ライフサイエンスコーパス: hemichannel

1 dynamics, six IC pockets were identified per hemichannel.

2 CT residues (ACAR(219)) of the Cx32( *)43E1 hemichannel.

3 ices and TM1/E1 bend angles of the open Cx26 hemichannel.

4 may occur via the opening of a gap junction hemichannel.

5 ular space, possibly by action of Panx3 as a hemichannel.

6 re visualized on a comparative model of Cx32 hemichannel.

7 permeation of ions and ethidium through Cx30 hemichannels.

8 synapses to connexin-based gap junctions and hemichannels.

9 lar concentrations of Zn(2+) inhibit WT Cx26 hemichannels.

10 I3K, which is correlated with the opening of hemichannels.

11 nt cells by the end-to-end docking of two Cx hemichannels.

12 lies on extracellular Ca(2+) or gap junction hemichannels.

13 ture through activation of neuronal pannexin hemichannels.

14 diated by a mechanism involving gap junction hemichannels.

15 eractions can differ in unapposed and docked hemichannels.

16 ghboring cells following ATP release through hemichannels.

17 DS that forms constitutively active connexin hemichannels.

18 g T cell priming as both GJs and stand-alone hemichannels.

19 king a secondary ion flux through pannexin-1 hemichannels.

20 olarization opens ATP-permeable gap junction hemichannels.

21 mediated by ATP released from osteocyte Cx43 hemichannels.

22 t to be involved in gating rearrangements of hemichannels.

23 quent disruption of salt bridges in the open hemichannels.

24 proteins that form gap junction channels and hemichannels.

25 rvation that ATP is released via connexin 43 hemichannels.

26 utants that do not show functional homomeric hemichannels.

27 ar constituents of gap junction channels and hemichannels.

28 n enteric glia of mice were mediated by Cx43 hemichannels.

29 onnexin (Cx) in astrocytes, Cx43, also forms hemichannels.

30 uence neuronal activity through gap-junction hemichannels.

31 lux into cells under conditions that lead to hemichannel activation, such as ischemic damage.

32 lar communication, Cx43 phosphorylation, and hemichannel activity among Cx43 variants, as well as sub

33 strocytes bordering the abscess demonstrated hemichannel activity as evident by enhanced ethidium bro

34 The region-dependent pattern of hemichannel activity at day 3 directly correlated with i

35 3/Cx26 (syndromic mutants) shows exacerbated hemichannel activity but nonfunctional GJCs; this also o

36 rst time in astrocytes, we demonstrated that hemichannel activity depends on the intracellular calciu

37 However, no significant hemichannel activity in the dendrites was detected when

38 They also implicate a role for aberrant hemichannel activity in the pathogenesis of PPK and furt

39 ons resulted in significantly increased Cx43 hemichannel activity in the presence of Cx26 mutants.

40 This work demonstrates that astroglial Cx43 hemichannel activity is associated with D-serine release

41 armacological and genetic inhibition of Cx43 hemichannel activity reduced the amplitude of NMDA EPSCs

42 Blocking hemichannel activity reduced the LTP of these excitatory

43 tic interventions to block connexin-mediated hemichannel activity specifically in a glial cell popula

44 ha also increased connexin-43 expression and hemichannel activity, but not gap junction communication

45 H2O2 transiently increased hemichannel activity, but reduced gap junction intercell

46 channels incompletely inhibited H2O2-induced hemichannel activity, indicating the presence of other h

47 ausing mutations confer a novel expansion of hemichannel activity, mediated by connexin channels in a

48 In addition, several mutations induced hemichannel activity.

49 the observed changes in GJ communication and hemichannel activity.

50 tracellular Ca(2+), which drastically reduce hemichannel activity.

51 tion was reduced by prior inhibition of Cx43 hemichannel activity.

52 dy, we tested the hypothesis that opening of hemichannels after cerebral ischemia may contribute to d

53 ning one V(j)-sensitive gate in each apposed hemichannel (aHC); aHC open probability was a Boltzmann

54 Cx43 hemichannels allow passage of small molecules between th

55 of connexins, which also exist as functional hemichannels allowing exchange of molecules between the

56 mbrane proteins that assemble into hexameric hemichannels, also known as connexons.

57 lation induces ATP release via Cx43 and Cx45 hemichannels, although pannexin 1 may also play a role.

