ライフサイエンスコーパス: house dust

1 products and leaches from the products into house dust.

2 uring Der p 1 weight/weight concentration in house dust.

3 h Mn loadings and concentrations in prenatal house dust.

4 ious studies could detect peanut allergen in house dust.

5 dous to the airways because of inhalation of house dust.

6 re routes of OHCs, ingestion of OHCs (i) via house dust and (ii) via cat food.

7 Levels of flame retardants in house dust and a transport pathway from homes to the out

8 of children (n = 17), PBDEs were measured in house dust and child handwipes sampled during a home vis

9 We conclude that exposure to soil, house dust and decaying plant material enhances gut micr

10 We collected house dust and indoor air samples in 49 California homes

11 Residential house dust and laundry wastewater were collected from 20

12 xture of 27 correlated chemicals measured in house dust and NHL risk.

13 examining the relationship between OPFRs in house dust and their metabolites in urine.

14 Paired samples of cat serum, house dust, and cat food were analyzed for brominated fl

15 (ow) > 6) in foam was much less than that in house dust, and increasing bioaccessibility was observed

16 tably, peanut proteins have been detected in house dust, and their levels correlate with peanut aller

17 ds (PFAAs) that have been widely detected in house dust, aquatic biota, surface water, and wastewater

18 ficant binding from chemicals extracted from house dust at a concentration of 3 mg dust/mL in the dos

19 Also, chemical mixtures present in house dust at environmentally relevant levels can activa

20 Differences in house dust bacterial content in the first year, especial

21 Absolute soil and house dust bioavailability averaged 33% (SD +/- 4%) and

22 whether hen's egg allergen is detectable in house dust collected from different household areas and

23 dy of 104 children, the bacterial content of house dust collected in the first year of life.

24 reater bioaccessibility of certain metals in house dust compared to soils.

25 a screening-level indoor exposure model and house dust concentrations determined previously.

26 Higher house dust concentrations of cockroach, mouse, and cat a

27 l levels of PFRs and their relationship with house dust concentrations.

28 House dust contains mite allergens as well as bacterial

29 Bacterial exposure in house dust determined childhood asthma and allergies.

30 , the first report of an association between house dust endotoxin and leukocyte count in a national s

31 We investigated the relationship between house dust endotoxin concentration and peripheral leukoc

32 environmental exposure to peanut, such as in house dust, especially with an impaired skin barrier att

33 th environmental adjuvants, including common house dust extract (HDE), to test their role in maintain

34 Rush immunotherapy with house dust extract is safe and effective for Japanese ch

35 BA were subjected to rush immunotherapy with house dust extract.

36 o evaluate the adipogenic activity of indoor house dust extracts and a suite of semivolatile organic

37 to an innocuous protein using TLR ligands or house dust extracts as adjuvants developed mixed eosinop

38 The PPARgamma binding activity of house dust extracts at levels comparable to human exposu

39 Ten of 11 house dust extracts exhibited significant triglyceride a

40 Chemical measurements of the FAs in house dust extracts revealed a positive and significant

41 ts, organophosphates, and phthalates) and in house dust extracts.

42 ncreasing doses of the PBDE mixture found in house dust for 70 days via the diet.

43 House dust from 17 Swedish homes and serum from the part

44 Given that TPP is ubiquitous in house dust, further studies are warranted to investigate

45 lative to other flame retardant chemicals in house dust; however, little is known about the biologica

46 Increased pesticide concentrations in house dust in agricultural areas have been attributed to

47 A total of 21 compounds were detected in house dust, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PB

48 House dust is a major source of exposure to polybrominat

49 Exposure to house dust is a significant source of exposure to flame

50 ouse models of allergic airway inflammation (house dust mice and Alternaria alternata) and OVA-induce

51 dog ownership is associated with a distinct house dust microbial exposure.

52 House dust microbiome analysis using 16S ribosomal RNA s

53 The prevalence of sensitization to house dust mite (-4.3%; 95% CI, -6.0% to -2.6%) and cat

54 tradermal SIT in children/adults allergic to house dust mite (10 trials), grass pollen or other inhal

55 timulation with lipid A, peptidoglycan, PHA, house dust mite (Der p 1), or Der p 1 plus lipid A. mRNA

56 House dust mite (HDM) acts on the airway epithelium to i

57 itization phase of either ovalbumin (OVA) or house dust mite (HDM) acute asthma models.

