ライフサイエンスコーパス: hemolymph

1 ciated with the accessory salivary glands or hemolymph.

2 This glucanase was not detected in hemolymph.

3 gh the Golgi organelle and are secreted into hemolymph.

4 sed within 20 min of the pathogen contacting hemolymph.

5 o B. thuringiensis, which appeared to die in hemolymph.

6 e proteins (DAFPs), four of which are in the hemolymph.

7 the regulation of immune proteinases in the hemolymph.

8 to the inhibitory regulation of PAP-3 in the hemolymph.

9 teinase cascades and regulated by serpins in hemolymph.

10 ly remove growth-promoting activity from the hemolymph.

11 , and elevated carbohydrate levels in larval hemolymph.

12 n heart and release neuromodulators into the hemolymph.

13 rood chamber, mimic aphids suck on ant larva hemolymph.

14 ared with lysozyme activity of immune larval hemolymph.

15 vely expressed in fat body and secreted into hemolymph.

16 unction in taking up waste material from the hemolymph.

17 times greater in pupal than in larval immune hemolymph.

18 tes sugar transport from the midgut lumen to hemolymph.

19 moral roles of 5-HT, we measured 5-HT in the hemolymph.

20 ntration similar to that found in the insect hemolymph.

21 a battery of antimicrobial peptides into the hemolymph.

22 , although a phenoloxidase is present in the hemolymph.

23 ed and transported to target tissues via the hemolymph.

24 molymph is higher than that in the wild-type hemolymph.

25 phenoloxidase zymogen that is present in the hemolymph.

26 but only a minor constituent of late larval hemolymph.

27 ns and peptides, which are secreted into the hemolymph.

28 have also been recently discovered in insect hemolymph.

29 ogenous and endogenous serine proteinases in hemolymph.

30 dysis, at which time Mas-ETH is found in the hemolymph.

31 ough the midgut, or by transport through the hemolymph.

32 cotine or in the exhalation of nicotine from hemolymph.

33 reduced level of TEP1-LRIM1-APL1C complex in hemolymph.

34 he endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to cytosol and hemolymph.

35 otely controls the release of Dilps into the hemolymph.

36 ehalose is the predominant sugar in mosquito hemolymph.

37 ounter the complement system in the mosquito hemolymph.

38 eas the WT lysozyme is secreted into the fly hemolymph.

39 and can diffuse into the pupal wing via the hemolymph.

40 cumulation of soluble yolk precursors in the hemolymph.

41 through the cuticle and proliferates in the hemolymph.

42 om anterior ganglia or reach the STG via the hemolymph.

43 h that of jhamt and matched JH levels in the hemolymph.

44 secretion of antimicrobial peptides into the hemolymph [1] [2].

45 we show that corazonin concentrations in the hemolymph 20 min before natural preecdysis onset range f

46 fore, the persistent increase of 5-HT in the hemolymph 24 hr after sensitization training indicates t

47 higher in the lumen, 58.1 +/- 7.34, than the hemolymph, 3.96 +/- 2.89.

48 Chloride was higher in the hemolymph, 57.6 +/- 7.84, than in the lumen, 3.51 +/- 2.

49 a of the renal system and gut participate in hemolymph acid-base regulation by varying acid-base tran

50 olated by immunoaffinity chromatography from hemolymph activated by treatment with Micrococcus luteus

51 Also, hemolymph AFPs and those associated with the layer of ep

52 droides canadensis, and demonstrate that the hemolymph AFPs are crucial for inhibiting trehalose crys

53 Lysozyme activity of immune pupal hemolymph against Micrococcus lysodeikticus was 11 times

54 The results from protein profiling of hemolymph, analyzed by surface-enhanced laser desorption

55 eover, we found D. grimshawi proteins in the hemolymph and accumulating in ovaries.

56 etory cells is secreted into the circulating hemolymph and binds to metabotropic GABAB receptors expr

57 PGRPs activate antimicrobial pathways in the hemolymph and cells, or are peptidoglycan (PGN)-lytic am

58 results suggest that the same PAP exists in hemolymph and cuticle.

59 opnS was expressed during growth in insect hemolymph and expression was elevated as the cell densit

60 he beetle Dendroides canadensis, AFPs in the hemolymph and gut inhibit ice nucleators.