58 presence of both fast and slow gates in each hemichannel and the serial head-to-head arrangement of t

59 ignificantly reduced FFSS-induced opening of hemichannels and disrupted the interaction between Cx43

60 stimuli when they are not apposed to another hemichannels and face the external milieu.

61 f these interactions and the consequences on hemichannels and gap junction channel (GJC) functions re

62 The differential effects of VVAA mutants on hemichannels and gap junction channels imply that inter-

63 through the ER Ca(2+) channel, only via the hemichannels and gap junction routes.

64 nd connexin inhibitors established roles for hemichannels and gap junctions in platelet function.

65 indicating an important role for connexin37 hemichannels and gap junctions in platelet thrombus func

66 tly inhibited glutamate release via connexin hemichannels and glutamate uptake via the glutamate tran

67 We conclude that pannexin-1 hemichannels and P2X1 and P2X4 receptors facilitate ATP

68 Therefore, expression of Cx hemichannels and P2X7R promotes a feed-forward mechanism

69 llular and taller cytoplasmic aspects of the hemichannels and that the C-terminal tail of Connexin40

70 We show that Ca(2+) does move through Cx26 hemichannels and that the permeability of the hemichanne

71 gh action of P2X7 receptors to open pannexin hemichannels and then connexin hemichannels, both of whi

72 Examination of voltage gating in undocked hemichannels and Vj gate polarity reversal by a negative

73 by functioning as an ER Ca(2+) channel and a hemichannel, and by forming gap junctions.

74 specific inhibitory role of osteocytic Cx43 hemichannels, and exploiting the activity of this channe

75 eceptors on HCs, thereby possibly modulating hemichannel- and/or pH-mediated feedback.

76 The putative hemichannel antagonist lanthanum alone was a potent inhi

77 oreceptors, potentially mediated by connexin hemichannels, appeared unaffected.

78 Cx32 and Cx43 hemichannels are activated by <500 nm [Ca(2+)](i) but in

79 However, whether astroglial Cx43 hemichannels are active in resting conditions and regula

80 authner cell, we show here that gap junction hemichannels are added at the edges of GJ plaques where

81 Subsequently, several hours later, connexin hemichannels are also opened by an unknown mechanism.

82 the olfactory bulb, where astrocyte connexin hemichannels are both targets and modulators of neuronal

83 Connexin hemichannels are Ca(2+)-permeable plasma membrane channe

84 Previously we have shown that Cx26 hemichannels are directly opened by CO2.

85 lving microtubule highways, vesicles of Cx43 hemichannels are efficiently trafficked to adherens junc

86 Although gap junctions/hemichannels are known to modulate DNA synthesis via Ca(

87 Indirect evidence suggests that connexin hemichannels are permeable to Ca(2+), but direct demonst

88 Cx26 hemichannels are permeable to Ca(2+).

89 Gap junction channels and hemichannels are permeable to ions and hydrophilic molec

90 Consequently, Cx hemichannels are potential targets for new therapeutic a

91 ermeant-specific manner and underscores that hemichannels are selective rather than non-discriminatin

92 Although it is known that Cx43 hemichannels are transported along microtubules to the p

93 These data reveal Cx43 hemichannels as a novel astroglial release pathway at pl

94 ynapse and reveal a crucial role for GJs and hemichannels as coordinators of the dendritic cell-T cel

95 rophysiological evidence to support pannexin hemichannels as downstream mediators of toxin-evoked ATP

96 se results elucidate for the first time PNX1-hemichannels as potentially main extracellular transloca

97 d de novo expression of Cx39, Cx43, and Cx45 hemichannels as well as P2X7Rs and transient receptor po

98 a protein forming gap junction channels and hemichannels associated with dynamic neuroglial interact

99 Aberrant opening of nonjunctional connexin hemichannels at the plasma membrane is associated with m

100 us studies suggest Ca(2+) permeation through hemichannels, based on indirect arguments.

101 injection of carbenoxolone (a non-selective hemichannel blocker) and selective connexin-43 blockers

102 microglial glutamate release by gap junction hemichannel blockers abolished the neurotoxic activity,

103 sed following microinjection of gap-junction hemichannel blockers into the NAcore at doses that block

104 inence was unaffected by NAcore gap-junction hemichannel blockers.

105 urthermore, dye influx could be inhibited by hemichannel blockers.