58 The house dust mite (HDM) allergen Der p 13 could be a lipid

59 a natural field study, sublingual tablets of house dust mite (HDM) allergen extracts (STG320) were ef

60 how endogenous CD4(+) T cells specific for a house dust mite (HDM) allergen form and function.

61 concept for oral immunotherapy to high-dose house dust mite (HDM) allergen in infancy in the prevent

62 t the safety and efficacy of challenges with house dust mite (HDM) allergen in the Fraunhofer allerge

63 events preceding sensitization to the common house dust mite (HDM) allergen remains to be elucidated.

64 In the present study, the task force for house dust mite (HDM) allergen standardization of the Co

65 Der p 23, a new, major house dust mite (HDM) allergen that is recognized by >70

66 House dust mite (HDM) allergens are a common cause of al

67 Upon inhalation, house dust mite (HDM) allergens are deposited at the nas

68 Mice were sensitized with house dust mite (HDM) allergens from days 3, 15, or 60 a

69 tion was almost exclusively directed against house dust mite (HDM) allergens.

70 alyses revealed that IgE from crustaceans or House dust mite (HDM) allergic patients showed cross-rea

71 rent standards are limited for the effect of house dust mite (HDM) allergy immunotherapy in asthmatic

72 immunotherapy (AIT) lack recommendations for house dust mite (HDM) allergy.

73 kout and wild-type mice were challenged with house dust mite (HDM) and infected with RV1B to determin

74 or WT mice were challenged over 3 weeks with house dust mite (HDM) antigen.

75 emonstrate that Streptococcus pneumoniae and house dust mite (HDM) bear similar phosphorylcholine (PC

76 istosoma egg antigen (SEA) immunization, and house dust mite (HDM) challenge without affecting cytoto

77 inhalation of airborne allergens such as the house dust mite (HDM) effectively activates both innate

78 protective effects of gamma-tocotrienol in a house dust mite (HDM) experimental asthma model.

79 rgen-specific IgG immune complexes (ICs) and house dust mite (HDM) extract both induced dendritic cel

80 immunized through the intranasal route with house dust mite (HDM) extract derived from Dermatophagoi

81 In the current study, we used an intranasal house dust mite (HDM) extract exposure regimen time cour

82 We used alphaT-catenin knockout mice and a house dust mite (HDM) extract model of atopic asthma, wi

83 examined constitutive and TNFalpha/IL-1beta, house dust mite (HDM) extract or lipopolysaccharide (LPS

84 ntrol mice were intranasally challenged with house dust mite (HDM) extract or PBS five days per week

85 nd pulmonary Th2 inflammation in response to house dust mite (HDM) extract, as both were decreased in

86 ced by means of intranasal administration of house dust mite (HDM) extract.

87 in mice with prolonged i.n exposure to crude house dust mite (HDM) extract.

88 ce were challenged with DEPs with or without house dust mite (HDM) extract.

89 gested the efficacy of sublingual tablets of house dust mite (HDM) extracts in adults with allergic r

90 16HBE cells were stimulated with house dust mite (HDM) extracts.

91 (EPIT) on further sensitization to peanut or house dust mite (HDM) in a murine model of sensitization

92 (ECP)] induced by bronchial instillation of house dust mite (HDM) in patients with asthma on mainten

93 A damage and DNA damage responses induced by house dust mite (HDM) in vivo and in vitro.

94 The house dust mite (HDM) is a major perennial allergen sour

95 Sensitization to house dust mite (HDM) is a risk factor for the developme

96 The initial immune response to house dust mite (HDM) is orchestrated by an interplay be

97 -/-) ) mice were used in ovalbumin (OVA) and house dust mite (HDM) models of AAI.

98 ty were evaluated in the ovalbumin (OVA) and house dust mite (HDM) murine models.

99 Mice were sensitized to house dust mite (HDM) or cockroach at day 0, treated wit

100 ) mice were challenged with saline, DEPs, or house dust mite (HDM) or DEP+HDM.

