ライフサイエンスコーパス: heterochromatic

1 Previously, we observed that heterochromatic 4 and Y chromosomes that had experienced

2 ssing within 1 h, both in Alu repeats and in heterochromatic alpha-satellite DNA.

3 eloped an in vivo single DSB system for both heterochromatic and euchromatic loci in Drosophila melan

4 In both heterochromatic and euchromatic segments of the genome,

5 contrast to theories that Y chromosomes are heterochromatic and gene poor, the mouse MSY is 99.9% eu

6 ning Drosophila melanogaster Y chromosome is heterochromatic and has few genes.

7 euchromatic and intronic regions compared to heterochromatic and intergenic regions, respectively, an

8 ound near centromeres, which are known to be heterochromatic and methylated, or the remaining majorit

9 D. melanogaster revealed previously unknown heterochromatic and telomeric transition sequences, and

10 somes are gene-poor, repeat-rich and largely heterochromatic and therefore represent a difficult targ

11 ciated with the nuclear lamina are generally heterochromatic and transcriptionally repressed.

12 The inactivated X chromosome becomes heterochromatic and visits a specific nuclear compartmen

13 Conversely, repair in regions classified as "heterochromatic" and "repressed" was relatively low at e

14 egions of the genome (genic, intergenic, and heterochromatic) and at different distances ( approximat

15 the Drosophila Y chromosome is degenerated, heterochromatic, and contains few genes, increasing evid

16 find that these retrotransposon arrays, both heterochromatic, are maintained quite differently, resul

17 ated gene HvS40 and altering distribution of heterochromatic areas in the nuclei.

18 Previous work in animals has shown that heterochromatic breaks are translocated out of the heter

19 y de novo telomere addition is not unique to heterochromatic breaks.

20 ans, including the formation of subtelomeric heterochromatic caps, the hyperexpansion of segmental du

21 However, heterochromatic centromeres remained recombination-suppr

22 are characterized by a lack or reduction of heterochromatic CHH methylation and enrichment of CHH me

23 (ORs) genes requires the formation of large heterochromatic chromatin domains that sequester the OR

24 ditionally, PELP1 positively correlates with heterochromatic chromatin marks and negatively correlate

25 n the euchromatic chromosome arms exhibits a heterochromatic chromatin signature, which differs in si

26 We found a drastic loss of H3K9me2 at heterochromatic chromocenters in vim1/2/3 nuclei.

27 he Drosophila Y chromosome is a degenerated, heterochromatic chromosome with few functional genes.

28 In Drosophila, piRNAs are encoded by heterochromatic clusters and maternally deposited in the

29 In Drosophila, transcripts from heterochromatic clusters are processed into primary piRN

30 In Drosophila, transposon-rich heterochromatic clusters encode piRNAs either on both ge

31 We show that Rhino binds specifically to the heterochromatic clusters that produce piRNA precursors,

32 v) increase in the number of pericentromeric heterochromatic clusters; and (v) increase in the freque

33 ns that switched from the euchromatic to the heterochromatic compartment during neutrophil differenti

34 tion involved genomic regions located in the heterochromatic compartment in both progenitors and neut

35 for the concept that induced changes to the heterochromatic component of the genome are coincident w

36 tem, identifying certain endogenous genes in heterochromatic contexts as privileged while foreign DNA

37 double strand breaks (DSBs), which arise in heterochromatic DNA (HC-DSBs) following exposure to ioni

38 ysfunction in laminopathies is relaxation of heterochromatic DNA [1].

39 , and show an abundance of genetically inert heterochromatic DNA but contain few functional genes.

40 e a variation on this strategy for repairing heterochromatic DNA damage.

41 Heterochromatic DNA domains have important roles in the

42 ping macronuclei that do not colocalize with heterochromatic DNA elimination structures.

43 orylation of S824 is necessary for repair of heterochromatic DNA lesions and similar to cells express

44 show that lack of histone H1, which elevates heterochromatic DNA methylation in somatic tissues, does

45 X RELATED PROTEIN 5 and 6 (ATXR5/6) regulate heterochromatic DNA replication and genome stability.

46 affold for the anchoring of highly condensed heterochromatic DNA to the nuclear envelope, thereby est

47 ization of Tet1, but not of Tet2 and Tet3 at heterochromatic DNA.

