ライフサイエンスコーパス: hydrophobicity

1 : a controversial phenomenon known as "polar hydrophobicity".

2 perties of the membrane (e.g., pore size and hydrophobicity).

3 ce area, intrinsic nTiO2 surface charge, and hydrophobicity.

4 r particle sizes, zeta potential and surface hydrophobicity.

5 water absorption capacity and lowest surface hydrophobicity.

6 physiological environment caused by its high hydrophobicity.

7 lue and then decreased with increasing probe hydrophobicity.

8 in growth rate, aerial hyphae formation and hydrophobicity.

9 ted metal meshes, while also maintaining its hydrophobicity.

10 t enzymatic cross-linking increased proteins hydrophobicity.

11 istics such as ionic strength, loading rate, hydrophobicity.

12 cholesterol and exhibited high cell surface hydrophobicity.

13 ttribute of macromolecular crowders is their hydrophobicity.

14 solute-water adhesion, and therefore solute hydrophobicity.

15 as a sensitive indicator of protein surface hydrophobicity.

16 of uptake increased with increasing molecule hydrophobicity.

17 r pockets within the fibers lend an apparent hydrophobicity.

18 A showed a general positive correlation with hydrophobicity.

19 22 day(-1) and decreased with an increase in hydrophobicity.

20 s, which result in changes in the molecule's hydrophobicity.

21 he space spanned by crowder size and crowder hydrophobicity.

22 g media, which was modulated by the hydrogel hydrophobicity.

23 n reduced aggregation despite having greater hydrophobicity.

24 ly available measure of nanoparticle surface hydrophobicity.

25 perfluoroalkyl groups, which have remarkable hydrophobicity.

26 rate, binding affinity, epitope binding, and hydrophobicity.

27 ing due to their inherent properties such as hydrophobicity.

28 native tetramer, which have enhanced surface hydrophobicity.

29 ng that outer membrane lipids govern overall hydrophobicity.

30 shift, and (iii) a marked Ca(2+)-independent hydrophobicity.

31 intramolecular interactions, mainly through hydrophobicity.

32 e of the mAb presumably due to the increased hydrophobicity.

33 n protein hydrolysates showed higher surface hydrophobicity.

34 ared using PVP and TE-HCL displayed enhanced hydrophobicity.

35 ich display different degrees of interfacial hydrophobicity.

36 We hypothesized that increased hydrophobicity allowed interactions with amphiphilic mem

37 Instead, mutations in vMIA that change its hydrophobicity alter its trafficking to mitochondria.

38 rent conformations and had different surface hydrophobicities and different tendency to dimerize.

39 verage for analytes bearing a broad range of hydrophobicities and molecular weights and of varied che

40 rolled by employing counterions with various hydrophobicities and structures, resulting in release ha

41 tion, which was facilitated by an increasing hydrophobicity and a decreasing surface zeta potential a

42 Surface hydrophobicity and accessible thiol groups remained near

43 We observed a shift in antimicrobial peptide hydrophobicity and activity between control and burn pat

44 tential for applications due to the inherent hydrophobicity and aromaticity of the Fmoc moiety which

45 Although the effects of hydrophobicity and cationic charge of soluble molecules

46 ve outer cell membrane, is hampered by their hydrophobicity and cationic charge, the very properties

47 ALA conformation allowed for greater surface hydrophobicity and caused changes in its surface charge.

48 These stimuli affect the hydrophobicity and chain conformation of the star block

49 n among non-polymeric beads, whereas surface hydrophobicity and contact forces explain kinetic variat

50 s which have mainly been attributed to their hydrophobicity and crystallinity.

51 oration were inversely proportional to their hydrophobicity and dependent on the isomeric configurati

52 the WPI, resulting in an increase in surface hydrophobicity and exposure of the thiol groups.

53 teins due to instability attributed to their hydrophobicity and failure to be inserted into viral mem

54 se proteins had surface aberrations, reduced hydrophobicity and germinated faster than wild-type spor

55 13 volatile compounds tested based on their hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity molecules as well as t

56 ced graphene (LIG), specifically to tune the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the LIG surfaces.