101 n D-replete diet, and exposure to intranasal house dust mite (HDM) or saline was commenced from day 3

102 Atopic status remained stable; however, house dust mite (HDM) sensitisation decreased by 5.6% (1

103 We employed acute ovalbumin (OVA) and house dust mite (HDM) sensitization and challenge models

104 As house dust mite (HDM) sensitization is dependent on TLR4

105 airway inflammation was induced following a house dust mite (HDM) sensitization protocol.

106 nd during the last 8 weeks of treatment in 2 house dust mite (HDM) SLIT-tablet trials (n = 1768).

107 acebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, house dust mite (HDM) sublingual AIT was found to be eff

108 The house dust mite (HDM) sublingual allergen immunotherapy

109 The house dust mite (HDM) sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) ta

110 ent mice, challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) or house dust mite (HDM), and accessed for TH2 inflammation

111 l exposure to common human allergens such as house dust mite (HDM), in the absence of additional adju

112 Exposure to environmental antigens, such as house dust mite (HDM), often leads to T helper 2 (Th2) c

113 Exposure to allergens, such as house dust mite (HDM), through the skin often precedes a

114 ng 24 (Trim24) was predicted to be active in house dust mite (HDM)- and helminth-elicited Il4(gfp+)al

115 r D. farinae were assessed in sera from 1302 house dust mite (HDM)-allergic patients living in variou

116 tch signaling induced by DCs is critical for house dust mite (HDM)-driven allergic airway inflammatio

117 igate the therapeutic efficacy of SAHM1 in a house dust mite (HDM)-driven asthma model.

118 ing the Cd11c promotor) to acute and chronic house dust mite (HDM)-driven asthma models.

119 e sought to address the role of B cells in a house dust mite (HDM)-driven TH2-high asthma mouse model

120 e) control mice were evaluated in a model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced AAI.

121 expansion and cytokine production to prevent house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation and re

122 important role for the VLDLR in attenuating house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation in exp

123 s adaptive immune responses in patients with house dust mite (HDM)-induced airways disease.

124 sure to DEPs and in response to DEP-enhanced house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airway inflammati

125 de of effect of sublingual immunotherapy for house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic rhinitis with or

126 evaluating several dosages in patients with house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivit

127 TJs in the nasal epithelium of patients with house dust mite (HDM)-induced AR and in an HDM-induced m

128 leukocyte infiltration, protecting mice from house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma or Leishmania major

129 OVA- and house dust mite (HDM)-induced murine asthma models were

130 s and the stimulatory effects of IL-1beta on house dust mite (HDM)-induced release of thymic stromal

131 et (ALK) has been developed for treatment of house dust mite (HDM)-induced respiratory allergic disea

132 e sought to investigate the role of TPL-2 in house dust mite (HDM)-mediated allergic airway inflammat

133 pulmonary allergy by adoptively transferring house dust mite (HDM)-pulsed bone marrow-derived DCs (BM

134 The effect of DEPs on house dust mite (HDM)-specific memory responses was dete

135 e investigated the importance of NK cells in house dust mite (HDM)-triggered allergic pulmonary infla

136 exoskeleton of many organisms including the house dust mite (HDM).

137 mice exposed to local airway challenge with house dust mite (HDM).

138 ory responses to a physiologic aeroallergen, house dust mite (HDM).

139 pecific transgenic mice were challenged with house dust mite (HDM).

140 helminth Schistosoma mansoni or the allergen house dust mite (HDM).

141 h optimal doses of grass, birch, recombinant house dust mite (rDer p2) allergen or anti-IgE (n = 10).

142 Skin prick test (SPT) sensitivity to house dust mite allergen (HDM) and current wheeze were a

143 d decreased airway resistance in response to house dust mite allergen (HDM).

144 ild-type mice with Aspergillus fumigatus and house dust mite allergen and compared the effects on air

145 NC/Nga mice were sensitized with house dust mite allergen and treated topically with HOCl

146 The major house dust mite allergen Der p 2 is a structural and fun

147 otects against epicutaneous sensitization to house dust mite allergen Der p 2.

