ライフサイエンスコーパス: homodimerization

1 re of the BAK BH3 and BH4 domains before BAK homodimerization.

2 of amino acid residues in the interface for homodimerization.

3 ular signaling molecules, and enhances their homodimerization.

4 ed by the equilibrium constant governing its homodimerization.

5 ACT1 with IL-17 receptors, with no effect on homodimerization.

6 on correlated with the activity of AF2ER-LBD homodimerization.

7 F-araNAD(+)), dimeric F-araNAD(+), to induce homodimerization.

8 g both MRE11 interaction with NBS1 and MRE11 homodimerization.

9 lylation, [3+2] annulation, and Sakurai-like homodimerization.

10 showed that pep4 could be involved in NKp46 homodimerization.

11 lating neuronal death, is sufficient for its homodimerization.

12 -Ala-40 (VVAA) as the TM1 motif required for homodimerization.

13 tes on Nup159, promoting the Nup159 parallel homodimerization.

14 STAR that coincides with reduced 14-3-3gamma homodimerization.

15 hat function in biotin transfer also support homodimerization.

16 ellular accumulation through Zn(2+)-mediated homodimerization.

17 terminus and are predicted to interfere with homodimerization.

18 d RIMs activate priming by disrupting Munc13 homodimerization.

19 binding to Munc13, thereby relieving Munc13 homodimerization.

20 ntly linked to Cys-319 and thereby hindering homodimerization.

21 between paired leucine zippers and promotes homodimerization.

22 bgE is neither activated by K(+) ions nor by homodimerization.

23 superior cleavage activity while suppressing homodimerization.

24 the nuclease interface to prevent undesired homodimerization.

25 t reduce UL53-UL50 interactions also reduced homodimerization.

26 potent activation of EGFR TK than does EGFR homodimerization.

27 termines the protein-protein recognition and homodimerization.

28 periments confirmed previous findings of KLC homodimerization.

29 each of the wild-type proteins is capable of homodimerization.

30 OXO3a and p66Shc binding requires beta(1)Pix homodimerization.

31 e interaction with PI31 and also block Fbxo7 homodimerization.

32 per may play an important role in JNK2alpha2 homodimerization.

33 g protein-protein interactions, particularly homodimerization.

34 elix and BIR domains) that mediates Survivin homodimerization.

35 an anti-TREM2 antibody, which induces their homodimerization.

36 butes to MET activation through low affinity homodimerization.

37 of the catalytic core, and interfering with homodimerization.

38 A similar domain directs DKF-2A homodimerization.

39 e hydrophobic interface mediates ZP-N domain homodimerization.

40 odimerization prompted us to investigate Fos homodimerization.

41 ysis revealed that Az1 sterically blocks ODC homodimerization.

42 further investigated the impact of Siglec-E homodimerization.

43 ime-dependent manner to regulate 14-3-3gamma homodimerization.

44 d Sin3L/Rpd3L complex by providing a crucial homodimerization activity.

45 These changes explain the higher homodimerization affinity of S1bx and provide a structur

46 that protein-protein interactions, including homodimerization, allow each ETS TF to display distinct

47 , which is required for both DNA binding and homodimerization, along with the homodimerization sequen

48 per domain is sufficient to block beta(1)Pix homodimerization and 14-3-3beta binding and modulates be

49 catalytic turnover (k(cat)), is dependent on homodimerization and 2) the hydrolysis of lysyl-AMP gene

50 on of the C-terminus likely has no effect on homodimerization and a modest effect on the secondary st

51 0 amino acids of the kinase are required for homodimerization and association with isoform-specific P

52 cell cycle: the Asl N terminus promotes Plk4 homodimerization and autophosphorylation during interpha

53 ulin-like D1 domain of JAM-A is required for homodimerization and binding to reovirus attachment prot

54 The function of these loops in both homodimerization and biotin transfer was investigated by

55 g that the affected domain, necessary for TR homodimerization and corepressor binding, has a critical

56 e for employing 3E-1,3-dienes in Z-selective homodimerization and cross-metathesis with terminal alke

57 To identify residues of UL53 crucial for homodimerization and for heterodimerization with UL50, w

58 ever, the structural and functional roles of homodimerization and heterodimerization are still unclea

59 The demonstration that TMD homodimerization and heterodimerization can be mediated

60 Cell culture models suggest that homodimerization and heterodimerization of 7-transmembra

61 TM) that enables simultaneous measurement of homodimerization and heterodimerization of type I recept

62 Here, we utilize mutations that modulate the homodimerization and heterodimerization states to define

63 c model that addresses the dynamics of ErbB3 homodimerization and heterodimerization with ErbB2.