61 Acid-base status in the hemolymph and gut lumen of insects is generally well reg

62 body, the tissue producing most of mosquito hemolymph and immune proteins.

63 ted from the central nervous system into the hemolymph and initiates cuticle tanning.

64 Based on the levels of 5-HT in the hemolymph and its regulation by environmental events, we

65 om experimentally infected cattle and within hemolymph and larvae derived from acquisition-fed female

66 rast them to previous analyses of Drosophila hemolymph and mammalian blood plasma.

67 ides are highly stable in the insect gut and hemolymph and many of them are orally active.

68 ied glycated proteins in human serum, insect hemolymph and mouse brain homogenates, confirming this t

69 opose that MCO1 oxidizes ferrous iron in the hemolymph and that the resulting ferric iron is bound by

70 ups, one of which releases bursicon into the hemolymph and the other of which regulates its release.

71 t proteins present in the bristle, tegument, hemolymph, and "cryosecretion".

72 ade the tick midgut, disseminate through the hemolymph, and are transmitted to the vertebrate host vi

73 otein isoforms of Dscam were detected in the hemolymph, and hemocyte-specific loss of Dscam impaired

74 efficiently blocks pro-PO activation in the hemolymph, and it forms SDS-stable acyl-enzyme complexes

75 nfections, LRIM1 and APL1C, circulate in the hemolymph as a high-molecular-weight complex held togeth

76 sexta serpin-3 is constitutively present in hemolymph at a low concentration of 5-12 microg/ml and i

77 larvae develop many melanotic tumors in the hemolymph at the third instar stage.

78 protein (betaGRP), a soluble receptor in the hemolymph, binds to the surfaces of bacteria and fungi a

79 nd potential immunodeficiency, as a range of hemolymph biochemistry parameters were altered and the d

80 Hemolymph (blood analog) physiology showed a compromised

81 lymph glands (larval hematopoietic organ) or hemolymph (blood equivalent).

82 ere used to analyze polar metabolites in the hemolymph (blood) extracted from larvae of the very smal

83 ed growth of the bacterium in the Drosophila hemolymph (blood) or overt damage to Drosophila tissues.

84 irst step in determining the roles played by hemolymph-borne agents in the crab Cancer productus, we

85 together with the wild-type strain in insect hemolymph but not in defined culture medium.

86 istributing ingested nicotine from midgut to hemolymph, but not in the clearing of hemolymph nicotine

87 sly characterized lepidopteran betaGRPs from hemolymph, but unlike these it is secreted into the larv

88 sealed from high ionic concentrations of the hemolymph by a barrier to allow phototransduction.

89 d and insulate it against the potassium-rich hemolymph by forming intercellular septate junctions.

90 ent complex of serpin-6 and PAP-3 in induced hemolymph by immunoaffinity chromatography and mass spec

91 e insect larvae, is rapidly removed from the hemolymph by the pericardial cells.

92 Trehalose enters the mosquito hemolymph by the trehalose transporter AgTreT1.

93 t contribute to detoxification of the insect hemolymph by uptake of molecules through an SD-like neph

94 s associated with inappropriate responses of hemolymph carbohydrate concentration to insulin and with

95 er Ogt(sxc) or Oga in the IPCs increased the hemolymph carbohydrate concentration.

96 ize lipid in their muscles, twofold-elevated hemolymph carbohydrate concentrations, and they accumula

97 geometry of surrounding structures like the hemolymph channel and the acoustic trachea as well as th

98 chnique results in an ability to distinguish hemolymph chemical variations with developmental stage,

99 Body movements and hemolymph circulation cannot account for these cycles; t

100 ure that are produced through body motion or hemolymph circulation.

101 t protein complex, which was absent from the hemolymph collected aseptically.

102 these and other neuropeptides in crustacean hemolymph, complementing current tissue-based studies an

103 ted is the means for two-point monitoring of hemolymph composition for individual flies.

104 all amount of this protein into the female's hemolymph could contribute to the cost of mating.