106 ect was attenuated with Cx43(E2), a specific hemichannel-blocking antibody.

107 open pannexin hemichannels and then connexin hemichannels, both of which are ATP permeable.

108 not affect unitary conductance or block the hemichannel but rather promoted gating to the closed sta

109 owever, R76W transgenic mice with functional hemichannels but not gap junctions in osteocytes did not

110 phorylation and attenuated the inhibition of hemichannels by CM and PGE2.

111 Moreover, defect of connexin hemichannels by deletion of connexin26 (Cx26) and Cx30,

112 Consistently, the opening of hemichannels by FFSS was blocked by PGE2 and CM and this

113 The opening of osteocytic Cx43 hemichannels by mechanical stimulation had similar inhib

114 with that of the cell-cell channels and open hemichannels can be a release site for relatively large

115 We suggest that hemichannels can be a significant pathway for Ca(2+) inf

116 Connexin hemichannels can open during ischemia, resulting in loss

117 Three independent inhibitors of hemichannels-carbenoxolone, lanthanum and mefloquine-had

118 Here we show that connexin 26 (Cx26) hemichannels, causally linked to respiratory chemosensit

119 these salt bridges by mutations facilitates hemichannel closing.

120 channels; however, sustained FFSS results in hemichannel closure, as continuous opening of hemichanne

121 43 phosphorylation by activated ERK leads to hemichannel closure.

122 GJ1) has been implicated in gap junction and hemichannel communication of cytosolic contents through

123 Neuronal gap junctional hemichannels, composed of pannexin-1 subunits, have been

124 The hemichannel configuration of connexins (Cxs) displays is

125 layer, six connexin subunits assemble into a hemichannel (connexon).

126 o those seen previously in purified connexin hemichannels (connexons) and mammalian membranes.

127 couple neighboring cells are formed when two hemichannels (connexons) of apposed cells dock head-on i

128 nsitive conformational changes of Connexin40 hemichannels (connexons) reconstituted in 1,2-dioeloyl-s

129 Because connexin hemichannels constitute an important route for astrocyti

130 lectively, these data indicate that connexin hemichannels contribute to BK-induced oscillations by al

131 Together, these data suggest that connexin hemichannels contribute to spontaneous depolarizations i

132 Panx1, which is predicted to be a major hemichannel contributor in astrocytes, did not appear to

133 In contrast, the stability of Cx26T135A hemichannels could not be rescued by coexpression with W

134 quinine for suppressive effects on aberrant hemichannel currents elicited by KID mutations.

135 pathology and were associated with increased hemichannel currents in transgenic keratinocytes.

136 roperties were very similar to those of Cx46 hemichannel currents recorded in single Xenopus oocytes.

137 e further ATP; by 7 h treatment, connexin 43 hemichannels (Cx43 HCs) are also opened.

138 Connexin hemichannels display two distinct forms of voltage-depen

139 We conclude that pannexin hemichannels do not generate the large inward current th

140 Furthermore, functional gap junction/hemichannel domain, and the C-terminal domain of Cx43, i

141 etween the open states of GJ channels versus hemichannels during acute infection.

142 t functional interference with gap junctions/hemichannels during embryonic development may lead to ab

143 increased both gap junction dye coupling and hemichannel dye uptake in a manner not involving increas

144 e determined whether hyperammonemia leads to hemichannel dysfunction and impairs lactate transport in

145 Cortical dye loading experiments revealed hemichannel dysfunction in HE with improvement following

146 HE is associated with central nervous system hemichannel dysfunction, with ammonia playing a key role

147 athways through multiple channel activities: hemichannels, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) channels

148 in43, thus representing precursors (i.e., GJ hemichannels) engaged in assembly.

149 Cx43 hemichannels exhibited one major mean conductance of 224

150 in, connexin43, which can form transmembrane hemichannels for ATP release.

151 thner cells are constructed by apposition of hemichannels formed by two homologs of mammalian connexi

152 hat mefloquine (MFQ) inhibits several mutant hemichannel forms implicated in KID syndrome when expres

153 s intercellular communication through linked hemichannels from each of two adjacent cells.

154 show that in the olfactory bulb, connexin 43 hemichannel function is promoted by neuronal activity an

155 nd lipid-rafts, shown to be involved in PNX1-hemichannel function, resulted in marked intracellular a

156 ration could be explained by shifts in their hemichannel G(j)-V(j) relations.