64 ralleled TONs of up to 7400, in a variety of homodimerization and industrially relevant metathesis re

65 k-to-back Mal homodimer interface affect Mal homodimerization and interaction with MyD88 and TLR4.

66 c complementation there are still changes in homodimerization and interactions with FGFR1c.

67 however, this activity is not stimulated by homodimerization and is abolished by the R133A mutation.

68 se of Plk4, autoinhibition is relieved after homodimerization and is accomplished by PB3 and by autop

69 cal inhibition of HuR by MS-444 inhibits HuR homodimerization and its cytoplasmic translocation, abro

70 EX domain results in the abrogation of MMP-9 homodimerization and leads to blockage of a downstream s

71 es from other herpesviruses, inhibited ORF57 homodimerization and led to proteasome-mediated degradat

72 tide identifies Ku-(1-229) as sufficient for homodimerization and LigD stimulation.

73 )X(3)AX(2)G(25) significantly contributes to homodimerization and lipid uptake activity.

74 nd mediates chitin-induced signaling through homodimerization and phosphorylation.

75 nd that the Dyn2-Pac11 complex promotes Dyn1 homodimerization and potentiates processivity.

76 l transmembrane domain that is essential for homodimerization and proapoptotic function.

77 y in S1bx homodimerization, thus favoring LF homodimerization and prolactin-induced signaling.

78 ugh SGTA's N-terminal domain, which mediates homodimerization and recruits cellular adaptors, is disp

79 map regions of the PI31 FP domain mediating homodimerization and required for heterodimerization wit

80 nian DJ-1 missense mutation, L166P, disrupts homodimerization and results in a poorly folded protein.

81 hia coli ftsA that specifically inhibit FtsA homodimerization and simultaneously cause disruption of

82 on of 14-3-3gamma showed similar patterns to homodimerization and STAR binding, respectively.

83 ligand corepressor biotinyl-5'-AMP promotes homodimerization and subsequent DNA binding.

84 series of conformational changes that enable homodimerization and subsequent membrane fusion.

85 tes an allosteric change in the RR, enabling homodimerization and subsequently enhanced DNA binding.

86 ding of TDP-43 monomers necessary for proper homodimerization and TDP-43-regulated splicing.

87 nucleoplasm and is capable of promoting the homodimerization and telomeric association of TRF1, prev

88 found that blade IV is necessary for MMP-14 homodimerization and that blade I is required for CD44 M

89 e show that the core dsRBD is sufficient for homodimerization and that mutation of a conserved leucin

90 We investigated differences in homodimerization and the impact of the C-terminal extens

91 eucine zipper that regulates DNA binding and homodimerization and thereby promotes cell cycle arrest.

92 domain that are crucially involved in MyD88 homodimerization and TLR signaling in immune cells.

93 modimerization is disfavored, while domain 4 homodimerization and UvrB-domain 4 heterodimerization ar

94 nside-out signal transfer required substrate homodimerization and was prevented by cleavage-inhibitor

95 the interaction strength among all possible homodimerizations and heterodimerizations of these three

96 ChEL has two identified functions: 1) homodimerization, and 2) binding to I-II-III that facili

97 t significantly affecting the glycosylation, homodimerization, and global folding of KAI1/CD82, the T

98 n hemagglutinin (H) and cell entry, nectin-4 homodimerization, and heterodimerization with nectin-1.

99 t favor heterodimerization over procaspase-8 homodimerization, and induce the latent active site of z

100 region within the CYTO (A375-P394) mediates homodimerization, and is dominant over effects observed

101 as required for Sstn binding and in addition homodimerization, and its removal disrupted Steppke furr

102 n of Munc13 inhibits the priming function by homodimerization, and that RIM disrupts the autoinhibito

103 B kinase epsilon (IKKepsilon) inhibits STAT1 homodimerization, and thus assembly of GAF, but does not

104 prior examples of an alkyne-metathesis-based homodimerization approach to natural products.