148 In addition, we discuss of house dust mite allergen extracts as a prototypical comp

149 ing repeated exposures of 3 hours per day to house dust mite allergen in an allergen challenge chambe

150 lized a mechanistic IL-13-driven model and a house dust mite allergen mucosal sensitization model of

151 Diverse factors contribute to house dust mite allergenicity through the activation of

152 d late airway responses after challenge with house dust mite allergens in 15 patients with mild aller

153 levels of IgE specific for staple foods and house dust mite allergens in DOCK8-deficient patients an

154 y hyper-responsiveness following exposure to house dust mite allergens, even though their lungs harbo

155 junction downregulation in a mouse model of house dust mite allergic airway inflammation.

156 Specifically, for patients with house dust mite allergies, which are often underestimate

157 th tablets containing carbamylated monomeric house dust mite allergoids was to determine the most eff

158 (TSSs) were recorded by 21 participants with house dust mite allergy (M+) in the natural setting and

159 Chronic exposure to house dust mite and A alternata were compared in a neona

160 Age-specific prevalence of sensitization to house dust mite and cat did not differ between year-of-b

161 lower levels of sensitization, especially to house dust mite and cat, after the age of 20 years.

162 of ImmunoCAP-identified IgE directed against house dust mite and cockroach, but not against timothy g

163 ta allergen, Aspergillus fumigatus antigens, house dust mite and endotoxin antigens increase the risk

164 sthma and rhinitis, focusing on responses to house dust mite and grass.

165 ysteine protease and major allergen from the house dust mite and is associated with allergic rhinitis

166 xt of acute allergic lung inflammation using house dust mite and OVA murine models.

167 After exposure to house dust mite antigen, Zbtb46-negative CD64(+) inflamm

168 oup of mice was also intranasally exposed to house dust mite antigen.

169 stablished whereby mice were sensitized with house dust mite before subsequently being challenged wit

170 House dust mite concentrations varied across cohorts.

171 tion of Th2 and Th17 immune responses to the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae through the gen

172 velopment and TH2 polarization, as seen in a house dust mite exposure model.

173 In the tropics, house dust mite exposure, a known risk factor for asthma

174 hyperoxia promoted allergic TH responses to house dust mite exposure.

175 sponsiveness (AHR) compared with those after house dust mite exposure.

176 roup, dust samples were collected to measure house dust mite exposure.

177 ukin 13 (IL-13) when stimulated by papain or house dust mite extract (HDM) and induce eosinophilic in

178 mice administering either ovalbumin (OVA) or house dust mite extract (HDM) for sensitization.

179 ing dimaprit in both the ovalbumin (OVA) and house dust mite extract (HDM) murine models of respirato

180 sal priming and challenge of these mice with house dust mite extract or ovalbumin as allergens led to

181 model was exposed to allergens (ovalbumin or house dust mite extract) to decipher in vivo the implica

182 -type and RAGE knockout mice by using IL-33, house dust mite extract, or Alternaria alternata extract

183 ation in mice following acute challenge with house dust mite extract.

184 rimental asthma induced by repeat intranasal house dust mite extract.

185 to any allergen was present in 17.2% and to house dust mite in 8.7%.

186 life and as allergen levels of dog, cat, and house dust mite in bed dust samples at 1 year.

187 ical features of allergic asthma provoked by house dust mite in vivo.

188 Here we show that house dust mite induces DNA-PK phosphorylation, which is

189 Our data indicate that exposure to house dust mite markedly reduces Sema3E expression in mo

190 Asthma was induced in mice using intranasal house dust mite or aerosol ova-albumin challenge, and ch

191 or systemically to the TH2-inducing antigens house dust mite or ovalbumin in a model of allergic airw

192 increased after treatment with the allergen house dust mite or the bacteria Escherichia coli and bac

193 ly, depletion of alveolar macrophages during house dust mite sensitization or established disease res

194 man atopic dermatitis skin lesions with high house dust mite sensitization.

195 Ara h 2, tree nut, and house dust mite sensitization; coexisting food allergies

196 nd difficult to diagnose, the efficacy of SQ house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy tablets has bee

197 Treatment with SQ (standardised quality) house dust mite sublingual tablet for 1 year resulted in

198 acerbation day (from 11% [placebo] to 5% [SQ house dust mite sublingual tablet]) and an increased pro

199 a mild AR day (from 16% [placebo] to 34% [SQ house dust mite sublingual tablet]).

