ライフサイエンスコーパス: hydrothermal

1 e exposed to dry (100 degrees C, 12 min) and hydrothermal (95 degrees C, 5 min, 5-20 l/h water) heat

2 Pacific Rise that show evidence of enhanced hydrothermal activity during the last two glacial termin

3 by climate but, instead, linked strongly to hydrothermal activity in the basin.

4 This major hydrothermal activity that permanently stratifies Lake K

5 sediments that are characterized by diffuse hydrothermal activity, high CO2, As emissions and chemic

6 nder vehicle simulated conditions even after hydrothermal aging at 900 degrees C, a critical temperat

7 from vermiform phyllosilicate grains during hydrothermal alteration events.

8 The hydrothermal alteration of mantle rocks (referred to as

9 Although K is known to be mobile during hydrothermal alteration, there have not yet been any K-i

10 ffects arise in oceanic crust as a result of hydrothermal alteration.

11 rovskites have been studied for decades, and hydrothermal and (non-aqueous) solvothermal syntheses ha

12 f open metal sites combined with exceptional hydrothermal and chemical stabilities, yielded notable g

13 In particular, hydrothermal and low temperature solution precipitation

14 n its major economic deposits from magmatic, hydrothermal, and metamorphic settings.

15 We show that, upon mild surface oxidation, hydrothermal annealing and electrochemical activation, m

16 FIOMNs was successfully synthesized through hydrothermal approach and characterized by atomic force

17 It is synthesized by a modified hydrothermal approach and subsequent oriented freeze-cas

18 A simple, low-cost hydrothermal approach is used to synthesize polycrystall

19 e combination of sonochemical, microwave and hydrothermal approach.

20 In situ hydrothermal-based productivity combined with sinking ph

21 that the outer surface of HAp material after hydrothermal biomineralization for 5 days has considerab

22 ow mesoporous bio-hydrochar microspheres via hydrothermal carbonization method.

23 Hydrothermal carbonization of animal manures from large

24 rbon spheres and carbon monoliths, including hydrothermal carbonization, emulsion templating, ice tem

25 d on templating, self-assembly, emulsion and hydrothermal carbonization, with special emphasis on the

26 ycle, increase with distance from the active hydrothermal centres and decrease with sediment depth.

27 ezophilic bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal chimney.

28 Most seafloor hydrothermal circulation occurs far from the magmatic in

29 three-dimensional simulations of ridge-flank hydrothermal circulation, flowing between and through se

30 either shallower on-axis or deeper off-axis hydrothermal circulation.

31 e been caused by an interaction of aging and hydrothermal CO2 influx.

32 ent coffinite samples were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and purified from a mixture of p

33 Triclosan (TCS) was treated under hydrothermal conditions at 240 degrees C for 4 h, either

34 Hydrothermal conditions control the stability of mineral

35 These extreme hydrothermal conditions result from rapid fault movement

36 e reaction of (249)Bk(OH)4 with iodate under hydrothermal conditions results in the formation of Bk(I

37 ged the reactivity of the TCS molecule under hydrothermal conditions significantly.

38 ination process with hydrochloric acid under hydrothermal conditions, and the resultant zeolites used

39 Under hydrothermal conditions, the benzyl radicals undergo hyd

40 ures of higher framework density (MFI) under hydrothermal conditions.

41 Hydrothermal conversion of dissolved TCS led to formatio

42 New hydrothermal crystal growth technique enabled isolation

43 The basement is a calc-silicate rock housing hydrothermal decarbonation reactions, which provide lime

44 For all obtained oils minimal degree of hydrothermal degradation could be identified.

45 Degree of hydrothermal degradation of oils was observed by analysi

46 es and phenolics and some single products of hydrothermal degradation.

47 100 degrees C, producing various products of hydrothermal degradation.

48 The relatively well-preserved seafloor hydrothermal deposits in Eridania are contemporaneous wi

49 lly, changes in the size partitioning of the hydrothermal dFe between soluble (<0.02 microm) and coll

50 ed on our observations, we estimate a global hydrothermal dissolved iron input of three to four gigam

51 studies which suggest that stabilization of hydrothermal dissolved iron may facilitate its long-rang

52 model suggest that the observed transport of hydrothermal dissolved iron requires some means of physi

53 (EPZT) that demonstrate lateral transport of hydrothermal dissolved iron, manganese, and aluminium fr

54 ish and bryozoans, connectivity effects, and hydrothermal drivers.