57 To overcome inherent hydrophobicity and improve their biocompatibility, prist

58 ning (Kow) is considered a key parameter for hydrophobicity and is often applied in the prediction of

59 rotein variants that differ in their overall hydrophobicity and length and show a recovery for suitab

60 is one of the most widely used predictors of hydrophobicity and lipophilicity.

61 r, in addition to the inherent challenges of hydrophobicity and low abundance, complete membrane prot

62 This paper reports combined hydrophobicity and mechanical durability through the nan

63 he nanoengineered surfaces with the combined hydrophobicity and mechanical durability, and reveals th

64 ne-based polymeric micelles, exhibiting weak hydrophobicity and medium hydrogen bond acidity and basi

65 ar systems are characterized by their strong hydrophobicity and medium hydrogen bond acidity and basi

66 We found the drug's hydrophobicity and miscibility with the nanoparticles ar

67 omplete denaturation, an increase of surface hydrophobicity and of viscosity.

68 ising as a parameter to study the effects of hydrophobicity and other potential interactions on sorpt

69 tions, such as boat hulls, that benefit from hydrophobicity and require mechanical durability.

70 block enabled us to systematically tune the hydrophobicity and stability of the assembled micelles.

71 ur study elucidates at atomic level that the hydrophobicity and substitution geometry of lipophilic g

72 These processes were affected by the hydrophobicity and surface charge of the particles.

73 ions on the protein surface tend to increase hydrophobicity and that the individual tools favor this

74 ificantly increased the survival and surface hydrophobicity and the ability of L. casei to adhere to

75 pathy scales for characterizing biomolecular hydrophobicity and the associated driving forces of asse

76 promote ice nucleation as a function of the hydrophobicity and the morphology of the surface.

77 By quantifying contributions from both hydrophobicity and the positive-inside rule we further f

78 d quantified the insertion contribution from hydrophobicity and the positive-inside rule.

79 potency strongly correlated with both their hydrophobicity and their effects on certain ion channels

80 ence on (i) net charge density, (ii) surface hydrophobicity, and (iii) the electric dipole moment.

81 y morphology, sliding motility, cell surface hydrophobicity, and cell wall permeability.

82 s usually associated with helical structure, hydrophobicity, and charge density.

83 tiple parameters, including internalization, hydrophobicity, and chemical modification.

84 including high Ala/Gly content, intermediate hydrophobicity, and few charged residues.

85 says including cell uptake, internalization, hydrophobicity, and in vivo imaging using PET.

86 are very different in size, number of rings, hydrophobicity, and molecular complexity.

87 lity of properties like effective pore size, hydrophobicity, and organophilicity.

88 PA due to its lower surface roughness, lower hydrophobicity, and significant antimicrobial properties

89 e, motility, biofilm formation, cell surface hydrophobicity, and sodium deoxycholate sensitivity.

90 achieve specific properties, such as color, hydrophobicity, antimicrobial, or UV protection, using c

91 Results show that low levels of crowder hydrophobicity are capable of increasing the fibrillatio

92 Therefore, the change of the surface hydrophobicity around residue 89 results in a difference

93 ilayers, despite both solutes having similar hydrophobicities as inferred from their log(P) values.

94 rise from the charge reduction and increased hydrophobicity associated with adding acetyl groups, whi

95 ethane, ethane, krypton, and xenon) to study hydrophobicity at the most fundamental level.

96 However, characterizing hydrophobicity at the nanoscale has remained a challenge

97 s, which permitted us to develop and train a hydrophobicity-based artificial neural network (ANN-Hydr

98 azole which modulates the chemisorptions and hydrophobicity being designated as SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4, S

99 60-65 mug/mL), molecules with more confined hydrophobicity between two centers show similar antibact

100 Killed mycobacteria maintained differential hydrophobicity but defatted cells were similar, indicati

101 ion behavior of ionic surfactants related to hydrophobicity, but also other interactions are relevant

102 on translocation are probably determined by hydrophobicity, but the fine tuning appears to arise fro

103 mbers of congeners in the diets, or congener hydrophobicity, but was greater in foods with higher lip

104 lded proteins are moderately correlated with hydrophobicity, but when free energies of vapor-to-cyclo

105 alidated aggregating regions are enriched in hydrophobicity by 10-20%.