105 echanistic characterization of polyglutamine homodimerization as a function of chain length and tempe

106 C-terminal SARAH domains that mediate their homodimerization as well as heterodimerization with othe

107 We mapped KLHL15 residues critical for homodimerization as well as interaction with Cul3 and B'

108 mbrane segments were used along with in vivo homodimerization assays (TOXCAT) to evaluate the determi

109 Hence, our data demonstrate that homodimerization autoregulates FGF9 and FGF20's receptor

110 t ventricular cardiomyopathy, V94D, promotes homodimerization, blocks beta-catenin binding, and in ca

111 ases are activated through proximity-induced homodimerization, but some studies infer that during apo

112 chromoshadow domain of HP1 proteins promotes homodimerization, but this alone cannot explain heteroch

113 nt p75(NTR) interactions, is not crucial for homodimerization, but this residue is required for norma

114 lencing NAC-1 expression or disrupting NAC-1 homodimerization by a dominant negative NAC-1 protein th

115 nd can bind to Dome, thus reducing Dome:Dome homodimerization by creating signaling-incompetent Dome:

116 ent within the stem region, mediates MT4-MMP homodimerization by forming a disulfide bond.

117 interface residues likely ensures selective homodimerization by preventing association with non-cogn

118 activity of K7L is substantially enhanced by homodimerization, by the substrate protein P25K as well

119 d that heterologous output domains requiring homodimerization can be fused to the photosensory module

120 These proteins form stable homodimerization complexes that localize to the outer me

121 des new evidence that NAC-1 upregulation and homodimerization contribute to tumor recurrence by equip

122 peptide secondary structure are explored by homodimerization, cross metathesis, and ring-closing met

123 ssociated with BTB adaptors that incorporate homodimerization, Cul3 assembly, and substrate recogniti

124 Expression of beta(1)Pix homodimerization deficient mutant abrogates beta(1)Pix-i

125 ring mature HIV-1 capsid assembly requires a homodimerization-dependent conformational switching of C

126 support a novel regulatory mechanism wherein homodimerization dictates the equilibrium between the au

127 CD38 homodimerization did not affect RA-induced differentiati

128 Inactivation of Nanog was due to impaired homodimerization, DNA binding, promoter occupancy and p3

129 peptides reveal that the N-terminal Gly-rich homodimerization domain exchanges much faster than the C

130 our results indicate that a functional Qua1 homodimerization domain is required for QkI-5 function i

131 mains, which bind GTP-tubulin, a coiled-coil homodimerization domain, and a domain that interacts wit

132 F2 represses TERRA transcription through its homodimerization domain, which was previously shown to i

133 self-association are limited to the alpha2-5 homodimerization domain.

134 rg, at a highly conserved residue within the homodimerization domain.

135 amino acid 499, which falls within the GAF-B homodimerization domain.

136 domain (amino acids 1-211) contains the Sgt1 homodimerization domain.

137 e and arginine residues localized around its homodimerization domain.

138 response by fusing ZF-TFs to leucine zipper homodimerization domains.

139 rved and variable loops, significantly alter homodimerization energetics.

140 ied in an analysis of the alternate forms of homodimerization exhibited in the chemokine family.

141 We propose that preference for SRK homodimerization explains the codominance exhibited by a

142 h its mitochondrial localization but disrupt homodimerization failed to induce autophagy in cells.

143 dogma that all initiator procaspases require homodimerization for activation.

144 ABCG2 requires homodimerization for function, though the mechanism for

145 O as a model, we observe a large increase in homodimerization for the constitutively active TM mutant

146 on, and that RIM disrupts the autoinhibitory homodimerization forming monomeric priming-competent Mun

147 PAK1 regulation is based on its homodimerization, forming an inactive complex.

148 Qua1-mediated homodimerization generates a scaffold that enables concu

149 rface mutations did decrease sGCbeta1 H-NOXA homodimerization, heterodimerization of full-length hete

150 l-AMP generated by LysRS is not dependent on homodimerization if the monomer structure is similar to

151 In addition, disruption of DKF-2A homodimerization in C. elegans intestine impaired and de

152 e increase in variant possibilities, such as homodimerization in covalent and noncovalent forms.

153 ive parallel Monte Carlo simulations of ErbB homodimerization in dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine lipi

154 ) to artificially induce protein hetero- and homodimerization in live cells using light.