105 wo-hybrid screen was performed using certain hemolymph DAFPs as "bait" in an effort to identify endog

106 that may be either proteins (including other hemolymph DAFPs) or low-molecular mass enhancers such as

107 Benton et al. (2014) show that in crayfish, hemolymph-derived cells enter a neurogenic niche to repl

108 sma proliferation specifically depletes host hemolymph diacylglyceride, the major lipid class transpo

109 SDRNFLRFa, and TNRNFLRFa were sequenced from hemolymph dialysates.

110 The periodic change in hemolymph direction is referred to as cardiac reversal.

111 Shaken bees also have lower levels of hemolymph dopamine, octopamine, and serotonin.

112 ternal O2 transport: flows of gut fluids and hemolymph driven by peristaltic contractions of a space-

113 ignificantly increased levels of 5-HT in the hemolymph during training, 1.5 hr after training, and 24

114 evelopment were not well correlated with the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer, developmental expression an

115 porally correlated with PTTH release and the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer.

116 t evidence that dPrx4, on secretion into the hemolymph, elicits a JAK/STAT-mediated response.

117 The concentration of 5-HT in the hemolymph expressed a diurnal rhythm.

118 n); (b) how the concentrations of 20E in the hemolymph feed back on the prothoracic gland to decrease

119 he developed technique that samples only the hemolymph fluid is efficient and enables accurate organi

120 tivation and melanization of bacteria in the hemolymph following microbial challenge.

121 technique capable of obtaining 50-300 nL of hemolymph from individual Drosophila larvae.

122 Mass spectroscopic analysis of extracts of hemolymph from mated and virgin 7-day-old males resulted

123 low valves (ostia) that allow the pumping of hemolymph from posterior toward the anterior.

124 dant 12.4 kDa hydrophilic protein present in hemolymph from the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor is a

125 Here we report that hemolymph from the silkmoth, Bombyx mori, rapidly melani

126 squito midgut wall and are released into the hemolymph, from where they invade the salivary glands an

127 %) of ingested nicotine from the midgut into hemolymph, from which nicotine is exhaled through the sp

128 in neurons function as a nutrient sensor for hemolymph fructose and assign opposing valence to feedin

129 3a is both necessary and sufficient to sense hemolymph fructose and promote feeding in hungry flies b

130 Interestingly, hemolymph fructose levels are tightly linked to feeding

131 a, which was recently shown to function as a hemolymph fructose sensor in adult flies [17], as the ma

132 own that a high sugar diet leads to elevated hemolymph glucose and systemic insulin resistance in dev

133 Hemolymph glucose increased following a meal of a commer

134 eprived of food, and injections of AI reduce hemolymph glucose levels, suggesting that the function o

135 n of 2-deoxy-D-glucose was found to increase hemolymph glucose, an indication of gluco-privation, but

136 neuropeptides involved in the regulation of hemolymph glucose.

137 ive Aplysia insulin-like substance decreased hemolymph glucose.

138 ish in scotophase and monitored activity and hemolymph glucose/lactate over 24 h in early spring.

139 lls, but dye perfusion experiments show that hemolymph has no access to the interior of the clump of

140 Our focus on proteins of insect hemolymph has provided valuable insights into insect bio

141 hexameric protein in crab (Cancer magister) hemolymph, has been characterized and the amino acid seq

142 Like the HP21 products purified from hemolymph, HP21 that was activated by HP14 in the in vit

143 pecies and important effector protein of the hemolymph immune system, displays two distinct doubly st

144 ing electrophoresis experiments on butterfly hemolymph in his kitchen.

145 s recently shown to suppress melanization of hemolymph in Manduca sexta in part by inhibiting the enz

146 on and shaped by the circulation patterns of hemolymph in the wing veins.

147 ) indicated it inhibits melanization of host hemolymph in vitro, while two predicted anti-microbial p

148 of the fly, which are in direct contact with hemolymph in vivo, but the mechanisms causing increased

149 cascade regulates the melanization of blood (hemolymph) in insects and other arthropods.

150 nterobacter sp. achieved high populations in hemolymph, in contrast to B. thuringiensis, which appear

151 e with a bacteria-binding lectin in M. sexta hemolymph, indicating that they may be important for ens

152 These data demonstrate that although hemolymph infection may be undetectable, transmission to

153 hila revealed that L-proline in the insect's hemolymph initiates a metabolic shift.