106 CSE exposure increased hydrophobicity by 55% (P < 0.0001), which complemented f

107 important pharmacokinetic properties such as hydrophobicity by high-throughput screening (HTS) method

108 illation lag time and high levels of crowder hydrophobicity can fully prevent the formation of fibril

109 etween the morphology of the surface and its hydrophobicity can significantly alter the ice nucleatio

110 fects in colony pigmentation, hyphal surface hydrophobicity, cell wall integrity, autophagy, endocyto

111 Conformational and hydrophobicity changes in the MeC-p53 exon 7 fragment re

112 ine residues in SOD1 with groups of variable hydrophobicity, charge, and conformational entropy.

113 ness, flexibility, energy absorbing ability, hydrophobicity, conductivity, piezoresistive sensitivity

114 ility-derived KPDMSw increased linearly with hydrophobicity, consistent with trends previously report

115 tments showed an initial increase in surface hydrophobicity, contrasting with the consistent decrease

116 f the carbon chain, number of conformers and hydrophobicity contributed to a lesser extent to the mod

117 s acting as sorption-active sites with super hydrophobicity could give an alternative route for mass

118 nsions, chemical composition (hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity), crystal size and orientation, thus enab

119 ding NPs, leading to the control of NP size, hydrophobicity, degradation rate, redox response, and se

120 at RAGE ligands bind by distinct charge- and hydrophobicity-dependent mechanisms.

121 results demonstrated a chemical-specific and hydrophobicity-dependent temperature effect, being indep

122 t showed a significant difference in surface hydrophobicity depending on extraction procedure.

123 Specifically, the hydrophobicity derives from nanoscale features of mechan

124 is of E2 based on a Wimley-White interfacial hydrophobicity distribution predicted the involvement of

125 uld be made because of ease of synthesis and hydrophobicity driven potency effects.

126 ns determine protein topology and structure: hydrophobicity drives the insertion of helical segments

127 We show that an increase in apparent hydrophobicity due to fluorination is mediated by larger

128 y improved by mdDiLeu labeling with modified hydrophobicity, enhanced ionization efficiency, and pico

129 sidue-based and atomic-level descriptions of hydrophobicity for five residues, while the remaining re

130 rat cranial defect as a function of hydrogel hydrophobicity from either the copolymerization of a hyd

131 Compared to the molecules with more pendent hydrophobicity from positive centers (MIC = 1-4 mug/mL a

132 (-1)) on the conformational changes (surface hydrophobicity, FTIR, SDS-PAGE and thiol content) of glu

133 fically synthesized to cover a wide range of hydrophobicities (grand average hydropathy (GRAVY) score

134 ophobicity in an approximate order of size > hydrophobicity >/= morphology.

135 zeta potential (zeta), conductivity, surface hydrophobicity (H0), protein solubility (PS)) and emulsi

136 es are flexible, and the resulting effect on hydrophobicity has been largely ignored.

137 This hydrophobicity has hindered the determination of the mol

138 an Wnt proteins and 10 FZD receptors and Wnt hydrophobicity have made it difficult to attribute these

139 from Serp-1 and NSP with suitable charge and hydrophobicity have the potential to extend immunomodula

140 How hydrophobicity (HY) drives protein folding is studied.

141 ded or supported graphene, regardless of the hydrophobicity (hydrophilicity) of the substrate.

142 acids, such as gluconic acid, we changed the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity around the active sites an

143 The first, which we now call the hydrophobicity hypothesis, is that peptide translocation

144 esis, whereas none showed agreement with the hydrophobicity hypothesis.

145 nd throughout the bulk due to the pronounced hydrophobicity imparted by the high roughness of a hydro

146 nesthetic potency for n-alcohols better than hydrophobicity in a range of contexts, supporting a mech

147 sport was influenced by size, morphology and hydrophobicity in an approximate order of size > hydroph

148 owledge on the roles of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobicity in proteins have resulted in the creation

149 Introducing additional hydrophobicity in the Cp*-moiety of the Ir-catalyst prov

150 Finally, the current findings suggest that hydrophobicity in the DNA/RNA surroundings facilitates t

151 organic compounds in the low- to midrange of hydrophobicity, in situ passive sampling of strongly hyd

152 on esters' pelleted surface increased as the hydrophobicity increased.

153 icroenvironment, as the probe or antioxidant hydrophobicity increases.

