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1 ganized into five fields at the base of each haltere.
2 ithorax (Ubx) to directly repress sal in the haltere.
3 sion in the posterior (P) compartment of the haltere.
4 n the developing Drosophila wing but not the haltere.
5 t development of campaniform sensilla on the haltere.
6 r 20 bristles on the anterior margin of each haltere.
7 al features that differ between the wing and haltere.
8  of the second set of wings into rudimentary halteres.
9  the campaniform sensilla at the base of the halteres.
10  scenario that gave rise to the evolution of halteres.
11 s on leg shape, but no detectable effects on halteres.
12  wings and structures unique to flies called halteres [7-9].
13 gulatory network of the wing to generate the haltere, a modified hindwing.
14 utation was used to analyze synapses between haltere afferents and a flight motoneuron in adult Droso
15 fast monosynaptic electrical pathway between haltere afferents and mnb1 may be responsible in part fo
16  shaking-B2 flies is at the synapses between haltere afferents and the flight motoneuron.
17     In shaking-B2 flies dye coupling between haltere afferents and the motoneuron is abolished, and a
18                           In wild-type flies haltere afferents are dye-coupled to the first basalar m
19 lely as a gyroscope to detect body rotation, halteres also function as an adjustable clock to set the
20 otion by adjusting the motor output of their halteres, although this hypothesis has never been direct
21 idate for such a control involving the fly's haltere and first basalar motor neuron.
22  to be directly repressed by Ubx in the flys haltere and leg primordia, respectively, and led to the
23                  These results indicate that haltere and metathoracic segment morphology is not achie
24 r cross vein, humeral outgrowths, absence of halteres and eye pigmentation defects.
25       Although tight phase synchrony between halteres and wings is essential for providing proper tim
26 ation, as well as networks controlling wing, haltere, and leg sensorimotor control.
27 o completely repress this cis-element in the haltere, and that individual Ubx-binding sites are suffi
28 gically specialized wing derivatives such as halteres, and not the more ancestral wings, requires exa
29 everal Ubx-regulated genes in the Drosophila haltere are not repressed by Ubx in butterfly hindwings,
30                 Here, we show that wings and halteres are independently driven, coupled oscillators.
31 singly, there is little evidence that mutant halteres are more variable than wild-type ones, so it is
32                                              Halteres are renowned for acting as biological gyroscope
33  the campaniform sensilla at the base of the halteres are responsible for the phasic activity of b1.
34                                          The halteres are sensitive to Coriolis forces that result fr
35                                              Halteres are sophisticated equilibrium organs of flies t
36     The reduced hindwings of flies, known as halteres, are specialized mechanosensory organs that det
37 e aerodynamically functional fore wings, the halteres beat during flight and are equipped with their
38      Ubx restricts Dpp's distribution in the haltere by increasing the amounts of the Dpp receptor, t
39             The transformation of wings into halteres by the Hox gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) in Drosophi
40 al stimulation, we have found one identified haltere campaniform field (dF2) that provides strong syn
41 trol circuitry, we know little about how the haltere campaniforms are functionally organized.
42  formation, can still elicit many aspects of haltere cell morphology.
43             By the end of pupal development, haltere cells are 8-fold smaller in apical surface area
44                                              Haltere cells continue to secrete cuticle after eclosion
45         Differences in the shape of wing and haltere cells reflect differences in the architecture of
46  appear to be intermediates between wing and haltere cells, contesting the view that homeotic genes a
47 opmental processes that distinguish wing and haltere cells.
48 ks the early primordia for both the wing and haltere, collectively referred to as the DP.
49 ressed, low levels of posterior dally in the haltere contribute to a reduced P compartment size and a
50 ranous forewings and the modified hindwings (halteres) depend on the Hox gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx).
51 the Hox protein Ultrabithorax (Ubx) promotes haltere development and suppresses wing development by s
52 e than wild-type ones, so it is unclear that haltere development is also canalized.
53 ese sites are critical for activation in the haltere disc.
54 fically expressed in either the wing disc or haltere disc.
55 also required for the growth of the wing and haltere discs, as mutants for these alleles have tiny do
56                     Primary afferents of the haltere encode its oscillation frequency linearly over a
57 d description of cell differentiation in the haltere epidermis, and of the developmental processes th
58                                 We find that haltere feedback from both dorsal fields is continuously
59 erved between afferents originating from the haltere fields and those from serially homologous fields
60 projections is not limited to axons from the haltere fields, but is also observed between afferents o
61   In the metathorax, Ubx expression promotes haltere formation and suppresses wing development.
62 hibit hind-wing reduction that would precede haltere formation, likely caused by Ultrabithorax.
63 he sum of the unisensory responses at higher haltere frequencies.
64  manner; altering wingbeat frequency affects haltere frequency, but not vice versa.
65 rs with firing rates linearly related to the haltere frequency.
66 le increasing response gain nonlinearly with haltere frequency.
67        The differentiation of the Drosophila haltere from the wing through the action of the Ultrabit
68 logy, although no Ubx-regulated genes in the haltere have been identified previously.
69 re important for wing development, promoting haltere identity.
70 in two distinct cell types of the Drosophila haltere imaginal disc.
71       Ectopic expression of DIP1 in wing and haltere imaginal discs malforms the adult structures and
72 y differentially expressed genes in wing and haltere imaginal discs.
73 ifferential development of the fore-wing and haltere in Drosophila.
74 ed wing modification is the specification of halteres in Drosophila by a Hox-dependent mechanism, in
75                                     Although haltere inputs have been described extensively in the co
76 induce a dramatic homeotic transformation of halteres into wings.