155 cence imaging to measure changes in receptor homodimerization in response to pharmacologic agents.

156 While the IRAK4 kinase domain is capable of homodimerization in the unphosphorylated state, we found

157 eats in Grp1 have also been shown to mediate homodimerization in vitro as well as heteromeric interac

158 PDZK1 can undergo modest homodimerization in vivo and in vitro through self-assoc

159 yts hetero- and homodimerize, and that ESyt2 homodimerization in vivo requires a TM adjacent sequence

160 Interestingly, enforced homodimerization increased PrP(C) levels at the plasma m

161 erin (H(4)B), an essential cofactor for NOS2 homodimerization, increased after M stimulation in the p

162 nge of two residues in the murine chronophin homodimerization interface (chronophin(A194K,A195K)) yie

163 tant interaction occurs between the Survivin homodimerization interface and a short segment of Boreal

164 ignal transduction mechanism between the PXR homodimerization interface and its coactivator binding s

165 To achieve this, a homodimerization interface is engineered onto the Drosop

166 duced point mutations that restored this NK1 homodimerization interface to create an agonistic ligand

167 contains a highly conserved Zn(2+)-dependent homodimerization interface, the Rad50 hook domain.

168 arison reveals a more favorable hetero- than homodimerization interface, thereby suggesting a possibl

169 PACT to divergence of the composition of the homodimerization interface.

170 tor antagonists due to a mutation at the NK1 homodimerization interface.

171 folding of loop L16, thereby perturbing the homodimerization interface.

172 domain (the Rad50 hook) that functions as a homodimerization interface.

173 sted that their hydrophobic faces could form homodimerization interfaces.

174 tyrosine phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, homodimerization into gamma-activating factor and hetero

175 ng a mechanism that antagonist-dependent LBD homodimerization involving the F-domain results in antag

176 dislocation of H12 caused ICI-dependent LBD homodimerization involving the F-domain, the adjoining r

177 Our results demonstrate that Nanog-Nanog homodimerization is a critical aspect of its function pr

178 Sgo1 homodimerization is a prerequisite for PP2A binding.

179 Thus, our results show that PrP(C) homodimerization is an important regulator of PrP(C) alp

180 By contrast, homodimerization is characterized by a very large unfavo

181 from spreading excessively and show that the homodimerization is critical for WUS function.

182 In summary, UvrB homodimerization is disfavored, while domain 4 homodimer

183 rstanding the detailed mechanism driving the homodimerization is important and will impact future stu

184 ed cell invasion of Matrigel suggesting that homodimerization is not required for this process.

185 While syntaxin homodimerization is supposed to promote the transition f

186 We recently proposed that ZnT2 homodimerization is the underlying basis for the dominan

187 cell-penetrating peptide inhibitor of MUC1-C homodimerization, is effective in inducing reactive oxyg

188 ted phosphorylation abolished activated IRF3 homodimerization, its occupancy on chromatin, and subseq

189 re able to detect weak but reproducible Nank homodimerization (K(d) in the millimolar range).

190 We show that homodimerization leads to a considerable increase of PrP

191 Tight homodimerization may be central to the scaffolding funct

192 gH/gL homodimerization may be conserved between alpha- and bet

193 gy transfer (FRET) method to investigate the homodimerization mechanism and intradimer molecular inte

194 Collectively, our data suggest that MV homodimerization modulates microfilament attachment at m

195 However, rather than mediating p75 homodimerization, mutagenesis of the AXXXG motif reveals

196 telomeric sequence, alleviating the need for homodimerization observed in TRF-like proteins possessin

197 nc transport activity of the WT ZnT-2 due to homodimerization observed upon immunoprecipitation exper

198 FGF9 and FGF20 ligands undergo a reversible homodimerization, occluding their key receptor binding s

199 Here, we show that homodimerization of a cluster-of-differentiation-44 or o

200 This complementation involved homodimerization of A20 proteins, and we have defined an

201 In contrast, helix alphaB' is important for homodimerization of Act1, implicating a dual ligand-bind

202 teins, was recently suggested to mediate the homodimerization of ADAM10.

203 Our results showed that controlled homodimerization of APP-FKBP leads to a 50% reduction in

204 In this study, we show that homodimerization of Bnip3 is also a requirement for indu

205 ed dimers provide a structural basis for the homodimerization of both proteins.