154 t increased the random coil content, surface hydrophobicity index (Ho), Guinier aggregation number (<

155 during a 15 min heating, but an increase in hydrophobicity indicated unfolding of the tertiary struc

156 the materials could be reused with a stable hydrophobicity, indicating a strong potential for indust

157 s of the supramolecular "pi-pi" stacking and hydrophobicity interaction between SN-38, and a unique c

158 refore posit that modulating the active site hydrophobicity is a key element in facilitating the evol

159 The hydrophobicity is characterized by computing the contact

160 Generally, hydrophobicity is enhanced through the combined effects

161 In deionized water, we observed that hydrophobicity is superior to diffusivity (D(W)) for pre

162 esult of its lower MW (366 Da) and favorable hydrophobicity (log P = 1.5).

163 and the ESI response, while correlation with hydrophobicity (log P values), pKa, and the inverse calc

164 cal inertness, low nucleophilicity, and high hydrophobicity, making them attractive for several appli

165 d by 12 different beads with a wide range of hydrophobicity, mass, stiffness, and topology but identi

166 H-III and FBSH-IV showed the highest surface hydrophobicity measured by 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfon

167 n by hot temperature, suggesting that strong hydrophobicity might be specifically required for temper

168 system containing analytes bearing different hydrophobicities, molecular weights, and chemical functi

169 vincristine and doxorubicin, with a focus on hydrophobicity (non-ionic surfactant) and charge (pH and

170 nanometre-scale chemical heterogeneity, with hydrophobicity not an intrinsic property of any given no

171 The hydrophobicities of most amino acids were found to incre

172 xamined by scanning emission microscopy, and hydrophobicities of plant surfaces were monitored throug

173 The hydrophobicities of the 20 common amino acids are reflec

174 we examined the effect of temperature on the hydrophobicities of the amino acids as measured by the e

175 Crystal structures show that the hydrophobicity of 2 and interactions of its side chains

176 s show that a charged amino acid reduces the hydrophobicity of a large nonpolar patch when placed at

177 The hydrophobicity of a monoclonal antibody is an important

178 We found that strong decreases in hydrophobicity of amino acids are better tolerated for a

179 Here we found that the interfacial hydrophobicity of amino acids at positions 6 and 7 of th

180 We then applied both to super-resolve the hydrophobicity of amyloid aggregates implicated in neuro

181 an assay that is often used to quantify the hydrophobicity of an antibody to assess downstream risks

182 The hydrophobicity of AZD2811 was increased through formatio

183 ions across the membrane, revealing that the hydrophobicity of biological membranes is significantly

184 ecule simultaneously enabling mapping of the hydrophobicity of biological structures.

185 The differences in hydrophobicity of CH2 and CF2 units in water and liquid

186 tal and theoretical studies suggest that the hydrophobicity of chemically heterogeneous surfaces may

187 In particular, we characterize the hydrophobicity of curved graphene sheets, self-assembled

188 the silanol defects with organosilanes, the hydrophobicity of defective zeolite is increased and the

189 base, we show that the anticodon encodes the hydrophobicity of each amino acid side-chain as represen

190 Reverse phase HPLC show higher hydrophobicity of fluorinated PNA oligomers, dependent o

191 bon compounds, thus explaining the prevalent hydrophobicity of fluorocarbons.

192 ten solubility in urea and decreased surface hydrophobicity of glutenins, but not gliadins.

193 lates equally with fission regardless of the hydrophobicity of insertions.

194 We varied pH of the eluent and hydrophobicity of ion-pairing modifier to achieve good s

195 Exactly the recalcitrance and hydrophobicity of lignin put a burden on the industrial

196 chloride leads to improving sensitivity and hydrophobicity of MEL.

197 Specifically, hydroxyl groups reduce the hydrophobicity of methyl-terminated SAMs most effectivel

198 e a dielectric layer such as HfO2 due to the hydrophobicity of MoS2.