48 for defining the boundary between active and heterochromatic DNA.

49 chromatic breaks are translocated out of the heterochromatic domain for repair.

50 360 can enhance silencing of a reporter in a heterochromatic domain of Drosophila melanogaster.

51 l model to test the properties of an induced heterochromatic domain.

52 The hallmark of active genes in heterochromatic domains appears to be a loss of H3K9 met

53 Heterochromatic domains are enriched with repressive his

54 Two recent papers in Nature propose that heterochromatic domains are organized into phase-separat

55 We conclude that heterochromatic domains form via phase separation, and m

56 n efficiency of origins in late-replicating, heterochromatic domains is only 25% lower than in early-

57 itioning of chromosomes into euchromatic and heterochromatic domains requires mechanisms that specify

58 After removal of the HP1alpha stimulus, heterochromatic domains were heritably transmitted, undi

59 in firing time, including that of origins in heterochromatic domains, was established in late G1 phas

60 ns between both constitutive and facultative heterochromatic domains, with the strongest interactions

61 clei and strongly colocalizes with the major heterochromatic domains.

62 ut requirement for their being positioned at heterochromatic domains.

63 H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) is methylated (H3K9me) at heterochromatic domains.

64 decreasing interactions between constitutive heterochromatic domains.

65 n--specifically, by gene conversion--using a heterochromatic donor, HMLalpha.

66 one deacetylase RPD3, promotes the firing of heterochromatic, dormant origins.

67 A enzymatic activity is required to relocate heterochromatic double-strand breaks outside the domain,

68 We also find that heterochromatic DSBs are repaired by homologous recombin

69 Heterochromatic DSBs display specialized temporal and sp

70 hful homologous recombination (HR) repair of heterochromatic DSBs relies on the relocalization of DSB

71 hought to be the main pathway used to repair heterochromatic DSBs, direct tests of this hypothesis ar

72 ACF1-SNF2H requires RNF20 to bind heterochromatic DSBs, underlies RNF20-mediated chromatin

73 orylation (pKAP-1) and CHD3.1 dispersal from heterochromatic DSBs; however, how heterochromatin compa

74 tion and via a mechanism distinct from known heterochromatic effects on origin function.

75 Our data suggest that the heterochromatic environment at the gDMR reinforces silen

76 are strongly correlated with euchromatic and heterochromatic epigenetic histone modifications, respec

77 ble element (TE) sequences, and genes in the heterochromatic extensions.

78 Recruitment of the heterochromatic features SMCHD1, macroH2A, H3K27me3, and

79 Mu1c(Col) was intergenic and associated with heterochromatic features.

80 lates with the ability to recruit additional heterochromatic features.

81 e performed whole-genome analyses of several heterochromatic features: dimethylation of lysine 9 and

82 MP density was measured using customized heterochromatic flicker photometery.

83 at specific loci around the fovea using the heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) and the two-wav

84 -wavelength fundus autofluorescence [AF] and heterochromatic flicker photometry [HFP]), and serum con

85 POD) measured noninvasively using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry and blood samples gen

86 MPOD was measured using heterochromatic flicker photometry in 10 eyes (5 patient

87 eccentricity was measured using a customized heterochromatic flicker photometry technique.

88 Heterochromatic flicker photometry was used to measure t

89 The authors measured MPOD with heterochromatic flicker photometry, serum lutein and ser

90 We measured MPOD by customized heterochromatic flicker photometry.

91 les of MP optical density were assessed with heterochromatic flicker photometry.

92 l layers characterizes senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF) formation in human fibroblas

93 f heterochromatin into senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHFs).

94 nce of Msc1, the in vivo mobility of Swi6 at heterochromatic foci is compromised, and centromere hete

95 ne H2A, is a marker of senescence-associated heterochromatic foci that synergizes with DNA methylatio

96 s, the repaired MeCP2 protein is enriched in heterochromatic foci, reflecting restoration of normal M

97 cells destabilizes the senescence-associated heterochromatic foci.

98 nt chromosomes converge in a small number of heterochromatic foci.

99 rotein 1 (HP1) alpha- and HP1beta-containing heterochromatic foci.

100 ssential for in vivo localization of Orc3 to heterochromatic foci.

101 e and the formation of senescence-associated heterochromatic foci.