55 e largest arsenic-CO2-rich shallow submarine hydrothermal ecosystem on Earth.

56 ver, the virosphere associated with deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems remains largely unexplored.

57 vidence for biological activity in submarine-hydrothermal environments more than 3,770 million years

58 low-temperature precipitation in aqueous and hydrothermal environments.

59 o solar brightening, alongside a decrease in hydrothermal exchange between seawater and the ocean cru

60 rein, we prepared the most stable 1T-MoS2 by hydrothermal exfoliation of MoS2 nanosheets vertically r

61 , we developed a novel compressional-puffing-hydrothermal extraction (CPHE) process which primarily d

62 marine dissolved Fe (dFe) inventory because hydrothermal Fe was believed to precipitate quantitative

63 s in the natural environment at the Von Damm hydrothermal field and delineate spatially where inorgan

64 ifferent venting areas within the Menez Gwen hydrothermal field, taken along mixing gradients, includ

65 n carbonate chimneys at the active Lost City hydrothermal field.

66 stage on early Earth, precipitation produced hydrothermal fields characterized by small aqueous pools

67 Hydrothermal flow at oceanic spreading centres accounts

68 reliant on locating isolated active areas of hydrothermal flow in order to settle and survive as chem

69 g of oxidized seawater and strongly reducing hydrothermal fluid at moderate temperatures created cond

70 The results suggest that modern hydrothermal fluids are not typical due to low Ca and Sr

71 rmophila strain EPR85, isolated from diffuse hydrothermal fluids at the East Pacific Rise, is present

72 d from the eruptive products by meteoric and hydrothermal fluids becomes concentrated in clays within

73 for the first time its abundance in diverse hydrothermal fluids emanating from ultramafic, mafic, an

74 ularly during the Cretaceous and Ordovician, hydrothermal fluids had more seawater-derived Sr and Ca,

75 together with the ratios of high-temperature hydrothermal fluids to calculate the sulphur flux of 100

76 Hydrothermal fluids vent from a 3-m high, 1-m diameter c

77 Subseafloor mixing of reduced hydrothermal fluids with seawater is believed to provide

78 Evaluation of volcanic and hydrothermal fluxes to the surface environments is impor

79 a continuous 1-L reactor including catalytic hydrothermal gasification of the aqueous phase, and cata

80 The biosensors were designed by selective hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures onto the worki

81 Hydrothermal heat treatment makes wheat flours suitable

82 Dry and hydrothermal heat treatments are efficient for modifying

83 By hydrothermal heating of milk, we produced monodispersed,

84 We conclude that hydrothermal heating of young rift sediments alter deep-

85 and its presence in organisms which inhabit hydrothermal (HT) environments has also led to suggestio

86 p chemically distinct sediments with varying hydrothermal influence.

87 t likely reflect the historical variation in hydrothermal inputs.

88 ld represent an important mode of converting hydrothermal iron into bioavailable forms that can be di

89 the United States from Chlorella biomass by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL).

90 rsion pathways: (1) "fuel only (HTL)", using hydrothermal liquefaction to produce biocrude, heat and

91 lysis, combustion, wet lipid extraction, and hydrothermal liquefaction).

92 of cultivation, biocrude production through hydrothermal liquefaction, and nutrient recycling in a l

93 ke MoS2 nanosheets were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method and characterized using different to

94 terial was synthesized from jute by a facile hydrothermal method and its electrochemical performance

95 aspect ratio were synthesized by a two-step hydrothermal method and the permittivity and energy stor

96 tin oxide nanocrystals prepared by a facile hydrothermal method are evaluated as electrocatalysts to

97 f well-prepared RuO2 .xH2 O by a vapor-phase hydrothermal method as the active material.

98 ide prepared using facile and cost effective hydrothermal method as the oxygen electrode for the Li-O

99 Here we report a simple, one-pot, hydrothermal method for fabricating Co3O4/carbon/substra

100 dy, NaX nanozeolite is synthesized using the hydrothermal method from natural silica source of stem s

101 tures (CAO-NSs) were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method in alkaline phase at low temperature

102 25.6nm) were synthesized using the hydrothermal method in alkaline phase.