154 synthesized by the fat body, secreted to the hemolymph (insect blood), and continuously incorporated

155 ed that hemocytes-by removing virus from the hemolymph instead of amplifying it and by participating

156 uttling of pre-selected metabolites from the hemolymph into defensive secretions.

157 atory system in which the heart pumps blood (hemolymph) into the body cavity, where it directly bathe

158 rom chill-coma involves a reestablishment of hemolymph ion content and volume driven by removal of Na

159 de evidence that physiological mechanisms of hemolymph ion content and volume regulation, such as ion

160 The growth-promoting activity of the hemolymph is caused by a heat-stable factor that can be

161 The concentration of cryptocyanin in the hemolymph is closely coordinated with the molt cycle and

162 ber of mitotic cells in the cactus and TollD hemolymph is higher than that in the wild-type hemolymph

163 It appears that the level of bombyxin in the hemolymph is modulated by the brain in response to varia

164 mocyte density of mutant Toll, tube or pelle hemolymph is significantly lower than that of the wild t

165 Of note, mJHBP is structurally unrelated to hemolymph JHBP from lepidopteran insects.

166 A serine proteinase pathway in insect hemolymph leads to prophenoloxidase activation, an innat

167 ia glabrata produces increased quantities of hemolymph lectins, some of which are unique polypeptides

168 found that increasing levels of 5-HT in the hemolymph led to significant alterations in feeding beha

169 dosymbiont is limited by the availability of hemolymph lipids.

170 rating that bacterial proliferation requires hemolymph-lipids.

171 A serine proteinase cascade in insect hemolymph mediates prophenoloxidase activation, a defens

172 This analysis showed that the hemolymph metabolomes of males and females are markedly

173 ansported to the pheromone gland through the hemolymph, most probably by lipophorin.

174 they exhaled less nicotine because of lower hemolymph nicotine concentrations.

175 gut to hemolymph, but not in the clearing of hemolymph nicotine or in the exhalation of nicotine from

176 her the half-life of the modified JHE in the hemolymph nor the catalytic parameters were changed sign

177 ose level (29.6 +/- 0.6 mg/mL) in the larval hemolymph of a beetle, Dendroides canadensis, and demons

178 ,3-glucan recognition protein present in the hemolymph of a pyralid moth, Plodia interpunctella.

179 parasitemic cattle and kinete levels in the hemolymph of adult female Boophilus ticks following acqu

180 Injection of VU573 into the hemolymph of adult female mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti) disru

181 Partial purification from hemolymph of an activator of proPAP3 resulted in an acti

182 to the cecropin family was isolated from the hemolymph of bacteria-challenged adult Aedes aegypti.

183 on and characterization of pro-HP14 from the hemolymph of bacteria-injected M. sexta larvae.

184 A surge of amino acids in the hemolymph of blood-fed female mosquitoes activates a nut

185 transgenic defensin were accumulated in the hemolymph of bloodfed female mosquitoes, persisting for

186 quired an unidentified soluble factor in the hemolymph of Bombyx morii.

187 biosynthesis, dramatically increased in the hemolymph of CLIPA14 kd mosquitoes in response to system

188 ate at the physiological pH and pO(2) of the hemolymph of control snails.

189 Serotonin (5-HT) levels in the hemolymph of crustaceans has been implied to alter aggre

190 Examination of hemolymph of diseased clams revealed high levels of reve

191 ate at the physiological pH and pO(2) of the hemolymph of estivating snails is compared with metaboli

192 e amino acid sequence, was purified from the hemolymph of fed female Amblyomma hebraeum ticks.

193 Hemolymph of fifth instar Manduca sexta larvae collected

194 n B) IgG was used to isolate a cecropin from hemolymph of H. virescens larvae.

195 By amplifying DNA from hemolymph of infected pea aphids, we obtained a set of g

196 lites from the transport lipoproteins in the hemolymph of its host.

197 a histidine-rich glycoprotein, both from the hemolymph of M. edulis.

198 he prophenoloxidase activation system in the hemolymph of M. sexta.