157 the hemichannel pore play critical roles in hemichannel gating reactions and are tightly controlled

158 Connexin hemichannels had distinct sensitivity to alterations of

159 Thus far, excessive opening of KID mutant hemichannels has been attributed, almost solely, to aber

160 The connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannel (HC) in the mechanosensory osteocytes is a m

161 ntercellular signaling by forming functional hemichannels (HCs) and gap junction channels (GJCs), res

162 s connexin in various cells, and presents as hemichannels (HCs) and gap junctions (GJs) on the cell m

163 Hemichannels (HCs) are hexamers of connexins that can fo

164 ed that fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) opens hemichannels; however, sustained FFSS results in hemicha

165 Hemichannels imaged in solutions containing < 10 mum Ca(

166 In contrast, hemichannels imaged in the presence of 0.1 mm EDTA showe

167 studies implicate two kinds of gap junction hemichannel in inflammatory responses and cell death.

168 Each hemichannel in the GJ channel contains fast and slow gat

169 is chimera expresses currents as an undocked hemichannel in Xenopus oocytes and provides a model syst

170 at in basal conditions Cx43 forms functional hemichannels in astrocytes from mouse hippocampal slices

171 x43) forms intercellular channels as well as hemichannels in astrocytes.

172 TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, which open connexin hemichannels in astrocytes.

173 The release of ATP from connexin hemichannels in cochlear non-sensory cells has been prop

174 The release of ATP from connexin hemichannels in cochlear nonsensory cells has been propo

175 l for studying the role of aberrant connexin hemichannels in epidermal differentiation and inherited

176 assess the role of gap junction channels and hemichannels in health and disease.

177 ther Cx26V37I nor Cx26A40G formed functional hemichannels in low extracellular calcium.

178 Connexin (Cx) 43 hemichannels in osteocytes are thought to play a critica

179 r cells: a critical role of connexin (Cx) 43 hemichannels in osteocytes in the suppression of breast

180 (ALN) or zoledronic acid (ZOL), opened Cx43 hemichannels in osteocytes.

181 nstrate that the activity of astroglial Cx43 hemichannels in resting states regulates basal excitator

182 the edges of GJ plaques where they dock with hemichannels in the apposed membrane to form cell-cell c

183 o assess the pathomechanistic involvement of hemichannels in the development of hyperkeratosis in KID

184 Individual hemichannels in the membrane overlying the nanopore were

185 e results show that Cx46 can form functional hemichannels in the nonjunctional membrane of fiber cell

186 Excessive opening of undocked Cx26 hemichannels in the plasma membrane is associated with d

187 michannels, we heterologously expressed Cx30 hemichannels in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

188 Blockage of Cx43 hemichannels incompletely inhibited H2O2-induced hemicha

189 expression of these hyperactive heteromeric hemichannels increases cell membrane permeability, favor

190 rated that blocking functional gap junctions/hemichannels induces phosphorylation of small GTPase cdc

191 We also found that the Panx3 hemichannel inhibited cell growth by promoting beta-cate

192 Additionally, the Panx3 hemichannel inhibited cyclin D1 transcription and Rb pho

193 ; however, their contribution was crucial as hemichannel inhibition stopped the oscillations.

194 Application of the gap junction and hemichannel inhibitors octanol, flufenamic acid, and car

195 ed a mimetic peptide that blocks connexin 43 hemichannels into the lateral ventricle of chronically i

196 (type II) cells secrete ATP via gap junction hemichannels into the narrow extracellular spaces within

197 ependent manner, suggesting that gating of a hemichannel is involved in ATP release.

198 have no effect, we conclude that a connexin hemichannel is involved in CO(2)-dependent ATP release.

199 e a tentative model in which the cytoplasmic hemichannel is located at the interface of TM7 and TM8 o

200 nd the proteolipid ring, whereas the lumenal hemichannel is located within subunit a at the interface

201 nown inhibitors, we show that the Pannexin 1 hemichannel is the main avenue for ATP release both abov

202 port the hypothesis that opening of connexin hemichannels is a significant mediator of postischemic w

203 emichannel closure, as continuous opening of hemichannels is detrimental to cell viability and bone r

204 Understanding Ca(2+) permeation through Cx26 hemichannels is important to assess the role of gap junc

205 at regulates the opening of mechanosensitive hemichannels is largely unknown.