206 at both cathepsin D-mediated proteolysis and homodimerization of caspase-8 are necessary to generate

207 oproteolytic activity but not recruitment or homodimerization of caspase-8 within the complex.

208 e, we explore the function of the obligatory homodimerization of chronophin, a mammalian HAD phosphat

209 catalysis and late-stage copper(I)-mediated homodimerization of complex aryl stannane monomers.

210 In addition, although homodimerization of disordered molecules is spontaneous,

211 mic tail of the membrane protein DrrB and in homodimerization of DrrA.

212 Zinc stimulated homodimerization of eIF4B and bound eIF4B with a Kd of 1

213 Homodimerization of full-length p85 was found to be an a

214 and indole scaffolds to inhibit IL-6 induced homodimerization of GP130.

215 ed by the transmembrane receptor (IL-6R) and homodimerization of gp130.

216 iochemical features of the system (including homodimerization of IDH and bifunctionality of IDHKP) th

217 he minimum requirements for PKR function are homodimerization of its kinase and RNA-binding domains,

218 uces a conformational change that couples to homodimerization of juxtamembrane structures in the Toll

219 gomers in the ER is provided by data showing homodimerization of misfolded hLHR mutants that are reta

220 s-talk that initiates cell migration through homodimerization of MMP-14 as well as heterodimerization

221 issue, and these activities are regulated by homodimerization of MT1-MMP on the cell surface.

222 Thus, homodimerization of Munc13 inhibits its priming function

223 We further showed that homodimerization of NAC-1 proteins is essential for tumo

224 ural and biochemical analysis shows that the homodimerization of Nod1_CARD is achieved by swapping th

225 te that the model successfully describes the homodimerization of nuclear receptors.

226 ich is rich in alpha-helices, contributes to homodimerization of ORF57 to prevent proteasome-mediated

227 Thus, homodimerization of ORF57 via its C terminus prevents OR

228 The structured C-terminal domain mediates homodimerization of ORF57, and the critical region for t

229 forces govern both collapse and spontaneous homodimerization of polyglutamine in aqueous milieus.

230 Interestingly, when implementing the homodimerization of procaspase-9 as a prerequisite for a

231 n of the G domains cannot be responsible for homodimerization of Ras reported in the literature.

232 To test if homodimerization of SLK affects phosphorylation, the cDN

233 cysteine residue (Cys-277), which results in homodimerization of Src linked by a disulfide bridge.

234 IFN-II (IFN-gamma) induces the homodimerization of STAT1 to form the gamma-activated fa

235 ased catalysts are highly Z-selective in the homodimerization of terminal olefins.

236 those causing dominant Cole disease, impairs homodimerization of the ENPP1 enzyme that is mediated by

237 Conserved tryptophan-187 facilitates homodimerization of the influenza A virus NS1 protein ef

238 utative upstream dimerization helix inhibits homodimerization of the isolated ChEL domain.

239 ped a cell-penetrating peptide that disrupts homodimerization of the MUC1-C subunit necessary for its

240 of Glu(183), Ser(244), and Arg(288) impaired homodimerization of the MyD88-TIR domain, recruitment of

241 endoplasmic reticulum stress results in the homodimerization of the N-terminal endoplasmic reticulum

242 Homodimerization of the NC, ND and NE sequences and dire

243 n-protein interactions that could facilitate homodimerization of the peroxidase-like domain or, in th

244 no acids surrounding the RxLR leader mediate homodimerization of the protein.

245 rmore, we report 20 novel PPIs including the homodimerization of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (Rd

246 ained and atomistic simulations to model the homodimerization of the sybII transmembrane domain and o

247 perturbing trans-helical interaction blocks homodimerization of the Tg ChEL domain.

248 the XIAP BIR3 domain confirms that 3 induces homodimerization of the XIAP BIR3 domain and provides a

249 o minimize unwanted cleavage attributable to homodimerization of the ZFNs.