199 t Pr1 was constitutively overproduced in the hemolymph of Manduca sexta, activating the prophenoloxid

200 rotease 14 (HP14), an initiating protease in hemolymph of Manduca sexta, upon the binding of beta-1,3

201 oteinases have been purified from the larval hemolymph of Manduca sexta: hemolymph proteinase 14 (HP1

202 Serpin-6 is constitutively present in hemolymph of naive larvae, and its mRNA and protein leve

203 In this study, hemocyanin purified from the hemolymph of Nephrops norvegicus displays diphenoloxidas

204 tions are lower than what are present in the hemolymph of overwintering larvae.

205 ing protein (mJHBP), which circulates in the hemolymph of pupal and adult Aedes aegypti males and fem

206 ecently isolated Manduca sexta serpin-6 from hemolymph of the bacteria-challenged larvae, which selec

207 d to identify JH III from hexane extracts of hemolymph of the Caribbean fruit fly.

208 crodialysis to sample neuropeptides from the hemolymph of the crab, Cancer borealis.

209 thought to filter and detoxify the blood or hemolymph of the fly.

210 en-related proteins (FREPs) are found in the hemolymph of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata,

211 e digenetic trematode Echinostoma paraensei, hemolymph of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata contains le

212 We have purified from hemolymph of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, a new

213 dentified more than 20 serine proteinases in hemolymph of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, but fu

214 Comparable activity is lacking in hemolymph of uninfected snails.

215 itional bacteria that were isolated from the hemolymph of wild-caught D. melanogaster.

216 The presence of trypanosomes either in the hemolymph or in the gut early in the infection process d

217 e insect vector, from the gut lumen into the hemolymph or other tissues and finally into the salivary

218 um, but not to the midgut surface facing the hemolymph or to ovaries.

219 ly inhibiting trehalose precipitation in the hemolymph (or blood) of overwintering beetle larvae.

220 ps in the number of parasites in the midgut, hemolymph, or eggs of replete female ticks after acquisi

221 Adult Drosophila melanogaster maintain hemolymph osmolarity within a narrow range.

222 The hemolymph phenoloxidase (PO) activity of WSSV-infected s

223 Ookinete melanization and hemolymph phenoloxidase activity were further increased

224 J, strongly inhibited activation of M. sexta hemolymph phenoloxidase, a pathway involving a serine pr

225 Many freeze-tolerant insects produce hemolymph PINs, which induce freezing at high subzero te

226 mily of fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs), hemolymph polypeptides that consist of one or two amino-

227 mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti) is exacerbated when hemolymph potassium levels are elevated, suggesting that

228 uropeptides and fewer protein fragments than hemolymph prepared by typical analysis methods.

229 bodies reduced total RHBP circulating in the hemolymph, promoting oxidative damage to hemolymphatic p

230 eases (IMP-1 and IMP-2) and Serpin-1 mediate hemolymph prophenoloxidase cleavage and immune response

231 he molecular basis for the autoactivation of hemolymph protease 14 (HP14), an initiating protease in

232 Covalent complexes of serpin-4 with hemolymph proteases HP-1 and HP-6 appeared in plasma act

233 We found that CLIPA14 is a hemolymph protein that is rapidly cleaved following a sy

234 Nosema infection decreased total hemolymph protein titers in 1 and 7-day old adult bees (

235 pping lambda clones for Manduca sexta PAP-2, hemolymph proteinase 12 (HP12), and HP24.

236 from the larval hemolymph of Manduca sexta: hemolymph proteinase 14 (HP14), which autoactivates in t

237 a cDNA encoding a modular protein designated hemolymph proteinase 14 (HP14).

238 tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, recombinant hemolymph proteinase 14 precursor (pro-HP14) interacts w

239 ta serpin-1 isoforms A, E, and J can inhibit hemolymph proteinase 8, which activates the cytokine spa

240 PO, attacin-2, and a complex of serpin-6 and hemolymph proteinase-8 were also detected in the protein

241 ions of two additional M. sexta proteinases, hemolymph proteinases 6 and 8 (HP6 and HP8).

242 an insect immune response, requires a set of hemolymph proteins including pathogen recognition protei

243 Hemocyanins are multimeric copper-containing hemolymph proteins involved in oxygen binding and transp

244 midgut cells and eliminated upon exposure to hemolymph proteins of the complement-like system.

245 eased endocytic activity and accumulation of hemolymph proteins, dextran particles, and silver nitrat

246 nephrocytes and then heart function and the hemolymph proteome were analyzed.

