ライフサイエンスコーパス: hepatitis A

1 re or present in sera from humans with acute hepatitis A.

2 ymptoms could increase the risk of relapsing hepatitis A.

3 eventable contributing cause of death due to hepatitis A.

4 thin 14 days after exposure to patients with hepatitis A.

5 lated from northern Mexican resident(s) with hepatitis A.

6 is A, and restaurant workers were tested for hepatitis A.

7 d this unusually large foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A.

8 ffective strategy to reduce the incidence of hepatitis A.

9 counties, and communities with high rates of hepatitis A.

10 vaccination of toddlers effectively controls hepatitis A.

11 tis B surface antigen, and IgM antibodies to hepatitis A.

12 itive methods are needed to detect foodborne hepatitis A.

13 serum samples from patients with acute Hepatitis A (12/ 75 in Tel-Aviv and 31 patients hospital

14 78 (59.8%) were immune or vaccinated against hepatitis A, 122 (7.5%) had negative hepatitis A antibod

15 impaired antibody responses after receipt of hepatitis A (54%) and TT (86%) vaccines were considered

16 98 (56.3%) were immune or vaccinated against hepatitis A, 659 (12.4%) had negative hepatitis A antibo

17 viral isolates from 3 patients with cases of hepatitis A acquired in Mexico.

18 table diseases targeted since 1980 including hepatitis A, acute hepatitis B, Hib, and varicella.

19 A large outbreak of hepatitis A affected individuals in several Australian s

20 focus on the need to assess protection from hepatitis A among adults, including those with liver dis

21 iority was met, the slightly higher rates of hepatitis A among vaccine recipients may indicate a true

22 avrix), hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B), and hepatitis A and B combination vaccine (Twinrix) were stu

23 We describe immunity and vaccination against hepatitis A and B in chronic hepatitis patients from the

24 The incidence of acute hepatitis A and B infection has declined significantly,

25 Hepatitis A and B infections occasionally elicit a power

26 nitions, including requirements for negative hepatitis A and B laboratory results.

27 Hepatitis A and B vaccines are effective in preventing s

28 tivated glycoprotein 120-depleted HIV-1, and hepatitis A and B vaccines.

29 aptive immune responses to HCV with those to hepatitis A and B viruses, we suggest that prolonged inn

30 Nonimmune patients need vaccinations against hepatitis A and B, and alcohol abstinence is critical.

31 ude childhood vaccine-preventable illnesses, hepatitis A and B, tuberculosis, malaria, and typhoid fe

32 and lyssaviruses and viruses associated with hepatitis A and E.

33 tes and independent predictors of history of hepatitis A and hepatitis B (HepA and HepB) vaccinations

34 Professional societies recommend hepatitis A and hepatitis B immunization for individuals

35 iven the public health implications of acute hepatitis A and hepatitis B in patients with CLD, better

36 Advances have been made in the prevention of hepatitis A and hepatitis E.

37 phetamine users should be vaccinated against hepatitis A and should be given immune globulin if they

38 Hepatitis A and typhoid were the most frequently adminis

39 patitis A, and (3) testing for antibodies to hepatitis A and vaccinating those without antibodies.

40 (1) no intervention, (2) vaccination against hepatitis A, and (3) testing for antibodies to hepatitis

41 ses being found with acetaminophen overdose, hepatitis A, and ischemia (approximately 60% spontaneous

42 rom patients with laboratory confirmation of hepatitis A, and restaurant workers were tested for hepa

43 Measles, hepatitis A, and tuberculosis have been associated with

44 mmunoglobin G (IgG) antibodies to H. pylori, hepatitis A antibodies (a marker of low socioeconomic st

45 n faecal samples, Der p 1 levels in bedding, hepatitis A antibodies, serum cholinesterase (a marker o

46 heir effectiveness, and of seroprevalence of hepatitis A antibody and anti-HB surface antibody.

47 against hepatitis A was defined by positive hepatitis A antibody or documented vaccination.