103 Zinc oxide nanowires generated by hydrothermal method present superior physical and chemic

104 red by an economic and eco-friendly one-step hydrothermal method using a series of Brassicaceae famil

105 O2 nanosheets were fabricated with a one-pot hydrothermal method using polycarbonate membrane as the

106 d in ZnS spheres which were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using Zn and S powders in concentrat

107 was successfully synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal method via single-step reaction.

108 In this study, a cheap and facile hydrothermal method was developed to synthesize polyviny

109 In this study microwave-assisted hydrothermal method was used to prepare highly luminesce

110 th tunable photocatalytic properties using a hydrothermal method with varying amounts of reductant, i

111 Au) hybrid was fabricated through an aqueous hydrothermal method, by doping Au-nanoparticle (AuNP) on

112 well-defined ceria shapes, synthesized by a hydrothermal method, expose different crystalline facets

113 unoassay, CuONRs, synthesized using a simple hydrothermal method, were deposited onto epoxy-activated

114 particles (Mn NPs), which were prepared by a hydrothermal method.

115 nanoparticles were synthesized in ethanol by hydrothermal method.

116 eter of ~20 nm and length in ~0.6 mum, using hydrothermal method.

117 emperatures up to ~40 K, by means of a novel hydrothermal method.

118 esized via a simple, cost and time efficient hydrothermal method.

119 d silicon substrate by simple and economical hydrothermal method.

120 synthesized via a facile single-step one-pot hydrothermal method.

121 O)Si4O12], by using a flux and supercritical hydrothermal method.

122 g a silica capillary column functioning as a hydrothermal microreactor.

123 Generally, the intensity of the effects of hydrothermal modifications followed the order: HMT>dual

124 Hydrothermal modifications slightly changed the morpholo

125 of native starch (C-type) did not change on hydrothermal modifications, but native and annealing (AN

126 Hydrothermal organic transformations under geochemically

127 Hydrothermal pattern and viscosity were monitored along

128 anscriptome of a population of SAR324 from a hydrothermal plume and surrounding waters in the deep Gu

129 e pHMOs we recovered from a hydrocarbon-rich hydrothermal plume suggests there are significant gaps i

130 ring transport and mixing) behaviour in this hydrothermal plume, implying a greater longevity in the

131 ghly expressed in the Guaymas Basin deep-sea hydrothermal plume.

132 s and metatranscriptomes of hydrocarbon-rich hydrothermal plumes in the Guaymas Basin (GB) and nearby

133 ediate surroundings and the buoyant parts of hydrothermal plumes.

134 mal convection-flows that naturally permeate hydrothermal pore networks-supplies a robust mechanism f

135 in numerical finite element calculations in hydrothermal pores for various initial concentrations, a

136 bination of thermophoresis and convection in hydrothermal pores leads to accumulation of formamide up

137 shown that a high degree of accumulation in hydrothermal pores occurs, so that temperature gradients

138 Unlike any other active vent field, hydrothermal precipitates at the VDVF comprise 85-90% by

139 The catalysts were prepared by a hydrothermal precipitation method that enabled catalyst

140 This paper reports the effects of hydrothermal pretreatment followed by enzyme hydrolysis

141 ase treated wheat bran has been subjected to hydrothermal pretreatment, saccharification and fermenta

142 turonan I dominant coating layers due to the hydrothermal pretreatment.

143 l structure are synthesized using a low-cost hydrothermal process and are shown to undergo laser refr

144 Here we report a hydrothermal process for synthesizing stable two-dimensi

145 P (V-LFP) was synthesized using a continuous hydrothermal process using supercritical water as a reag

146 One step hydrothermal process was used for uniform decoration of

147 ate films on TiO2-buffered glass by a facile hydrothermal process.

148 precursors i.e. carrot juice by the one-step hydrothermal process.

149 g Gd-organic precursor obtained via a facile hydrothermal process.