206 results demonstrate that the permeability of hemichannels is regulated in a permeant-specific manner

207 mechanism that regulates the closure of the hemichannels is unknown.

208 reviously in the Ca(2+) sensitivity of other hemichannel isoforms.

209 m for Ca(2+) gating among different connexin hemichannel isoforms.

210 lity is also found in Cx26T135A and Cx26P87L hemichannels isolated from mammalian cells.

211 man subcutaneous fibroblasts, via pannexin-1 hemichannels, leading to [Ca(2+)]i mobilization and cell

212 The hemichannels located on the cell body were induced to op

213 We aimed to investigate how hemichannels may contribute to Ca(2+) oscillations.

214 SIGNIFICANCE: Cx26 hemichannels may play a role in Ca(2+) influx into cells

215 intracellular pathogen, suggesting that PNX1-hemichannels may represent a therapeutic target for chro

216 Undocked connexons, referred to as hemichannels, may open and connect the cytoplasm with th

217 rbamylation motif into Cx31 created a mutant hemichannel (mCx31) that was opened by increases in PCO2

218 ur results suggest that at the cone synapse, hemichannel-mediated (ephaptic) and pH-mediated feedback

219 We provide evidence that hemichannel-mediated (putative ephaptic) feedback sets t

220 tial neuronal energy deficit due to impaired hemichannel-mediated lactate transport between astrocyte

221 communication while concomitantly decreasing hemichannel-mediated membrane permeance in contacting, b

222 ers from denervated muscles also showed high hemichannel-mediated permeability that was slightly redu

223 II) cells through ATP-permeable gap junction hemichannels most probably composed of pannexin 1.

224 Findings also indicated that "docking" of GJ hemichannels occurs within FP domains and contributes to

225 ow general, if not universal, agreement that hemichannels of both classes can open in response to var

226 t directly by gap junctions as compared with hemichannels on single cells in normal cartilage.

227 dendrite's ability to induce the opening of hemichannels on the cell body, while hyaluronidase has n

228 hannels, presumably by reducing insertion of hemichannels on the dendritic side.

229 of this, the effect of blocking gap-junction hemichannels on the motivation for ethanol was examined.

230 gap junction, each channel is formed by two hemichannels, one contributed by each of the coupled cel

231 re formed by head to head association of two hemichannels, one from each of the cells.

232 that the activity of astroglial connexin 43 hemichannels, opened in an activity-dependent manner, in

233 CM treatment inhibited hemichannel opening and this inhibition was reversed whe

234 tion of PI3K appears to be required for Cx43 hemichannel opening by mechanical stimulation.

235 Proper control of hemichannel opening is essential to maintain cell viabil

236 Inappropriate Cx26 hemichannel opening is hypothesized to compromise kerati

237 However, hemichannel opening was transient with astrocytic EtBr u

238 eraction between these two proteins and Cx43 hemichannel opening, a crucial step to mediate the anabo

239 tion-free Ringer's solution were due to Cx46 hemichannel opening, then dye influx by gap junctional/h

240 bind with alpha5 and hence could not inhibit hemichannel opening.

241 ght junction permeability; and 3) no claudin hemichannel or heterotypic channel made of claudin-16 an

242 pression, but was completely inhibited by Cx hemichannel or P2X7R blockers, as well as by degradation

243 ing by direct permeation of D-serine through hemichannels or indirectly by Ca(2+) entry and activatio

244 ermore, we found that blocking gap junctions/hemichannels or short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of

245 after spreading depolarization, the neuronal hemichannel pannexin 1 (PANX1) opens and forms a pore co

246 The hemichannel pannexin-1 has been implicated in both proce

247 ibers was acutely inhibited by connexin (Cx) hemichannel/pannexin1 (Panx1) channel and purinergic ion

248 nulation of cultured MCs through a pannexin1 hemichannel (Panx1 HC)-dependent mechanism induced by Ab

249 Connexin (and likely pannexin) hemichannel permeability is consistent with that of the

250 Here, we demonstrate for the first time hemichannel permeability to Ca(2+) by measuring Ca(2+) t

251 ssential role on the modulation of the hCx26 hemichannel permeability.

252 l opening, then dye influx by gap junctional/hemichannel permeable dyes should be measurable in the f

253 bited the BK-triggered release of calcein, a hemichannel-permeable dye.