102 H3K9 methylation in the small, heterochromatic fourth chromosome of D. melanogaster is

103 n proximal heterochromatin and on the small, heterochromatic fourth chromosome.

104 thylase and the decreased mobility of an HML heterochromatic fragment in sucrose gradients.

105 ntly different roles, ranging from canonical heterochromatic function at pericentric and telomeric re

106 nd its binding partner E2FA are recruited to heterochromatic gammaH2AX-labelled DNA damage foci in an

107 The effects of roX mutations on heterochromatic gene expression and PEV are limited to m

108 quantitative evaluation of the stability of heterochromatic gene repression.

109 e delete this trigger, dramatically altering heterochromatic gene silencing and chromatin architectur

110 ine a minimal set of components that mediate heterochromatic gene silencing and demonstrate distinct

111 ons outside of DNA replication, including in heterochromatic gene silencing and telomere maintenance.

112 he repetitive rDNA arrays are thought to use heterochromatic gene silencing as a mechanism for metabo

113 is required for RITS spreading and efficient heterochromatic gene silencing at centromeric repeat reg

114 Here we show that RNA editing regulates heterochromatic gene silencing in Drosophila.

115 Heterochromatic gene silencing results from the establis

116 Heterochromatic gene silencing, for example, is associat

117 y partially dependent on known components of heterochromatic gene silencing, implying that a distinct

118 and that perturbation of this site cripples heterochromatic gene silencing.

119 entric heterochromatin and the activation of heterochromatic genes that depend on their pericentric l

120 and chromatin structure indicative of a more heterochromatic genome.

121 neutrophil genomes were highly enriched for heterochromatic genomic interactions across vast genomic

122 Ms by analyzing histone H3 purified from the heterochromatic germline micronucleus of the model organ

123 ed as either flickering full-field colors or heterochromatic gratings.

124 In parallel, level of heterochromatic H3K9me2 decreases at this gene.

125 ssociated changes in spatial distribution of heterochromatic H3K9me2 patterns in the nuclei.

126 in type I latency, as well as an increase in heterochromatic H3K9me3 at these sites.

127 ectopic alphoid DNA integration site removed heterochromatic H3K9me3 modification and was sufficient

128 of transposons is mediated by 24-nucleotide heterochromatic (het)siRNAs, RDR2, DCL3 and AGO4.

129 cocaine dramatically and dynamically alters heterochromatic histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9

130 of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation, a heterochromatic histone mark, from immediate early and l

131 ation rates, displayed similar decreases for heterochromatic histone marks.

132 Cyclin D1 and Dicer maintain heterochromatic histone modification (Tri-m-H3K9).

133 ation H3K9ac and a corresponding increase in heterochromatic histone modification H3K9me3 at the LMP2

134 gle cells and correlates positively with the heterochromatic histone modification H3K9me3.

135 NA bases to several megabases in the case of heterochromatic histone modifications.

136 and mitosis, the contribution and extent of heterochromatic histone posttranslational modifications

137 Unexpectedly, silencing of the heterochromatic HML and HMR loci was not lost during agi

138 E-cadherin gene becomes hypermethylated and heterochromatic, kinase inhibitors can restore E-cadheri

139 drive system that transforms typically inert heterochromatic knobs into centromere-like domains (neoc

140 lncRNA transcription in both euchromatic and heterochromatic lncRNA-based gene silencing processes.

141 , occurs independent of their euchromatic or heterochromatic location.

142 is recruited by the ATF/CREB homolog Atf1 to heterochromatic loci and promoters of stress-response ge

143 e that Spt6 is required for silencing of all heterochromatic loci and that an spt6 mutant has an unus

144 We also show that several well-characterized heterochromatic loci are de-repressed in Mediator mutant

145 Multiple heterochromatic loci are often clustered into a higher o

146 targeting piRNAs are processed from TE-dense heterochromatic loci termed piRNA clusters.

147 osons for silencing, but not the specialized heterochromatic loci that produce piRNA precursors.

148 that Fft3 suppresses turnover of histones at heterochromatic loci to facilitate epigenetic transmissi

149 s Pol IV and Pol V to different locations at heterochromatic loci to promote siRNA biogenesis and siR

150 sed copies of mating-type information at the heterochromatic loci, HMLalpha and HMRa, which are locat

151 he loss of which causes dramatic increase in heterochromatic loci.