199 We explore the effect of fluorine doping on hydrophobicity of nanoporous silicon carbide-derived car

200 ctuations-based measures to characterize the hydrophobicity of nanoscale surfaces and caution against

201 dium, due to its abundance and low cost, the hydrophobicity of platelet surfaces has prohibited its w

202 xceptional water stability attributed to the hydrophobicity of polymer ligands as well as the cross-l

203 Palmitoylation enhances the hydrophobicity of proteins, contributes to their membran

204 ce was obtained from the increase in surface hydrophobicity of proteins, revealing the presence of un

205 uction mechanism are hindered by the extreme hydrophobicity of Q10, and they have so far relied on na

206 We have found that the hydrophobicity of residue 69 is important for Env proces

207 Whereas decreased hydrophobicity of residues 61 and 63 in the hMD-2 bindin

208 hexadecane-aqueous buffer partitioning, the hydrophobicity of rough morphology M. tuberculosis and M

209 Hydrophobicity of TCR contact residues is a hallmark of

210 A higher hydrophobicity of the adsorbing material translates in a

211 ationally designed to optimize the shape and hydrophobicity of the antibody binding pocket.

212 Addition of fuel causes an increase in hydrophobicity of the building blocks by actively removi

213 The surface hydrophobicity of the composite films, as measured by wa

214 f isotope fractionation is determined by (1) hydrophobicity of the degraded compound, (2) properties

215 tals to [2.2]para-cyclophanes as well as the hydrophobicity of the films.

216 The surface hydrophobicity of the gelatin solutions decreased when t

217 detected a positive correlation between the hydrophobicity of the h-region and the translocation eff

218 ngly, all suppressor mutations increased the hydrophobicity of the h-region.

219 Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of the ligand influences the transition b

220 Interestingly, the hydrophobicity of the mAbs, which followed the order of

221 mber of exchange groups, and aromaticity and hydrophobicity of the nonpolar moiety (NPM) of the anion

222 e incoming dNTP is controlled by the overall hydrophobicity of the nucleobase.

223 s containing Abeta42, which can increase the hydrophobicity of the oligomers and thus promote deleter

224 Sequence coverages were dependent on the hydrophobicity of the OSX polymer support and varied by

225 ting dissolution from the MNs, the intrinsic hydrophobicity of the peptide and the species of skin mo

226 While the initial hydrophobicity of the polymers contributes to their cons

227 set of nDNA genes, accounted for by the high hydrophobicity of the proteins coded by the mtDNA.

228 The thickness, length and hydrophobicity of the sponge shunt were sequentially opt

229 se altered orientations is attributed to the hydrophobicity of the substrate binding pocket and the p

230 This behavior was attributed to the enhanced hydrophobicity of the surface acquired by cholesterol bi

231 ther modified with 1-hexanethiol to optimize hydrophobicity of the surface to allow for redox measure

232 stly diminishes Pot1 binding suggesting that hydrophobicity of the T-methyl group likely plays a mino

233 c to Tat pathway requires the relatively low hydrophobicity of the Tat-dependent transmembrane domain

234 The hydrophobicity of the transferred PDMS patterns was prec

235 er types of mutations, tends to increase the hydrophobicity of the underlying amino acids, and may co

236 city, which was positively correlated to the hydrophobicity of the volatile.

237 potentials with Q and with the identity and hydrophobicity of the weak axial ligand, respectively.

238 s (29% identity) and differences in size and hydrophobicity of their substrates, the conformational c

239 cholesterol regulation was dependent on the hydrophobicity of this region.

240 to misfolding and aggregation because of the hydrophobicity of transmembrane helices, making them dif

241 detect with mass spectrometry because of the hydrophobicity of tryptic cleavage peptides on the one h

242 sible free sulfhydryl groups and the surface hydrophobicity of unfolded globular proteins were the ma

243 We evaluated the contribution of the hydrophobicity of W69 to conformational changes of Env b

244 tional theory simulations reveal that "polar hydrophobicity" of the fully fluorinated surfaces is cau

245 Moreover, the side chain size, but not the hydrophobicity, of the amino acid at position 65 determi

246 roperty of a solvent (e.g., melting point or hydrophobicity) often involves simply altering the count

247 The influences of particle-binding and hydrophobicity on the aquatic fate of PCBs and PBDEs was

248 understand the influence of reaction system hydrophobicity on the optimum conditions using immobilis

249 ll-defined parameter and it is orthogonal to hydrophobicity on which reversed-phase chromatography is

250 y N-glycans were preconcentrated as based on hydrophobicity or charge.