247 the fruit fly, the dorsal vessel, which is a hemolymph-pumping organ, has provided a unique model sys

248 r of females harboring kinetes detectable in hemolymph (r = 0.9).

249 he essential amino acid arginine in A. pisum hemolymph reduces the transport of the precursor glutami

250 Analysis of in vitro microdialysates of hemolymph revealed more neuropeptides and fewer protein

251 replication was not detected in the midgut, hemolymph, salivary gland, coxal gland, or reproductive

252 amino acids were identified from individual hemolymph samples of both wild-type (WT) control and the

253 Hemolymph sampling performed under mineral oil and in ai

254 s of evaporation compared to the traditional hemolymph-sampling techniques.

255 e cleaved forms of the previously identified hemolymph serine proteinase, HP21.

256 t of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (Ms) hemolymph (serum) ferritin (Fer) has been identified and

257 Normal pupal hemolymph showed an increase in antibacterial activity a

258 ed, with a small but significant decrease in hemolymph sodium ions and an increase in calcium ions af

259 Anti-JH antiserum specifically recognizes hemolymph-soluble Hex-1 protein, supporting that the uni

260 Toxins expressed under control of a hemolymph-specific promoter increased fungal lethality t

261 d correlates with a decrease in the two main hemolymph sugars, trehalose and glucose, and in glycogen

262 lic profiles of the gut compartments and the hemolymph, suggesting that gut bacteria degrade plant po

263 The detection of these neuropeptides in the hemolymph suggests that they are functioning as hormones

264 Both the prepatterning and hemolymph-supplied components of this system can change

265 steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone and with hemolymph taken from growing larvae.

266 htly acidic pH equivalent of fed female tick hemolymph, the wild-type and the histidine-rich recombin

267 Freely dissolved in the hemolymph, they are multisubunit proteins that contain m

268 have a dorsal heart that drives O2-carrying hemolymph through peripheral vessels and an open hemocoe

269 Although the hemolymph titer of juvenile hormone normally decreases t

270 ith the transport of glutamine from A. pisum hemolymph to the bacteriocyte cytoplasm.

271 rogressive drift of Na(+) and water from the hemolymph to the gut, but the physiological mechanisms u

272 arget sporozoites as they travel through the hemolymph to the salivary glands.

273 this group blocks bursicon release into the hemolymph together with tanning and wing expansion.

274 AgTreT1 RNA silencing reduces the hemolymph trehalose concentration by 40%, and the mosqui

275 ed the effects of larval worker infection on hemolymph Vg titers.

276 roduced here is a method to sample nanoliter hemolymph volumes from individual adult fruit-flies for

277 The half-life of an increase in 5-HT in the hemolymph was approximately 0.5 hr.

278 The concentration of 5-HT in the hemolymph was approximately 18 nM, a value close to prev

279 This long-lasting increase in 5-HT in the hemolymph was blocked by treatment with an inhibitor of

280 Immune hemolymph was collected from fifth instar larvae and 1-d

281 By deep sequencing of RNAs from hemolymph, we identified transcripts of a novel retroele

282 ting entry of Acp62F into the mated female's hemolymph, we propose that Acp62F is a candidate for a m

283 quantitative amino acid analyses of obtained hemolymph were carried out in two optimized buffer condi

284 ng to known peptides derived from FREPs from hemolymph were found in one of these genes.

285 Moreover, levels of 5-HT in the hemolymph were significantly correlated with the magnitu

286 glutamine, glutamate, and taurine in the gb hemolymph were significantly lower at 35%, 38%, and 57%

287 ilum burden increases in salivary glands and hemolymph when the JAK-STAT pathway is suppressed by RNA

288 , we predict that Sp22D is secreted into the hemolymph where it may interact with pathogen surfaces a

289 S. poulsonii resides extracellularly in the hemolymph, where it must acquire metabolites to sustain

290 These vesicles and virions circulate in the hemolymph, where they are acquired by parasitic wasps du

291 CP2 is stable in hemolymph, which raises the possibility that it may act

292 ramatic expansion of blast-like cells in the hemolymph with high mitotic index.

293 Supplementation of hemolymph with proHP14 greatly enhanced prophenoloxidase