150 el tissues and whole wheat kernels following hydrothermal processing and simulated gastric and duoden

151 tigate how processing of grains into groats (hydrothermal processing to remove the husk) and sprouts

152 geothermal activity that quickly transports hydrothermal products from the ocean floor at a depth of

153 Based on the observation of natural hydrothermal pyrites, As(-I) is usually assigned to the

154 tion is prepared by a facile oxidation-based hydrothermal reaction method combined with post-annealin

155 this way, the radical and ionic thermal and hydrothermal reaction pathways can be studied separately

156 ent C-Dots were synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal reaction, with citric acid serving as the c

157 i(3+)/TiO2 crystals were grown by a one-step hydrothermal reaction.

158 ine anatase TiO2 nanorods through a one-step hydrothermal reaction.

159 ed as the primary intermediates for the pure hydrothermal reaction.

160 e was prepared by a simple and green one-pot hydrothermal reaction.

161 es are synthesized using a scalable two-step hydrothermal reaction.

162 ate ongoing high-temperature (>90 degrees C) hydrothermal reactions associated with global-scale geot

163 from Enceladus shows the presence of ongoing hydrothermal reactions in the interior.

164 plausible source of this hydrogen is ongoing hydrothermal reactions of rock containing reduced minera

165 degrees C and 40 bar, conditions that mimic hydrothermal reactions that are geochemically relevant.

166 We show that the presence of hydrothermal reactions would be consistent with NH3- and

167 precipitates that may have played a role in hydrothermal redox chemistry at the origin of life, and

168 d from meteoritic and indigenous igneous and hydrothermal reduced carbon.

169 An environmentally benign and efficient hydrothermal reduction method was applied for the prepar

170 Abiotic processes including hydrothermal reduction, photochemical reactions, or ligh

171 allow plumbing system comprising a fractured hydrothermal reservoir overlying a magmatic reservoir wi

172 )0.02/Yb(3+)0.04 nanorod bundles by a facile hydrothermal route has been introduced.

173 d flower-like molybdenum disulphide grown by hydrothermal route has been studied.

174 The modified hydrothermal route is described, and the conditions to o

175 action (HER) is fabricated by using a facile hydrothermal route.

176 This type of hydrothermal seafloor pool, containing highly concentrat

177 (amorphous SiO2.nH2O) in an ancient volcanic hydrothermal setting in Gusev crater.

178 likely formed in a deep water (500-1,500 m) hydrothermal setting.

179 ometabolism and microbial life in primordial hydrothermal settings.

180 Results are compared with hydrothermal sites worldwide to provide a global perspec

181 yst for lean NOx reduction, the insufficient hydrothermal stabilities of the zeolite structures consi

182 the chemical industry not only to alter its hydrothermal stability and acidity, but also to increase

183 ivity, but also exhibited exceptionally high hydrothermal stability at high temperatures.

184 The second part discusses the hydrothermal stability of zeolites and clarifies the pro

185 of their use in membrane reactors and their hydrothermal stability.

186 idation activity while providing outstanding hydrothermal stability.

187 A generalized hydrothermal strategy for fabricating three-dimensional

188 ompatible with an origin of life in volcanic-hydrothermal sub-seafloor flow ducts.

189 stead of OH(-)) as the mineralizing agent in hydrothermal syntheses increased encapsulation selectivi

190 Encapsulation into MFI via direct hydrothermal syntheses was unsuccessful because metal pr

191 rgical reactions (e.g., chalcogenide fluxes, hydrothermal syntheses, and in this case solid-state met

192 on 'dark' reactions--failed or unsuccessful hydrothermal syntheses--collected from archived laborato

193 ion of nHfO2 was achieved through controlled hydrothermal synthesis and investigated via nanoparticle

194 ning B-site Ru(IV) and Ir(IV) is prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and used as a catalyst layer for

195 When carrying out hydrothermal synthesis experiments using previously unte

196 led, monolithic reactors suitable for use in hydrothermal synthesis have been digitally designed and

197 on Ti foil, has been obtained by a two-step hydrothermal synthesis method.

198 In the present manuscript, a facile, one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of bismuth oxide (Bi2O2.33) nanos

199 The hydrothermal synthesis of the novel Na[LnSiO4] (Ln = Gd,

200 Low-temperature (200 degrees C) hydrothermal synthesis of the ruthenium oxides Ca1.5 Ru2

201 rol unit (MCU) was designed and applied in a hydrothermal synthesis process, which provides an easy w

202 This hydrothermal synthesis using the in-situ MCU provides an

203 ution-based routes, such as chimie douce and hydrothermal synthesis, but although the chemistry of th

204 h a nanolayered silicate intermediate during hydrothermal synthesis.