251 and rigid and do not confirm the increase in hydrophobicity or difference in drug-likeness.

252 lity of GQDs in common solvents depending on hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity can be controlled by ch

253 of degradation rate, while N-end amino acid, hydrophobicity, or aggregation propensity of proteins we

254 solution temperature and thus, the hydrogel hydrophobicity, over time.

255 ted with risk induces changes in superficial hydrophobicity patterns of the coiled-coil domain of EVI

256 ic action is also related to an anesthetic's hydrophobicity, permanent dipole, and polarizability, an

257 Hydrophobicity plays an important role in numerous physi

258 on) dramatically increases with the ligand's hydrophobicity, pointing to the existence of a prebindin

259 owever it was observed a decrease in surface hydrophobicity possibly due to a deterioration of hydrop

260 Their high hydrophobicity predisposes them to signal-amyloid intera

261 -gelling hydrogels with hydrolysis-dependent hydrophobicity presents an exciting property for their u

262 the isoacyl peptide approach to address the hydrophobicity problems.

263 th varying surface texture and self-cleaning hydrophobicity properties.

264 that even IDPs with low net charge and high hydrophobicity remain highly expanded in water, contrary

265 membrane proteins, we found that the strict hydrophobicity requirement applies to the N(out)-C(in) H

266 n the denaturation degree and on the surface hydrophobicity, respectively studied by differential sca

267 PCE) = 0.13 L g(-1)), as well as in envelope hydrophobicity (S. multivorans 33.0 degrees to 72.2 degr

268 ISM combined with a robust, high performance hydrophobicity scale can provide new insights for unders

269 e introduce a simple binary but atomic-level hydrophobicity scale that allows for the classification

270 we reported a whole protein water-to-bilayer hydrophobicity scale using the transmembrane beta-barrel

271 Although the two hydrophobicity scales are strongly linearly correlated,

272 Many amino acid residue hydrophobicity scales have been created in an effort to

273 nt agreement with the experimentally derived hydrophobicity scales.

274 cial and biological transmembrane amino acid hydrophobicity scales.

275 In particular, at high levels of hydrophobicity, simulations with 5 A crowders result in

276 properties of individual amino acids (e.g., hydrophobicity, size, and shape).

277 This study investigated how hydrophobicity, solubility and the concentration of flav

278 copic properties (water vapour permeability, hydrophobicity, sorption isotherms) and optical properti

279 conditions were determined by characterizing hydrophobicity, spreading patterns, and flow behavior on

280 Surface hydrophobicity, sulfhydryl status, secondary structure p

281 ties included the sorbent hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, surface pKa of the sorbent, and chemical

282 xation was dependent on the flavour compound hydrophobicity, the flavour concentration in a dose-depe

283 and nature of beta-sheet content and exposed hydrophobicity, they all possess a hollow cylindrical ar

284 ships in which PR characteristics, including hydrophobicity, threading efficiency and surface charge,

285 del relating variable region (Fv) charge and hydrophobicity to cyno nonspecific clearance was develop

286 hanical stability of the GPE and (ii) strong hydrophobicity to minimize leaching of the RTIL.

287 Another engineered alphaS variant added hydrophobicity to the hydrophobic half of alphaS helices

288 rties (i.e. polymorphism, conformability and hydrophobicity) to design a water-based protein suspensi

289 that were used in the classification tasks, hydrophobicity was found to contribute substantially to

290 Hydrophobicity was maintained even after water immersion

291 Hydrophobicity was often the dominant driver for HTS act

292 Porphyrins of different hydrophobicities were employed as model drugs and encaps

293 Fabrics with known hydrophobicity were additionally tested to examine the s

294 NCs films showed a higher hydrophobicity when compared to that of film control.

295 bited strong positive correlation of AA with hydrophobicity whereas charged FAA showed negative or no

296 w that accelerated clearance arises from ADC hydrophobicity, which can be modulated through drug-link

297 that the short branch increases the overall hydrophobicity while keeping the length of the apolar do

298 The Young's modulus (1.47 MPa) and hydrophobicity (with a sessile drop contact angle of 40.

299 st linear chain of the IL, due to increasing hydrophobicity, with the long-chain phosphonium ILs bein

300 milar range and is correlated with substrate hydrophobicity within the tetrahedral substrate series.