152 uction and transcriptional gene silencing at heterochromatic loci.

153 ether to elicit transcriptional silencing at heterochromatic loci.

154 Here, we focus on a 180-kb heterochromatic locus producing Piwi-interacting RNAs (p

155 ple model for the mitotic inheritance of the heterochromatic mark H3K27me1 and the protection of H3.3

156 ructure and leading to the dispersion of the heterochromatic mark H3K9me3.

157 e3, suggesting that dKDM4A demethylates this heterochromatic mark to facilitate repair.

158 ions and gene bodies marked by a facultative heterochromatic mark, which could explain the observed b

159 Progerin triggers loss of the heterochromatic marker H3K27me3, and premature senescenc

160 ought to follow loss of Xist RNA coating and heterochromatic markers of inactivation, such as methyla

161 es in primary CD4(+) T cells are enriched in heterochromatic markers, including high levels of CBF-1,

162 omatin specifically and acts in synergy with heterochromatic marks H3K9me2 and DNA methylation to mai

163 ) genomes are associated with the repressive heterochromatic marks H3K9me2/me3 and H3K27me3 during la

164 onstitutive H3K9me3 and facultative H3K27me3 heterochromatic marks in FRDA.

165 ized by the presence of both euchromatic and heterochromatic marks.

166 irwise association between L1 insertions and heterochromatic marks.

167 chromatic domains, although all are close to heterochromatic masses.

168 mutant derepressed for recombination in the heterochromatic mating-type region during meiosis and se

169 own as Clr7 and Raf2), Rik1 and Lid2-promote heterochromatic methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H

170 creased repressive chromatin marks, and this heterochromatic milieu is lost in SIRT6-deficient cells.

171 ent inactive X chromosome (Xi) enriched with heterochromatic modifications and XIST/Xist RNA, which e

172 of XIST/Xist RNA, and they lack the typical heterochromatic modifications of the Xi.

173 vation led to the unrestrained expression of heterochromatic noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that in turn tri

174 tion complex on the neo-X and those becoming heterochromatic on the neo-Y show little overlap, possib

175 mark may be important for maintaining proper heterochromatic organization and, possibly, chromosome f

176 the number of crossovers between markers in heterochromatic pericentric regions that underwent demet

177 an spt6 mutant has an unusual combination of heterochromatic phenotypes compared to previously studie

178 matic portion of the genome and 21 Mb in the heterochromatic portion, using a whole-genome shotgun as

179 usual in that it exhibits an amalgamation of heterochromatic properties (e.g., dense packaging, late

180 Different heterochromatic properties appear on satellite DNA durin

181 re, we gained novel functional insight about heterochromatic PTMs by analyzing histone H3 purified fr

182 dant during schizogony and late gametocytes; heterochromatic PTMs mark early gametocytes.

183 ce-specifically in vitro, and localizes to a heterochromatic region in the COOLAIR promoter in vivo.

184 (gpt), differentially near, and far from, a heterochromatic region of the genome, in two cell lines,

185 We observed the relocalization of a heterochromatic region, the mating-type region, from its

186 This was true even for heterochromatic regions analyzed by quantitative PCR.

187 fluorescent staining pattern, with unstained heterochromatic regions and a banded distribution along

188 brid incompatibilities in Drosophila involve heterochromatic regions and factors that interact with t

189 und that transcripts of many genes native to heterochromatic regions and TEs increased with age in fl

190 Thus, associations between heterochromatic regions are a major component of the chr

191 Heterochromatic regions are associated with histone 3 ly

192 and SHREC facilitate nucleosome occupancy at heterochromatic regions but TFIIIC transcription factor

193 and other chromosomes containing specialized heterochromatic regions called knobs.

194 genome assembly correspond to multi-megabase heterochromatic regions composed primarily of two relate

195 range interactions such as those among small heterochromatic regions embedded in euchromatic arms.

196 ed chromosome arms while it was inhibited in heterochromatic regions encompassing pericentromeric DNA

197 aled that sequences located within different heterochromatic regions have distinct properties, such a

198 enomic landscape of histone modifications in heterochromatic regions have revealed histone H3 lysine

199 lex incorporates the histone variant H3.3 at heterochromatic regions in a replication-independent man

200 ed (ORCA/LRWD1), preferentially localizes to heterochromatic regions in post-replicated cells.