48 gainst hepatitis A, 659 (12.4%) had negative hepatitis A antibody tests, and 1671 (31.4%) had no test

49 against hepatitis A, 122 (7.5%) had negative hepatitis A antibody tests, and 535 (32.7%) had no testi

50 uenza virosomal vaccines - for influenza and hepatitis A - are registered for human use, and the viro

51 Rates of hospitalization for hepatitis A as a principal diagnosis decreased from 0.72

52 We calculated rates of hospitalizations with hepatitis A as the principal discharge diagnosis and rat

53 rtality rates for decedents with and without hepatitis A, B, and C virus (HAV, HBV, and HCV) and rela

54 Viral studies for hepatitis A, B, and C were negative in all patients.

55 n exclusion of other causes, including viral hepatitis A, B, and C.

56 sults did not differ by alcohol consumption; hepatitis A, B, or C serologic status; recent infection;

57 The severity of acute or chronic hepatitis A, B, or C was not influenced by coexisting SE

58 of 330 factors, including infectious (e.g., hepatitis A), biochemical (e.g., carotenoids, high-densi

59 4 children demonstrated a high prevalence of hepatitis A but not hepatitis B or C infection among chi

60 thamphetamine users are at increased risk of hepatitis A, but modes of transmission are unclear.

61 "test" strategy was cost-effective when the hepatitis A case fatality rate exceeded 17% (baseline 2.

62 The number of hepatitis A cases among the entire county population dec

63 Twenty-eight reported, laboratory-confirmed, hepatitis A cases did not differ from 18 susceptible con

64 Hepatitis A causes approximately half of the cases of vi

65 lso prevented Concanavilin A (Con A) induced hepatitis, a CD4(+) T cell-mediated animal model of live

66 ding of the epidemiology and transmission of hepatitis A combined with the availability of effective

67 ients reported contact with a person who had hepatitis A, compared with 2 (2%) control subjects (odds

68 g daclizumab HYP) died because of autoimmune hepatitis; a contributory role of daclizumab HYP could n

69 ey were randomly assigned to PCV (n = 49) or hepatitis A (control, n = 50) vaccination and inoculated

70 U.S. residents hospitalized with a principal hepatitis A diagnosis and accompanying secondary diagnos

71 Hepatitis A disease and resulting hospitalizations could

72 Developing countries with an increasing hepatitis A disease burden may target vaccination to spe

73 pment of symptoms consistent with autoimmune hepatitis, a disease previously found to result from dys

74 scents, and certain high-risk adults against hepatitis A, economic analyses of hepatitis A vaccinatio

75 s A vaccination programs in areas undergoing hepatitis A epidemiologic transition.

76 outbreaks and increase our understanding of hepatitis A epidemiology in the United States.

77 Epidemic-assistance investigations for hepatitis A, gastrointestinal and foodborne infectious d

78 reas of the United States with high rates of hepatitis A has been recommended.

79 The incidence of hepatitis A has declined dramatically during the era of

80 Hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination in p

81 Vaccination against hepatitis A (HAV) has been shown to be safe and effectiv

82 d can be caused by several agents, including hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), and C (HCV) virus.

83 The safety and immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis A (HepA) vaccine was assessed in 133 hepatitis

84 and new information on pertussis, varicella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, measles, and rotavirus vaccina

85 We describe changes in primary hepatitis A hospitalization rates in the United States f

86 The percentage of hepatitis A hospitalizations covered by Medicare increas

87 Hospitalization rates for hepatitis A illness have declined significantly from 200

88 Hepatitis A illness severity increases with age.

89 One indicator of hepatitis A illness severity is whether persons are hosp

90 xposure prophylaxis can successfully prevent hepatitis A illness when a specific product is identifie

91 relatively long-term protection conferred by hepatitis A immune globulin, the efficacy of a single in

92 an hepatologists but screened more often for hepatitis A immunity (P = .028).