254 the nanopore were resolved and transport of hemichannel-permeant LY dye was visualized when the hemi

255 The pathomechanism(s) by which mutant Cx26 hemichannels perturb normal epidermal cornification are

256 Furthermore, depletion of pannexin-1-hemichannel (PNX1) coupled with P2X7-receptor blocks the

257 etworks at the extracellular entrance of the hemichannel pore play critical roles in hemichannel gati

258 l activity, indicating the presence of other hemichannel proteins.

259 g P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) that open pannexin hemichannels (Px1 HCs) that release further ATP; by 7 h

260 ucture-activity relationship of gap junction hemichannels reconstituted in lipid bilayers.

261 uring Ca(2+) transport through purified Cx26 hemichannels reconstituted in liposomes.

262 We showed that the activity of Cx43 hemichannels recorded in cultured astrocytes was [Ca(2+)

263 - to 5.8-nm diameter) openings in nearly all hemichannels regardless of orientation, and detailed top

264 re, and dynamics of water inside Cx GJCs and hemichannels remains largely unexplored.

265 Although hemichannels represent a powerful medium for intercellul

266 Cx43 hemichannels serve as a portal for the release of prosta

267 However, A40V KID mutant hemichannels show substantially reduced inhibition by th

268 ic mice with impaired Cx43 gap junctions and hemichannels showed significantly increased tumor growth

269 tal paradigms in which connexin and pannexin hemichannel signaling occurs.

270 for divalent cation-dependent gating of Cx30 hemichannels, substitutions of the two other residues ha

271 l-d-aspartate is also reported to open these hemichannels, suggesting that the activation of N-methyl

272 Inhibition of pannexin-1 hemichannels suppresses TCR-induced ATP release, Ca(2+)

273 t to form or contribute to proton-conducting hemichannels that allow protons to gain access to and le

274 Panx3 also formed hemichannels that allowed release of ATP into the extrac

275 racellular ATP, most likely released through hemichannels, that activates the inflammasome.

276 To confirm that this current was due to Cx46 hemichannels, the authors studied fiber cells isolated f

277 , suggesting direct CO(2) sensitivity of the hemichannel to CO(2).

278 bridge between Lys125 and Arg104 biases the hemichannel to the open state.

279 emichannels and that the permeability of the hemichannels to Ca(2+) is high, similar to that for Na(+

280 cking machinery, increasing delivery of Cx43 hemichannels to cardiac intercalated discs.

281 consistent with a contribution by astrocytic hemichannels to post-traumatic ATP release that aggravat

282 We tested the contribution of pannexin hemichannels to the anoxic depolarization in CA1 pyramid

283 on of P2X1 and P2X4 receptors and pannexin-1 hemichannels to the immune synapse, while P2X7 receptors

284 an assay to detect transport of de novo Cx43 hemichannels to the plasma membrane after release from B

285 ossible that increased Ca(2+) influx through hemichannels under ischemic conditions contributes to ce

286 demonstrate that platelet gap junctions and hemichannels underpin the control of hemostasis and thro

287 ting multiple factors that act to close Cx26 hemichannels via this gating mechanism.

288 nnel-permeant LY dye was visualized when the hemichannel was opened by lowering calcium in the medium

289 ability of DCPIB to directly block connexin hemichannels was confirmed using a gene-specific siRNA k

290 gating and permeability features of connexin hemichannels, we heterologously expressed Cx30 hemichann

291 ecid, or carbenoxolone but not when connexin hemichannels were inhibited with mefloquine or 2-octanol

292 Hemichannels were not sufficient to ignite oscillations

293 Cx43 and Cx43-GFP hemichannels were reconstituted in giant unilamellar ves

294 Both failed to form gap junction channels or hemichannels when expressed alone.

295 f apposing cells is realized by two adjacent hemichannels, which can form gap junction channels.

296 anism of permeabilization is opening of Cx43 hemichannels, which can lead to cell death.

297 s to the cell body leading to the opening of hemichannels, which permits rapid exchange of factors im

298 e of ATP, and ATP causes opening of pannexin hemichannels, which then release further ATP.

299 ne was also reduced upon blocking pannexin-1 hemichannels with (10)Panx, probenecid, or carbenoxolone

300 human pathology, by demonstrating that Cx26 hemichannels with the mutation A88V, linked to Keratitis