200 ice were sensitized and then challenged with house dust mite to induce AAD while receiving treatment

201 ecent publications were identified by using "house dust mite" as a key search term to evaluate the cu

202 models of experimental asthma (ovalbumin and house dust mite); miRNAs deregulated in both models were

203 firmed in a chronic model of asthma by using house dust mite, a human allergen.

204 of common airborne allergens, including the house dust mite, Alternaria, and Aspergillus, for up to

205 d with lower odds of sensitization to grass, house dust mite, and cat allergens, but rodent ownership

206 y to the age of 7 with asthma, atopy (grass, house dust mite, and cat skin prick test) and atopic vs.

207 acute challenge with Alternaria alternata or house dust mite, and secretion of IL-33 and activation o

208 that lacked the IL-33 receptor given inhaled house dust mite, cat dander, or Alternaria, and the effe

209 serum specific IgE to common aeroallergens (house dust mite, cat, and grass) and total IgE levels we

210 articipants underwent skin prick testing for house dust mite, cat, grasses and moulds.

211 he airways upon intranasal immunization with house dust mite, confirming the ability of IL-9-producin

212 es the presence of respiratory allergen from house dust mite, Der p 1, in human breast milk.

213 Der p 1 is a major allergen from the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, that be

214 allergens from Aspergillus fumigatus and the house dust mite, resulting in an asthma-like pathology c

215 ainst components of grass or tree pollen, or house dust mite, was observed in 74% of the patients.

216 otein D (rfhSP-D) has been shown to suppress house dust mite- and Aspergillus fumigatus-induced aller

217 As a consequence house dust mite- and IL-33-driven lung inflammation, lat

218 enuated allergic airway responses to fungi-, house dust mite-, and cockroach-associated allergens in

219 NA networks operate to regulate Th2 cells in house dust mite-allergic or helminth-infected animals an

220 ll tolerated and reduces the CPT reaction in house dust mite-allergic patients.

221 nd IgA2 contribute to the clinical status of house dust mite-allergic patients.

222 Cell culture and ovalbumin (OVA)- or house dust mite-based murine asthma models were used in

223 eriostin were also decreased in the lungs of house dust mite-challenged ERp57-deleted mice.

224 hyperreactivity and mucus hypersecretion in house dust mite-challenged mice.

225 duced by 6.2-fold in pulmonary epithelium of house dust mite-challenged mice.

226 House dust mite-derived proteases contribute to allergic

227 s, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and house dust mite-driven allergic airway inflammation.

228 Likewise, in house dust mite-driven asthma, CD2-Gata3 Tg mice were si

229 To evaluate the use of house dust mite-impermeable bedding and its impact on se

230 Experimental acute canine house dust mite-induced AD lesions exhibit an activation

231 During house dust mite-induced airway allergy, rEos features re

232 hat both DNA-HSP65 and CpG/CFP downregulated house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation via

233 rresponsiveness, and mucus production during house dust mite-induced allergic asthma.

234 The house dust mite-induced allergic inflammation model was

235 ltration into the airways of mice undergoing house dust mite-induced allergic response.

236 rolled dose-finding study, 131 patients with house dust mite-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis wer

237 y delivery of NP-CpG could prevent and treat house dust mite-induced allergy by modulating immunity d

238 aptive immune responses were dispensable for house dust mite-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and

239 nce recovered, subjected to an ovalbumin- or house dust mite-induced experimental asthma protocol.

240 Blockade of Runx2 inhibited the house dust mite-induced goblet cell differentiation with

241 ema3e(-/-) mice into WT recipients increases house dust mite-induced Th2/Th17 inflammation in the air

242 Controls were house dust mite-instilled animals receiving intravenous

243 cross all populations and at different ages, house dust mite-specific IgG/IgE ratios (but not IgG4/Ig

244 t of a commonly studied airway allergen, the house dust mite.

245 at the baseline and after sensitization with house dust mite.

246 ivate GPCRs such as Alternaria alternata and house dust mite.

247 and respiratory challenge with an extract of house dust mite.

248 zation with two different allergens, OVA and house dust mite.