205 Here, a novel hydrothermal-synthesis strategy is presented to achieve

206 i-thermodynamic framework for predicting the hydrothermal synthetic accessibility of metastable mater

207 ably milder conditions than the conventional hydrothermal synthetic routes.

208 e subseafloor of a Cretaceous Lost City-type hydrothermal system at the magma-poor passive Iberia Mar

209 The hydrothermal system at Yellowstone National Park is famo

210 cess of temperature-pressure increase of the hydrothermal system controlling geophysical and geochemi

211 r hydrothermal vents and deeper in the magma-hydrothermal system is possible.

212 tion of magmatic fluids in the Campi Flegrei hydrothermal system.

213 source of organic production in unsedimented hydrothermal systems and may influence microbial metabol

214 cing the biogeochemistry in shallow CO2-rich hydrothermal systems and the importance of coupling high

215 ions among minerals and organic compounds in hydrothermal systems are critical components of the Eart

216 hange between seawater and oceanic basalt in hydrothermal systems at midocean ridges (MOR).

217 The model also has implications for MOR hydrothermal systems in the Precambrian, when low-seawat

218 comparable to the most powerful magma-driven hydrothermal systems known, and may represent a signific

219 Alkaline hydrothermal systems sustain natural proton gradients ac

220 at CH4 and higher hydrocarbons in ultramafic hydrothermal systems were dependent on H2 generation dur

221 ds, like those emanating from serpentinizing hydrothermal systems, create a favorable thermodynamic d

222 train sources and sinks of CH3SH in seafloor hydrothermal systems, we determined for the first time i

223 iciency of basaltic Ca and Sr to seawater in hydrothermal systems, which varies by a factor of approx

224 rt a controlled, seedless and site-selective hydrothermal technique to fabricate high-performance nan

225 structured NiCo2O4 were grown using a facile hydrothermal technique.

226 even impossible-to obtain using traditional hydrothermal techniques.

227 Thiols are also presumptive ligands for hydrothermal trace metals and potential fuels for associ

228 odulus of elasticity of the heat-treated and hydrothermal-treated samples decreased by 13.78% and 23.

229 heat-treated, impregnation/heat-treated and hydrothermal-treated samples were about 11.57%, 8.53% an

230 e heat-treated, impregnated/heat-treated and hydrothermal-treated samples were improved in comparison

231 heat-treated, impregnation/heat-treated, and hydrothermal-treated samples.

232 l stability of impregnation/heat-treated and hydrothermal-treated wood samples were measured in compa

233 Herein, hydrothermal treatment (HT) of PHA-containing sludge at

234 the biomineralized HAp substrate following a hydrothermal treatment and associated with a DNA molecul

235 imately 8 nm can be fabricated by subsequent hydrothermal treatment and calcination under nitrogen at

236 Hydrothermal treatment caused changes in the phenolic co

237 cation of an industrial process based on the hydrothermal treatment of 160 degrees C/60 min of alperu

238 ore with average size 3-4nm were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of histidine.

239 n of a novel industrial process based on the hydrothermal treatment of olive oil waste (alperujo) led

240 is of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) through the hydrothermal treatment of salep as a novel bio-polymeric

241 Dry heat (100 degrees C for 12min) and hydrothermal treatment processes (96 degrees C for 6min

242 l regeneration method for loaded AC based on hydrothermal treatment.

243 degrees C and -14.9mJ/mg, respectively, and hydrothermal treatments generally increased the gelatini

244 s derived from thermal (i.e., pyrolysis) and hydrothermal treatments of municipal sewage sludge using

245 The hydrothermal treatments resulted in samples with differe

246 In contrast, hydrothermal treatments resulted in the production of on

247 re we report an anion-selective CLR from the hydrothermal vent annelid worm Alvinella pompejana that

248 During coculture of a hydrothermal vent archaeon with a bacterial competitor,

249 te, Cu and Zn-containing pyrite, and iron in hydrothermal vent black smoker emissions.