250 We previously demonstrated constitutive homodimerization of this receptor through the lipid-expo

251 In contrast, PPE18-mediated homodimerization of TLR2 caused poorer cytoplasmic expor

252 mmatory-type response, whereas PPE18-induced homodimerization of TLR2 triggers anti-inflammatory type

253 Using this approach we observed homodimerization of unliganded FGFR1 that is independent

254 Homodimerization of ZnT1, -2, -3, -4, and -7 was reveale

255 To explore the role of PrP(C) homodimerization on the alpha-cleavage, we used a well d

256 To determine the importance of homodimerization on the biological and catalytic activit

257 tution of residues in UL44 that prevent UL44 homodimerization or abrogate the binding of UL54 to UL44

258 rupted protein stability by interfering with homodimerization or by causing aggregation.

259 iptional regulatory activity of FHY3 and its homodimerization or heterodimerization with FAR1.

260 ll yeast protein domains that mediate either homodimerization or heterodimerization.

261 oncogenic p85alpha mutations that target the homodimerization or PTEN interaction surface.

262 er initiation signal (DIS) to discourage RNA homodimerization or to encourage RNA heterodimerization,

263 w that eSRK exhibits a marked preference for homodimerization over heterodimerization with other eSRK

264 found to be opposite that of the 14-3-3gamma homodimerization pattern.

265 ntroversy in the literature concerning c-Fos homodimerization prompted us to investigate Fos homodime

266 OXE proteins possess similar DNA binding and homodimerization properties and can induce NCCs.

267 Importantly, PrPN1 produced after PrP(C) homodimerization protects against toxic amyloid-beta (Ab

268 s observed in the phosphine-catalyzed ketene homodimerization reaction.

269 The SBM-binding and homodimerization residues of SLIP1 are conserved in the

270 Similarly, inhibition of MyD88 homodimerization reversed the attenuation of human PMN t

271 binding and homodimerization, along with the homodimerization sequence located in the central part of

272 tion of amino acids putatively important for homodimerization significantly impairs both DNA binding

273 s within the WR is linked to the strength of homodimerization, Sox2 heterodimerization and self-renew

274 that restrict movement are required for WUS homodimerization, suggesting that formation of WUS dimer

275 ean FGF9, which was predicted to affect FGF9 homodimerization, suggesting that this gene plays a role

276 e were parallel with the degree of AF2ER-LBD homodimerization, supporting a mechanism that antagonist

277 e studies suggest that KLVS leads to altered homodimerization that indirectly leads to changes in pro

278 cooperativity) requires TSH receptor (TSHR) homodimerization, the latter involving primarily the tra

279 Other than its role in homodimerization, the rear end acidic cluster region of

280 anipulating the WUS-binding affinity and the homodimerization threshold of cis elements, and manipula

281 owth factor (EGF) was found to stimulate CAR homodimerization, thus constraining CAR in its inactive

282 nt deacetylation of MORF4L1 enhances MORF4L1 homodimerization, thus facilitating the functionality of

283 c-association and increased affinity in S1bx homodimerization, thus favoring LF homodimerization and

284 rome 2 (CRY2) undergoes blue light-dependent homodimerization to become physiologically active.

285 SWEETs contain only a single THB and require homodimerization to form transport pores.

286 riggering spontaneous, switchlike TIR domain homodimerization to initiate downstream signaling.

287 tanding the basis of specificity in receptor homodimerization versus heterodimerization is essential

288 4 resulted in interferon regulatory factor 5 homodimerization via reduced melanoma differentiation-as

289 adherin EC1-2 adhesive region, which reveals homodimerization via the strand-swap mechanism common to

290 Although there is no evidence for Su e homodimerization via the transmembrane domain, potential

291 The opioid receptor homodimerization was associated with an increased recept

292 In addition, by covalent homodimerization, we engineered a synthetic bivalent 37-

293 omain, blade IV was shown to be critical for homodimerization, whereas blade I was required for heter

294 The N-terminal domain is responsible for Prf homodimerization, which brings two Pto kinases into clos

295 NTR) with TrkA increase full-length p75(NTR) homodimerization, which in turn potentiates the rate of

296 cJ 499T, the C57BL/6J 499A decreases PDE11A4 homodimerization, which removes PDE11A4 from the membran

297 acetylation at this position results in its homodimerization, while deacetylation promotes the forma

298 Nonetheless, PAR4SFT still supported homodimerization with PAR4.

299 CDK11(p110) phosphorylation was required for homodimerization without affecting its kinase activity.

300 nding, transactivation, phosphorylation, and homodimerization, without significantly affecting protei