93 Since 1999, routine hepatitis A immunization of children in areas of the Uni

94 nother case-patient was also associated with hepatitis A in an analysis restricted to noninjectors (O

95 Low rates of hepatitis A in both groups indicate that hepatitis A vac

96 We describe a large outbreak of hepatitis A in Michigan that was associated with the con

97 s and from individuals concurrently ill with hepatitis A in non-outbreak settings in the United State

98 The risks of hepatitis A in patients with chronic liver disease have

99 Persons hospitalized for hepatitis A in recent years are older and more likely to

100 ng geographic variations in the incidence of hepatitis A in the United States.

101 ines have dramatically reduced the burden of hepatitis A in the United States.

102 early childhood may reduce the prevalence of hepatitis A in these areas.

103 ldhood vaccination appears to have decreased hepatitis A incidence among children and adults and cont

104 accination (UTV) introduced in 1999, reduced hepatitis A incidence in Israel from 50.4 to <1.0/100,00

105 Large changes in hepatitis A incidence, mortality rates, or vaccine cost

106 Hepatitis A infection did not influence the immune respo

107 Independent risk factors for hepatitis A infection included increased age, colonia re

108 Severe hepatitis A infection is an infrequent but well-recogniz

109 stances of laboratory-confirmed, symptomatic hepatitis A infection occurring between 15 and 56 days a

110 asthma is reduced by intestinal parasites or hepatitis A infection, and increased by exposure to dust

111 tion of children in areas with high rates of hepatitis A is a cost-effective strategy to reduce the i

112 Hepatitis A is a major public health problem in the Unit

113 ifylline is recommended for severe alcoholic hepatitis, a life-threatening disease.

114 During this outbreak, hepatitis A may have been transmitted from person to per

115 egion for botulism, brucellosis, diphtheria, hepatitis A, measles, mumps, rabies, rubella, salmonello

116 nza, measles, mumps, and rubella, varicella, hepatitis A, meningococcal conjugate, human papillomavir

117 Hepatitis A mortality rates have declined over the past

118 Forty-three cases of serologically confirmed hepatitis A occurred among individuals who ate at restau

119 Overall, 1436 deaths due to hepatitis A occurred, averaging 96 annually (range, 142

120 infection was significantly associated with hepatitis A (odds ratio [OR], 3.3; 95% confidence interv

121 o documented immunity or vaccination against hepatitis A or hepatitis B.

122 In November 2003, a large hepatitis A outbreak was identified among patrons of a s

123 e of semidried tomatoes as the cause of this hepatitis A outbreak.

124 surveillance would improve the detection of hepatitis A outbreaks and increase our understanding of

125 s can link geographically separate foodborne hepatitis A outbreaks but have not been used while field

126 in length-of-stay or in-hospital deaths from hepatitis A over time were found, but persons with liver

127 for otherwise healthy adults with respect to hepatitis A prevention.

128 ls were increased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, a prototypic acute-on-chronic condition; and

129 ldhood ear infections, myringotomy, measles, hepatitis A, rheumatic fever, common colds, rubella and

130 Hepatitis A RNA was detected in 22 samples of semidried

131 6 [1.00-1.59], p=0.05), and was unrelated to hepatitis A seropositivity or cholinesterase concentrati

132 The effects of parasitosis, Der p 1 level, hepatitis A seropositivity, and cholinesterase concentra

133 rvey and vaccination, 25 children contracted hepatitis A subclinically (>8000 mIU/mL anti-HAV).

134 number of cases reported in the county since hepatitis A surveillance began in 1966.

135 molecular epidemiologic methods into routine hepatitis A surveillance would improve the detection of

136 investigated a large, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A that occurred in February and March 1997 in

137 exclusively by sera collected at the time of hepatitis, a total of 240 spots were identified, corresp

138 HAV) on the duration of seropositivity after hepatitis A vaccination during infancy and early childho

139 Hepatitis A vaccination has dramatically reduced the inc

140 Improved sanitation or routine hepatitis A vaccination in early childhood may reduce th

141 d a literature review of previous studies on hepatitis A vaccination in immunocompromised patients.