249 hallenge relative to the common aeroallergen house dust mite.

250 asthma via regulation of immune response to house dust mite.

251 House dust mite/HDM atopy patch test/APT elicits positiv

252 response is dominated by a single allergen (house dust mite; HDM).

253 prolonged ovalbumin challenge or continuous house-dust mite exposure to induce chronic inflammation

254 House dust) mite markedly increased CCL20 levels in both

255 nes were confirmed in reporter assays and in house-dust-mite (HDM) induced AAI and primary human bron

256 ceptors, substantially reduced ovalbumin- or house-dust-mite-induced airway inflammation and bronchia

257 Allergens from house dust mites (HDM) are a common cause of asthma.

258 Group 1 allergens of house dust mites (HDM) are meaningful targets in this qu

259 the genome, transcriptome and microbiome of house dust mites (HDM) has shown that Staphylococcus aur

260 House dust mites (HDM) may serve as carriers of bacteria

261 ithelial cells, BEAS-2B, directly exposed to house dust mites (HDM) resulted in enhanced DNA damage,

262 nd compare the allergen content of different house dust mites (HDM)' sublingual treatments and to rev

263 The most frequent allergens are house dust mites (HDM), which act in vivo on the bronchi

264 Twenty-three adults allergic to house dust mites (HDMs) (M+) and 15 nonsensitive, nonall

265 House dust mites (HDMs) represent one of the most import

266 veloped countries demonstrate sensitivity to house dust mites (HDMs).

267 2 responses triggered by allergens, such as house dust mites (HDMs).

268 al allergens including insect allergens from house dust mites and cockroaches contribute to allergic

269 and fruits, certain inhalant allergens from house dust mites and cockroaches, and lipocalins.

270 We assess whether exposure to fungi, house dust mites and endotoxin increases the risk of ecz

271 nalyses for a reduction in SPT reactivity to house dust mites and perennial allergens.

272 House dust mites are the major source of indoor allergen

273 House dust mites have been implicated in the etiology an

274 Some allergens such as derived from house dust mites have proteolytic activity which can ind

275 eous application of Dermatophagoides farinae house dust mites to sensitized atopic dogs.

276 Allergic sensitization to cat, dog, and house dust mites was diagnosed longitudinally using skin

277 redominately caused by sensitization against house dust mites with a nearly complete penetrance of th

278 tory allergens (ie, grass, olive/ash pollen, house dust mites), specific IgE did not show marked diff

279 rse, (2) timothy grass/birch, (3) molds, (4) house dust mites, (5) peanut/wheat flour/mugwort, (6) pe

280 and allergic airway inflammation induced by house dust mites, pulmonary function and cytokine profil

281 irected against staple food antigens but not house dust mites.

282 eatment for local allergic rhinitis (LAR) to house dust mites.

283 volved include seasonal or perennial such as house dusts mites, pollens, animal epithelia, moulds (al

284 This compound was efficacious in both a house dust mouse model of allergic lung inflammation (40

285 Other microbial components in house dust not affected by personal hygiene are likely t

286 The adipogenic activity in house dust occurred at concentrations below EPA estimate

287 It has been detected in house dust of several European countries according to re

288 esults suggest that many SVOCs ubiquitous in house dust, or their metabolites, are possible PPARgamma

289 mutations, for each ln unit increase in the house dust peanut protein level, there was a more than 6

290 al, and residential use exposure pathways to house dust pesticide concentrations: meta-regression of

291 els, that exposure of mice to dog-associated house dust protects against ovalbumin or cockroach aller

292 It was also found in 9 of 17 house dust samples in the range of 160-22150 ng g(-1), w

293 House dust samples were subjected to an oxygenated, high

294 nd Technology (NIST) organic contaminants in house dust standard reference material (SRM).

295 lytes were also detected and quantified in a house dust standard reference material, SRM 2585, demons

296 ecently reported ubiquity in electronics and house dust, there are increasing concerns about human ex

297 sh, whereas median endotoxin levels in Amish house dust was 6.8 times as high.

298 e abundance of a number of bacterial taxa in house dust was associated with increased or decreased as

299 Cry j 2 contained in house dust was detected in a spike test.

300 al community structure and concentrations in house dust were determined by using next-generation DNA