express haem oxygenase-2 and cystathionine-gamma-lyase, the enzy

211 nteraction of cystathionine-gamma-lyase with haem oxygenase-2, which generates CO.

212 balanced flux between haem biosynthesis and haem oxygenase-mediated degradation.

213 -haematophagous) mites, lack a gene encoding haem oxygenase.

214 Herein we report that the IsdG-family of haem oxygenases degrade haem to the oxo-bilirubin chromo

215 these data establish that the IsdG-family of haem oxygenases degrades haem to a novel chromophore dis

216 Enzymatic haem catabolism by haem oxygenases is conserved from bacteria to humans and

217 IsdG and IsdI are haem oxygenases that have been proposed to degrade exoge

218 The first members of a novel class of haem oxygenases were recently identified in Staphylococc

219 and IsdI) and were termed the IsdG-family of haem oxygenases.

220 ient cells to demonstrate that inhibition of haem oxygenation is synthetically lethal when combined w

221 We show that animal haem peroxidases (AHPs) located on the outer membrane an

222 CIE L( *), a( *) and b( *) values and higher haem pigment content than those from Intensive system.

223 e constants for the reduction of hypervalent haem pigment ferrylmyoglobin (MbFe(IV)O) by proteins and

224 m iron, forming a 60 degrees angle above the haem plane and packing against the central I helix with

225 objective of this study was to develop a new haem protein determination method for fish muscle overco

226 Using classic haem protein quantification methods, the extraction step

227 e dioxygen binding ability equivalent to the haem protein under physiological conditions.

228 e for the Cys residues on MPI as targets for haem protein-mediated oxidation.

229 The presented method of preparing artificial haem proteins containing abiological metal porphyrins se

230 Although the S-nitrosylation catalysed by haem proteins is well known, no direct evidence of S-nit

231 e constants for the oxidation of proteins by haem proteins of relevance to food oxidation and should

232 chloroperoxidase (CPO) are thiolate-ligated haem proteins that catalyse the activation of carbon hyd

233 muscle components and convert ferrous/ferric haem proteins to hemichromes with a unique absorption pe

234 as inhibition of lipid oxidation induced by haem proteins with selected phenolic compounds, should b

235 xanal were formed in washed mince containing haem proteins, especially Hb.

236 imiting if muscle is oxidised and/or stored; haem-proteins then tend to bind to muscle components lik

237 trates the conservation of NOS-derived NO(*)-haem receptor signalling between bacteria and mammals.

238 In this study, we identified a 79 kDa haem receptor, haemacquisition protein Hma, and establis

239 s the haem iron; this is the first report of haem reduction by a NEAT protein.

240 One model is that a positive haem-related signal promotes photosynthetic gene express

241 uld provide a counterbalance to the positive haem-related signal to fine tune regulation of chloropla

242 Prevention of haem release, as well as inhibition of lipid oxidation i

243 Haem remains an immutable and vulnerable target, because

244 to provide a mechanistic explanation for the haem resistance of B. anthracis.

245 ndicates that HrtAB exports haem itself, the haem-resistant mutants uncovered by the transposon selec

246 rboxysirohaem into Fe-coproporphyrin III and haem respectively.

247 efficiency of vertebrate Fech to synthesize haem, resulting in anaemia.

248 t Wolbachia may provision metabolites (e.g., haem, riboflavin, and nucleotides) and/or contribute to

249 rystal structure of haem-bound IsdI in which haem ruffling and constrained binding of oxygen is consi

250 vading pathogens by sequestering iron within haem, S. aureus surmounts this challenge by employing hi

251 demonstrate the evolutionary conservation of haem sensing among multiple Gram-positive bacteria and b

252 Elevated haem sensing is likely required by B. anthracis due to t

253 uired by B. anthracis due to the significant haem sensitivity exhibited by members of the genus Bacil

254 ietary haemoglobin as an exogenous source of haem since, feeding with haemoglobin-depleted serum led