142 Hepatitis A vaccination is effective in preventing disea

143 Hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for patients with

144 Routine hepatitis A vaccination of children in areas with high r

145 The impact of routine hepatitis A vaccination of children living in large comm

146 dren are appropriate targets for sustainable hepatitis A vaccination programs in areas undergoing hep

147 hildren who initiated a two-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccination series at ages 6 months (group 1

148 y was to determine the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccination strategies in healthy adults in

149 ts against hepatitis A, economic analyses of hepatitis A vaccination were identified through searches

150 owed moderate to good serologic responses to hepatitis A vaccination, but may need more time to devel

151 25 years, 1:1, to receive HPV vaccination or hepatitis A vaccination.

152 5, 7, and 10 years after the second dose of hepatitis A vaccination.

153 munocompromised patients who received 1 or 2 hepatitis A vaccinations between January 2011 and June 2

154 high doses of immunosuppressive drugs, fewer hepatitis A vaccinations, and a short interval between v

155 ricomponent acellular pertussis vaccine or a hepatitis A vaccine (control) and were monitored for 2.5

156 age, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive the QIV or a hepatitis A vaccine (control).

157 In this study, AE profiles induced by hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix), hepatitis B vaccine (Enger

158 SmithKline, Rixensart, Belgium) or a control hepatitis A vaccine (modified preparation of Havrix, Gla

159 04 candidate vaccine (n = 1088) or a control hepatitis A vaccine (n = 1101) over 6 months.

160 Persistence of seropositivity conferred by hepatitis A vaccine administered to children <2 years of

161 Hepatitis A vaccine administered to persons after exposu

162 Among these contacts, 568 received hepatitis A vaccine and 522 received immune globulin.

163 of hepatitis A in both groups indicate that hepatitis A vaccine and immune globulin provided good pr

164 60 children with 162 household contacts, and hepatitis A vaccine as a control was administered to 67

165 The seropositivity induced by hepatitis A vaccine given to children <2 years of age pe

166 Since the mid-1990s, hepatitis A vaccine has been recommended for US children

167 Hepatitis A vaccine has similar efficacy to immune globu

168 ssess the safety and efficacy of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in OLT recipients.

169 The response to the hepatitis A vaccine is optimal when targeted to patients

170 receive one standard age-appropriate dose of hepatitis A vaccine or immune globulin within 14 days af

171 In this population, hepatitis A vaccine was highly effective in preventing d

172 s an adjuvant; control subjects received the hepatitis A vaccine, at a dose of 720 enzyme-linked immu

173 , the first dose was 720 ELISA units (EU) of hepatitis A vaccine, readministered at 1 and 12 months a

174 gned (1:1) to HPV-16/18 vaccine or a control hepatitis A vaccine, via an internet-based central rando

175 who responded to a 3-dose primary series of hepatitis A vaccine.

176 l subjects reported a willingness to receive hepatitis A vaccine.

177 ized into three groups to receive a two-dose hepatitis A vaccine: group 1 at 6 and 12 months, group 2

178 tivized measures (largest difference was for hepatitis A vaccine: odds ratio, 0.34; 99.88% CI, 0.31-0

179 Hepatitis A vaccines are highly immunogenic in healthy p

180 combined with the availability of effective hepatitis A vaccines have dramatically reduced the burde

181 rus, pneumococcal, polio, meningococcal, and hepatitis A vaccines have taken place, which will have m

182 ase have been confirmed, and the efficacy of hepatitis A vaccines in these patients has been proven.

183 influenzae type b (Hib), acute hepatitis B, hepatitis A, varicella, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and sm

184 fter vaccination were tested for antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) by ELISA.