250 matter, and thermogenic methane and CO2 from hydrothermal vent complexes.

251 tem, but the biogeography and ecology of its hydrothermal vent fauna are previously unknown.

252 cies of anomuran crab, Kiwa tyleri, occur at hydrothermal vent fields on the East Scotia Ridge.

253 pth near a newly discovered carbonate-hosted hydrothermal vent in the Gulf of California.

254 r and increases understanding of the role of hydrothermal vent microbial communities in deep ocean bi

255 rgy at depths ranging from 800 to 4,950 m in hydrothermal vent plumes and pelagic background seawater

256 se of filamentous microorganisms from modern hydrothermal vent precipitates and analogous microfossil

257 y through quantification of symbionts at two hydrothermal vent sites and symbiont evolution using fun

258 e stratigraphy to date the active phase of a hydrothermal vent system and find it to postdate massive

259 osynthetic ecosystem from the most southerly hydrothermal vent system known.

260 For deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworms (Vestimentifera, Siboglinida

261 s sedimentary rocks, interpreted as seafloor-hydrothermal vent-related precipitates, from the Nuvvuag

262 Hydrothermal venting along mid-ocean ridges exerts an im

263 lculate the relative contribution from dust, hydrothermal venting and reductive and non-reductive sed

264 ion on the African margin (1-4 per cent) and hydrothermal venting at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (2-6 per

265 ting that thermal hydrocarbon synthesis near hydrothermal vents and deeper in the magma-hydrothermal

266 r, and flux estimates from atmospheric dust, hydrothermal vents and oceanic sediments vary by orders

267 William Brazelton introduces deep sea hydrothermal vents and the unusual life forms they host.

268 Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are a significant source of oceanic i

269 Natural CO2 releases from shallow marine hydrothermal vents are assumed to mix into the water col

270 Hydrothermal vents are highly dynamic ecosystems and are

271 Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are highly dynamic habitats character

272 Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are patchily distributed ecosystems i

273 However, connectivity patterns among hydrothermal vents are still poorly understood because t

274 Warm fluids emanating from hydrothermal vents can be used as windows into the rocky

275 e vent source with sufficient magnitude that hydrothermal vents can have far-field effects on global

276 hermophilic microorganism that is found near hydrothermal vents deep under the sea, where the pressur

277 Many invertebrates at deep-sea hydrothermal vents depend upon bacterial symbionts for n

278 rge chemosynthetic mussels found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents descend from much smaller species ass

279 rous mineral formations near subsea alkaline hydrothermal vents embed microenvironments that make the

280 cano that hosts a network of low-temperature hydrothermal vents enriched in ferrous iron that support

281 Our data also indicate that hydrothermal vents in the North Atlantic are a source of

282 y be used by the species recently found near hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean.

283 hat most of the dissolved iron discharged by hydrothermal vents is lost from solution close to ridge-

284 Southern Ocean hydrothermal vents juxtapose two extremes - intense food

285 Hydrothermal vents represent a deep, hot, aphotic biosph

286 While on-site measurements near hydrothermal vents support this possibility, laboratory

287 environmental samples ranging from deep-sea hydrothermal vents to insect guts, providing a powerful

288 Until recently, hydrothermal vents were not considered to be an importan

289 l reactor to simulate conditions in alkaline hydrothermal vents, allowing investigation of the possib

290 stewaters, ore deposits, mining regions, and hydrothermal vents, as exemplified by the formation of n

291 including sulfate-methane transition zones, hydrothermal vents, coastal sediments, and deep-sea surf

292 olinae) are globally distributed at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, depend upon chemoautotrophic symbion

293 At deep-sea hydrothermal vents, microbial communities thrive across

294 ansport across protocell membranes in Hadean hydrothermal vents, we consider both theoretically and e

295 gales, an order well represented in deep-sea hydrothermal vents.

296 bitable environments may have been submarine-hydrothermal vents.

297 ose via thermodynamically directed events at hydrothermal vents.

298 e nanoscale tubes, brinicles, or chimneys at hydrothermal vents.

299 across geochemically different diffuse fluid hydrothermal vents.

300 ulations in the warm subseafloor of deep-sea hydrothermal vents.