255 make three distinct modified tetrapyrroles, haem, sirohaem and adenosylcobamide, where sirohydrochlo

256 Further, these data suggest that haem stress is experienced by bacterial pathogens during

257 To overcome haem stress, S. aureus expresses the detoxification syst

258 Defects in the availability of haem substrates or the catalytic activity of the termina

259 ne receptors for alcaligin, enterobactin and haem, supporting the hypothesis that B. pertussis is iro

260 screen was performed in the background of a haem-susceptible, HrtAB-deficient S. aureus strain to id

261 on of mitochondrial Atpif1 as a regulator of haem synthesis advances our understanding of the mechani

262 biosynthesis, ferrochelatase (Fech), impair haem synthesis and thus cause human congenital anaemias.

263 rial homeostasis and enzymes responsible for haem synthesis are largely unknown.

264 This is most evident in their chimerical haem synthesis pathway.

265 ductases and haem, via the novel alternative-haem-synthesis pathway, involves siroheme as an intermed

266 ophore systems, and delayed induction of the haem system in a manner consistent with predicted change

267 new antimalarial chemotype that combines the haem-targeting character of acridones, together with a c

268 Furthermore, addition of BV and haem targets the phosphorylation of Plasmodium falciparu

269 an outer-membrane extracellular-facing deca-haem terminus for such a module has recently been resolv

270 In many denitrifiers (which require d1 -haem), the pathway to make siroheme remained to be ident

271 . anthracis resists haem toxicity by sensing haem through the HssRS two-component system, which regul

272 f the mammalian host, allowing it to acquire haem through the uptake of haptoglobin-haemoglobin compl

273 ns localize together, and bind and transport haem, thus establishing an evolutionarily conserved func

274 the IsdG-family of haem oxygenases degrades haem to a novel chromophore distinct from biliverdin.

275 me, we purify pathway complexes with trapped haem to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of haem bindi

276 Addition of external BV and haem to P. falciparum-infected red blood cell (RBC) cult

277 hat CcmFH facilitates covalent attachment of haem to the apocytochrome; namely, that it is the synthe

278 he CcmABCDE proteins are proposed to traffic haem to the cytochrome c synthetase (CcmF/H) for covalen

279 t the IsdG-family of haem oxygenases degrade haem to the oxo-bilirubin chromophore staphylobilin.

280 ep in trafficking that involves oxidation of haem (to Fe(3+)), yet the final attachment requires redu

281 Here, we show that B. anthracis resists haem toxicity by sensing haem through the HssRS two-comp

282 rted by this putative pump and the source of haem toxicity.

283 ucidate the cellular factors contributing to haem toxicity.

284 ays and molecules that mediate intracellular haem trafficking are unknown.

285 dings reveal conserved pathways for cellular haem trafficking in animals that define the model for eu

286 The experimental setback in identifying haem trafficking pathways has been the inability to diss

287 Thus, uncovering the mechanisms of haem transport in C. elegans may provide insights into h

288 animals that define the model for eukaryotic haem transport.

289 ll, which shares a biosynthetic pathway with haem up to protoporphyrin IX.

290 acks conserved His residues shown to mediate haem uptake by other bacterial receptors.

291 group of NEAT composite proteins involved in haem uptake found in pyogenic streptococci and Clostridi

292 ferric iron uptake systems in addition to a haem uptake system.

293 ts this challenge by employing high-affinity haem uptake systems.

294 d catecholate siderophore iron complexes and haem using gene neighbourhood analysis and co-clustering

295 established the importance of alcaligin and haem utilization for B. pertussis in vivo growth and sur

296 suggesting that IsdG-family members degrade haem via a unique reaction mechanism.

297 of dissimilatory cd1 nitrite reductases and haem, via the novel alternative-haem-synthesis pathway,

298 anisms for trafficking, storing and reducing haem, which assure its use for cytochrome c synthesis ev

299 barkeri enzyme complexes both copurify with haem, whose redox state influences the activity of the l

300 lead to the accumulation of toxic amounts of haem within B. anthracis.