185 f passively transferred maternal antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) on the duration of seroposi

186 Herein, we show that hepatitis A virus (HAV) 3C protease (3Cpro) cleaves NEMO

187 Vaccination provides long-term immunity to hepatitis A virus (HAV) among the general population, bu

188 lages in rural Alaska between 2 epidemics of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and after the second epidemic (1

189 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are

190 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) differs from other members of th

191 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been adapted to grow efficie

192 Fecal excretion of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in 18 patients with HAV infectio

193 Replication of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in cultured cells is inefficient

194 r highly specific and sensitive detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in food and water are of particu

195 The possible association between hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection and coronary artery di

196 Acute liver failure (ALF) due to hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is an uncommon but pot

197 We describe a murine model of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection that recapitulates cri

198 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection typically resolves wit

199 on has dramatically reduced the incidence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, but new infections co

200 n of HEV infection has broad similarities to hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, with most cases being

201 ed prospectively in natural and experimental hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection.

202 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infects African green monkey kid

203 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infects African green monkey kid

204 Remarkably, the hepatitis A virus (HAV) IRES requires eIF4E for its tran

205 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a hepatotropic picornavirus t

206 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an ancient and ubiquitous hum

207 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an hepatotropic human picorna

208 Unlike other picornaviruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV) is cloaked in host membranes whe

209 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is naturally transmitted by the

210 The genetic relatedness of hepatitis A virus (HAV) isolates was determined to ident

211 The current Hepatitis A virus (HAV) molecular epidemiology in Israel

212 Coinfection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) in pa

213 The human homolog of TIM-1 is the hepatitis A virus (HAV) receptor, which may explain the

214 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) remains enigmatic, despite 1.4 m

215 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) superinfection in persons with h

216 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) superinfection is associated wit

217 However, hepatitis A virus (HAV) temporarily inhibits Treg-cell f

218 or Disease Control and Prevention recommends hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccination for all children at

219 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccination is recommended in ch

220 Universal 2-dose hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccination of toddlers effectiv

221 h men (MSM) receiving two and three doses of hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine and HIV-uninfected MSM r

222 the safety and immunogenicity of 2 doses of hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine followed by a booster do

223 lity of virulent hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) was compared.

224 Here, we show that hepatitis A virus (HAV), a hepatotropic picornavirus, ab

225 f the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a picornavirus.

226 of positive-strand RNA viruses that includes hepatitis A virus (HAV), an ancient human pathogen that

227 Hepatitis A virus (HAV), an atypical member of the Picor

228 on, all participants were vaccinated against hepatitis A virus (HAV), and the increase of antibody ti

229 IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HS

230 During infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV), most patients develop mild or a

231 Human wild-type (wt) hepatitis A virus (HAV), the causative agent of acute he

232 y a stem-loop structure with cre function in hepatitis A virus (HAV), the type species of this genus,

233 ial serological studies were consistent with hepatitis A virus (HAV), with prozone phenomenon.

234 se and control subjects were also tested for hepatitis A virus (HAV).

235 These results pertain to hepatitis A virus (HAV).

236 e period were negative for IgM antibodies to hepatitis A virus (HAV).

237 have had exposure and resultant immunity to hepatitis A virus (HAV).

238 udies show that some picornaviruses, notably hepatitis A virus (HAV; genus Hepatovirus) and some memb

239 passively transferred maternal antibodies to hepatitis A virus (maternal anti-HAV) may lower the infa

240 the parameters for the ubiquitination of the hepatitis A virus 3C protease are K(m) = 20 +/- 5 microm

241 respond to a recall antigen and neoantigen (hepatitis A virus [HAV] vaccine) after 3 vaccinations.

242 andomization, 1414 (31%) were susceptible to hepatitis A virus and 1090 were eligible for the per-pro

243 However, recent work on hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus challenges this

244 multiple human maladies, yet currently, only hepatitis A virus and poliovirus can be controlled with

245 es of the encephalomyocarditis virus and the hepatitis A virus are both type III substrates for the m

246 e toxin binds to protein receptors including hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1), but the

247 The hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1/TIM1), a m

248 expression of the inhibitory receptors PD-1, hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (TIM3), lymphocyte

249 in-containing protein 3 (TIM3, also known as hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2), and their respec

250 munized sequentially with tetanus toxoid and hepatitis A virus failed to develop antibody to either a

251 Sequences of hepatitis A virus from all 170 patients who were tested

252 Hepatitis A virus genotype IB was identified in 144 of 1

253 Hepatitis A virus genotype IB, uncommon in the Americas,

254 dministered to persons after exposure to the hepatitis A virus has not been compared directly with im

255 actions can help rapidly detect and control hepatitis A virus illness caused by imported food.