77 otic mutant phenotype: the transformation of halteres into wings.
78                               The Drosophila haltere is a much reduced and specialised hind wing, whi
79 ded by the complex fields on the base of the haltere is mapped onto different functional regions with
80 sue morphogenesis to reshape the wing into a haltere is still unclear.
81          The multifunctional capacity of the haltere is thought to depend on arrays of embedded mecha
82 equence of dally repression in the posterior haltere is to reduce Dpp diffusion into and through the
83            Because non-Dipteran insects lack halteres, it is not known if mechanosensory feedback abo
84 e may arise from the steering muscles of the haltere itself, regulating haltere stroke amplitude to m
85                                         Wing-haltere link acts in a unidirectional manner; altering w
86                             The evolution of haltere morphology involved changes in UBX-regulated tar
87 e classes, including those responding to any haltere motion and others with firing rates linearly rel
88 gh actuated by independent muscles, wing and haltere motion is precisely phase-coordinated at high fr
89 modulated by sensory input from experimental haltere movements (driven by a servomotor).
90 is that visual input during flight modulates haltere muscle activity and that this, in turn, alters t
91                                          The halteres of dipteran insects are essential sensory organ
92                                          The halteres of Dipteran insects play an important role in f
93                                          The haltere-off (bare airframe) system revealed a slow (heav
94                                          The haltere-on system revealed a stabilized system with a sl
95                                              Halteres oscillate at the same frequency as and precisel
96         Evolved from the hindwings, the tiny halteres oscillate at the same frequency as the wings, a
97 onses of central complex cells to a range of haltere oscillation frequencies alone, and in combinatio
98 at passively mediate both wing-wing and wing-haltere phase synchronization.
99 ant enhancement of the haploinsufficient Ubx haltere phenotype and second for effects on the splicing
100                              Like the wings, halteres possess minute control muscles whose activity i
101 uding reduced eye size and abnormal wing and haltere posture.
102 not currently known whether information from haltere primary afferent neurons is sent to higher brain
103 tund gene is required in the wings, antenna, haltere, proboscis and legs.
104                                Additionally, halteres provide rhythmic input to the wing steering sys
105  that motoneurons innervating muscles of the haltere receive strong excitatory input from directional
106 feedback to wing motor system is provided by halteres, reduced hind wings that evolved into gyroscopi
107 cific inhibitor of B-family DNA polymerases, haltering replication and possessing a strong antimitoti
108                                              Haltere-responsive units fell into multiple response cla
109  that are arranged in distinct groups on the haltere's dorsal and ventral surfaces.
110 how that the primary afferent neurons of the haltere's mechanoreceptors respond selectively with high
111                        We also find that the haltere's multifaceted role may arise from the steering
112 to obtain population-level recordings of the haltere sensory afferents in specific fields of sensilla
113 ermined the specific cellular targets of the haltere sensory cells, the afferents of a dorsal field c
114 context of rapid locomotion control, we find haltere sensory information in a brain region known to b
115 tic backgrounds result in enlargement of the haltere significantly beyond the normal range of haploin
116                    We find that Ubx controls haltere size by restricting both the transcription and t
117    The correlation between wild-type and Ubx haltere size is very low, indicating that interactions a
118 e show that CX neurons respond to input from halteres, specialized proprioceptors in flies that detec
119  molecular analysis of this 358 bp wing- and haltere-specific dpp enhancer, which demonstrates a dire
120 y an electrical synapse, and thus can follow haltere stimulation at high frequencies.
121                                              Haltere stimulation modifies neural responses to visual
122 ng muscles of the haltere itself, regulating haltere stroke amplitude to modulate campaniform activit
123 epressing the expression of two genes in the haltere, Stubble and Notopleural, both of which encode t
124                We identify a microbehavior ("haltere switch") exclusively seen during quiescence that
125 e wing length in flies and observed how wing-haltere synchronization was affected.
126 ures of the Dipteran thorax that ensure wing-haltere synchrony, despite severe wing damage.
127 trongly coupled oscillator, whereas the wing-haltere system is weakly coupled through mechanical link
128 histicated pair of equilibrium organs called halteres that evolved from hind wings.
129                    However, dragonflies lack halteres that support such diverse behavior in flies.
130  as rapid mechanosensory feedback from their halteres - the modified hindwings that sense the angular
131 hin the specialized mechanosensory fields of halteres, the unique equilibrium organs of flies.
132 x (Ubx) modulates morphogen signaling in the haltere through transcriptional regulation of the glypic
133 partially attributed to flies' possession of halteres, tiny club-shaped structures that evolved from
134                                         This haltere to mnb1 connection consists of a fast and a slow
135 ined with diverse phase encoding, allows the haltere to transmit information at a high rate about num
136 ounts for three-quarters of the variance for haltere to wing margin transformation in Ultrabithorax f
137 ient phenotypes, from overlap with wild-type halteres to dramatic transformations such as a 50% incre
138        Together, these results show that the haltere-to-flight motoneuron synapses comprise an electr
139 olinergic antagonist mecamylamine blocks the haltere-to-flight motoneuron synapses in shaking-B2 flie
140 erve decreased expression of Ubx and partial haltere-to-wing transformation phenotypes.
141 n interesting question: in insects that lack halteres, what sensory cues are required for head stabil
142  Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases in the haltere, which prevents the basal extracellular matrix r
143 e Ultrabithorax (Ubx) limits the size of the haltere, which, by the end of larval development, has ap
144 re modified into club-shaped, mechanosensory halteres, which detect Coriolis forces and thereby media
145 e evolved into specialized structures called halteres, which provide rapid mechanosensory feedback fo

 
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