201 l properties associated with euchromatic and heterochromatic regions in the genome.

202 To identify heterochromatic regions in the heavily studied model C.

203 Representation of the Y chromosome and other heterochromatic regions is particularly improved.

204 ory elements to new locations, most often to heterochromatic regions of the genome.

205 stone H2A variant that is typically found in heterochromatic regions of the genome.

206 High-resolution nucleosome occupancy maps of heterochromatic regions of wild-type and silencing-defec

207 slow kinetics, including those localizing to heterochromatic regions or harboring additional lesions

208 ion is lost and is only restored in specific heterochromatic regions that have maintained competence

209 pectedly finding the later-replicating, more heterochromatic regions to be less methylated than early

210 In this paper we show that tethering of heterochromatic regions to nuclear landmarks and random

211 f chromatin accessibility in euchromatic and heterochromatic regions under extended darkness in Arabi

212 he transcriptionally inert, late-replicating heterochromatic regions, including the constitutive hete

213 tromeric regions, even including some of the heterochromatic regions, which are not present in gold s

214 oading factor (Nipped-B/NIPBL/Scc2) at dense heterochromatic regions.

215 atabase to further enable genomic studies of heterochromatic regions.

216 senting the endogenous centromeres and other heterochromatic regions.

217 lacking Ubp3 than in wild-type cells in all heterochromatic regions.

218 methylation and epigenetic gene silencing in heterochromatic regions.

219 NA clusters, which are generally embedded in heterochromatic regions.

220 H3K9 (H3K9me3), which is key for maintaining heterochromatic regions.

221 gely explained by transposon insertions into heterochromatic regions.

222 de novo heterochromatin formation at native heterochromatic regions.

223 fied the flanking sequence of breakpoints in heterochromatic regions.

224 rain region, suggesting a potential role for heterochromatic regulation in the long-term actions of c

225 h transcript by associating with an intronic heterochromatic repeat element of IBM1.

226 criptional silencing of retrotransposons and heterochromatic repeats in plants.

227 concert with a Clr6 HDAC complex to silence heterochromatic repeats, and it suppresses antisense tra

228 Double-strand breaks (DSBs) in heterochromatic repetitive DNAs pose significant threats

229 significant differences in the stability of heterochromatic repression between various environmental

230 pression in human myeloid progenitors causes heterochromatic repression of NFI-A gene and channels gr

231 The ability to monitor fluctuations in heterochromatic repression uncovered previously unapprec

232 netic assay reveals that transient losses of heterochromatic repression, a heritable form of gene sil

233 show sporadic waves of silencing loss in the heterochromatic ribosomal DNA during the early phases of

234 and Keller et al. show distinct outcomes for heterochromatic RNAs that bind different chromodomain pr

235 tion in differentiated cells, where it binds heterochromatic satellite repeats and chromocenters.

236 lication-where replication of constitutively heterochromatic satellite sequences is delayed-extends S

237 evance, including the preferred locations of heterochromatic satellites of different chromosomes, and

238 Although called constitutively heterochromatic, satellites acquire the distinctive feat

239 adults, suggesting that desilencing of many heterochromatic segments of the genome contributes to st

240 not sufficient to induce the same events in heterochromatic segments.

241 to position unmapped Drosophila melanogaster heterochromatic sequence to specific chromosomal regions

242 We find that heterochromatic sequences preferentially require DDM1 fo

243 e also identified and mapped 110 kb of novel heterochromatic sequences.

244 ss by continually amplifying and rearranging heterochromatic sequences.

245 ork confirms that this important but elusive heterochromatic sex chromosome is evolving extremely rap

246 leotide microRNAs (miRNAs) and 24-nucleotide heterochromatic short interfering RNAs (siRNAs).

247 How the heterochromatic silenced loci are transcribed remains la

248 ained both by transposons to evade long-term heterochromatic silencing and by their hosts for genome

249 mutant demonstrates that Mcm10 has a role in heterochromatic silencing and chromosome condensation, w

250 , intergenic transcriptional enhancers evade heterochromatic silencing and converge into interchromos

251 TRX, are required for H3.3 incorporation and heterochromatic silencing at telomeres, pericentromeres,

252 e establishment, but not the maintenance, of heterochromatic silencing at the HMR and HML loci.