256 ecovered from specimens from 117 people with hepatitis A virus illness.

257 To better understand transmission of hepatitis A virus in such countries, the authors prospec

258 itis B virus now joins hepatitis C virus and hepatitis A virus in targeting the same innate immune re

259 der had a significantly higher prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection (37%) than children living i

260 ica, DRB1*1301 is associated with protracted hepatitis A virus infection which may enhance exposure t

261 In May, 2013, an outbreak of symptomatic hepatitis A virus infections occurred in the USA.

262 erved as controls, with infections by either hepatitis A virus or hepatitis B virus (HBV), or a nonin

263 tion from transcripts containing the IRES of hepatitis A virus or hepatitis C virus in BS-C-1 cells a

264 that the heterogeneous mixture of infectious hepatitis A virus particles (virions and provirions) typ

265 When the growth kinetics of immature hepatitis A virus provirions and mature virions were mon

266 ing information, and did genetic analysis of hepatitis A virus recovered from patients' serum and sto

267 Hepatitis A virus RNA detected in clinical specimens was

268 In contrast, hepatitis A virus seroprevalence increased with age.

269 tion since proteins of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis A virus similarly bind IPS-1 and target it for

270 ible for the normally asynchronous nature of hepatitis A virus uncoating kinetics.

271 lace, and postexposure prophylaxis with both hepatitis A virus vaccine and immunoglobulin was provide

272 to 18 years of age) to receive MenB-FHbp or hepatitis A virus vaccine and saline and assigned 3304 y

273 ore reactions at the injection site than the hepatitis A virus vaccine and saline.

274 Symptomatic infection with hepatitis A virus was confirmed in 25 contacts receiving

275 No hepatitis A virus was detected in product B.

276 Hepatitis A virus was sequenced from serologic specimens

277 We conclude that for species such as hepatitis A virus with high levels of sequence conservat

278 rhinovirus, encephalomyocarditis virus, and hepatitis A virus) are morphologically similar, comprisi

279 , Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis A virus, and herpes simplex virus-1 were measu

280 enteric viruses, such as Human Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus, are readily transmitted via the fecal

281 cally linked to asthma and is a receptor for hepatitis A virus, but the endogenous ligand of TIM-1 is

282 Tuberculosis organisms, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and measles virus

283 l bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and hepatitis A virus, may normally induce the development o

284 ad elevated titers of antibody to H. pylori, hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, and malaria at the outset,

285 unoglobulins A (IgA), G (IgG), and M (IgM)], hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, tetanus toxoid (IgG), and

286 patitis A (HepA) vaccine was assessed in 133 hepatitis A virus-seronegative, human immunodeficiency v

287 fectively prevented with vaccination against hepatitis A virus.

288 rent infection as the community reservoir of hepatitis A virus.

289 e genome is conserved among strains, such as hepatitis A virus.

290 solate, respectively, of the HM175 strain of hepatitis A virus.

291 ths were Salmonella Typhi, Taenia solium and hepatitis A virus.

292 A larger prospective study of hepatitis A was conducted with 285 children (aged 6 mont

293 Immunity against hepatitis A was defined by positive hepatitis A antibody

294 ath certificates from 1990 to 2004 for which hepatitis A was listed as the underlying cause of death

295 A total of 213 cases of hepatitis A were reported from 23 schools in Michigan an

296 een November 1998 and May 1999, 136 cases of hepatitis A were reported in Columbus, Ohio.

297 In 2003, outbreaks of foodborne hepatitis A were reported in multiple states.

298 The cases of hepatitis A were serologically confirmed.

299 nderstanding, recommendations for control of hepatitis A were updated in 1999 to include routine vacc

300 s known to be highly effective in preventing hepatitis A when given within 2 weeks after exposure to