253 not required for chromosome condensation and heterochromatic silencing but is important for DNA repli

254 that Spt6 is required for multiple steps in heterochromatic silencing by controlling chromatin, tran

255 iquitinase (DUB) Ubp10 is thought to promote heterochromatic silencing by maintaining low H2B-Ub at s

256 ts in changes of H3K9 methylation levels and heterochromatic silencing defects.

257 a challenge to SIR complex-mediated de novo heterochromatic silencing due to the presence of antagon

258 its binding partner, Iws1, are required for heterochromatic silencing in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

259 Budding yeast heterochromatic silencing is strictly dependent on the s

260 A prevalent view of heterochromatic silencing is that these and associated f

261 However, heterochromatic silencing machinery is not fully defined

262 of Dos1 identifies key residues required for heterochromatic silencing, consistent with Dos1's role a

263 Surprisingly, even though qrf is needed for heterochromatic silencing, induction of qrf initially pr

264 mere length homeostasis of ESCs by mediating heterochromatic silencing.

265 lr6 histone deacetylases (HDACs) involved in heterochromatic silencing.

266 ve effects, and enhancers and suppressors of heterochromatic silencing.

267 readily identify a novel mutant involved in heterochromatic silencing.

268 tion and histone H3 Lys-9 dimethylation, but heterochromatic siRNA levels were not affected.

269 ted nucleotides of 23 nt siRNAs arising from heterochromatic siRNA loci.

270 ay result from modifications added to longer heterochromatic siRNA precursors.

271 affold transcripts that originate outside of heterochromatic, siRNA-generating loci.

272 In plants, 24 nucleotide long heterochromatic siRNAs (het-siRNAs) transcriptionally re

273 Heterochromatic siRNAs are derived from repetitive regio

274 However, non-templated nucleotides in plant heterochromatic siRNAs have not been deeply studied, esp

275 The existence and extent of heterochromatic siRNAs in other land plant lineages has

276 We conclude that heterochromatic siRNAs, and their biogenesis pathways, a

277 LH1, leading to recruitment of the latter to heterochromatic sites that are coincident with DNMT1 loc

278 leaching measurements, which showed that, at heterochromatic sites, wild-type HELLS is very dynamic,

279 , RDR2 and Pol IV, components of the typical heterochromatic small interfering RNA (hc-siRNA) pathway

280 tional silencing (RITS) complex, composed of heterochromatic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), the siR

281 ream of Su(var)3-9 and H3K9 dimethylation in heterochromatic spreading and gene silencing that is nor

282 that the majority of the genome exists in a heterochromatic state defined by inaccessible chromatin

283 gradation to initiate destabilization of the heterochromatic state of endogenous silenced loci.

284 We show that the normal heterochromatic state of the donors does not impair dono

285 NA pathway components are abundant, with the heterochromatic state subsequently propagated by chromat

286 ng latency may act to promote an appropriate heterochromatic state that represses lytic genes but is

287 virus genomes are to some degree found in a heterochromatic state, and this contributes to reduced g

288 gh level of DNA polymorphisms and from their heterochromatic state, notably their dense DNA methylati

289 er of repeat copies can nucleate a transient heterochromatic state, which, on longer repeat arrays, m

290 ions and independent pathways to arrive at a heterochromatic state.

291 t function of H3.3 is to support chromosomal heterochromatic structures, thus maintaining genome inte

292 In ddm1 mutants, stress hyperactivates heterochromatic transcription and transcription persists

293 ly transcribed regions, cooperate to silence heterochromatic transcripts.

294 e release of transposable elements and other heterochromatic transcripts.

295 ve cells, likely reflecting transcription of heterochromatic transposons in this cell type.

296 sposons and repeats, as well as silencing of heterochromatic transposons.

297 HP1D2 accumulates on the heterochromatic Y chromosome in male germ cells, strongl

298 a sterilizing factor by associating with the heterochromatic Y chromosome of D. simulans, whereas D.

299 and females, which serves to accommodate the heterochromatic Y chromosome present in the male nucleus

300 Nevertheless, polymorphic variation in heterochromatic Y chromosomes of Drosophila result in ge