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1 A mutations in HIV-1 plus-strand DNA (termed hypermutation).
2 d immunoglobulin class-switching and somatic hypermutation.
3 e DNA sequences were defective due to G-to-A hypermutation.
4 lar defense mechanism called APOBEC-mediated hypermutation.
5 ity of binding at such low levels of somatic hypermutation.
6 tential N-glycosylation sites during somatic hypermutation.
7 munoglobulin variable regions during somatic hypermutation.
8 ir use of D genes and propensity for somatic hypermutation.
9 pe coverage and strong signatures of somatic hypermutation.
10 iled to produce IgG1 and had reduced somatic hypermutation.
11 onally distinct and exhibit enhanced somatic hypermutation.
12 -A mutations and (to a lesser extent) G-to-A hypermutation.
13 ched antibodies and the frequency of somatic hypermutation.
14 onses, including class switching and somatic hypermutation.
15 long CDR H3, and limited subsequent somatic hypermutation.
16 nally expanded Vh7 revealed signs of somatic hypermutation.
17 agenesis, as in the case of in vitro somatic hypermutation.
18 class-switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation.
19 heavy chain gene class switching or somatic hypermutation.
20 93 cells, and matured using in vitro somatic hypermutation.
21 er-driving genes, especially those masked by hypermutation.
22 dergo class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation.
23 munoglobulin variable regions during somatic hypermutation.
24 fine-tuning of BCR specificities by somatic hypermutation.
25 ry strategies of bacteria include methods of hypermutation.
26 an generated by recombinatorial diversity or hypermutation.
27 cofactors could also be involved in APOBEC-3 hypermutation.
28 a direct role for DNA polymerase zeta in Ig hypermutation.
29 switch recombination and, possibly, somatic hypermutation.
30 ne cells, ABCs displayed significant somatic hypermutation.
31 larities in evolutionary dynamics leading to hypermutation.
32 rwent class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation.
33 G1 memory B cells without additional somatic hypermutation.
34 nd lower frequency and complexity of somatic hypermutation.
35 tiate class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation.
36 and T-bet, and exhibits evidence of somatic hypermutation.
37 ycosylation sites that emerge during somatic hypermutation.
38 lass-switch recombination (CSR), and somatic hypermutation.
39 ry B cells showed increased rates of somatic hypermutation.
40 ely diversified by somatic recombination and hypermutations.
41 nts and then diversified by numerous somatic hypermutations.
42 d IgG4 transcripts were analyzed for somatic hypermutations.
43 l N-glycosylation motifs acquired by somatic hypermutation (ac-Nglycs) within Ig H chain V region (IG
44 and thus time for clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, and acquisition of a
45 the germinal center, B cells undergo somatic hypermutation, affinity-based clonal expansion, and diff
46 activation markers and had undergone somatic hypermutation, albeit at levels lower than their CD27(+)
47 these clusters there was a range of somatic hypermutations along the IGHV germline segment-derived p
48 ght chain variable domains shaped by somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation of B cells in the
53 nal dose boosting increased antibody somatic hypermutation and avidity and sustained high protection
54 -69 polymorphism on V-segment usage, somatic hypermutation and B cell expansion that elucidates the d
55 the expression of AID and increased somatic hypermutation and chromosomal translocation frequency to
56 ion, e.g. APOBEC3G, or initiation of somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination (activation
57 own as AICDA) enzyme is required for somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination at the immu
59 nd initiates the events that lead to somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination of immunogl
60 n-dependent locus remodeling (global somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination to major is
61 esentation may have implications for somatic hypermutation and class switching during affinity matura
69 esults implicate APOBEC3B/A in breast cancer hypermutation and give insight into the mechanism of kat
70 itical in normal B cells to initiate somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class switch recombinat
77 k BCL2:IGH translocation enables AID-induced hypermutation and propagates clonal evolution toward mal
78 nd removing their self-reactivity by somatic hypermutation and selection in germinal centers (GCs).
80 of antibody maturation has been that somatic hypermutation and subsequent clonal selection increase a
81 tients have acquired lower number of somatic hypermutation and used focused IGHV repertoire with over
82 however, showed high frequencies of somatic hypermutations and increased usage of downstream IgG sub
84 the site of B cell clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, and affinity-based selection, the combina
85 variable region transcription before somatic hypermutation, and antibody heavy chain production, but
88 al centers (GC), underwent extensive somatic hypermutation, and differentiated into memory B cells.
89 y facilitating isotype switching and somatic hypermutation, and promoting the generation of memory ce
90 sing natural diversity introduced by somatic hypermutation, and screened half-antibodies for increase
92 ctions that support class switching, somatic hypermutation, and the generation of high-affinity Abs.
93 re oligoclonal and exhibit extensive somatic hypermutation, and their numbers decrease after rituxima
94 l repertoire, including kataegis and somatic hypermutation, and their relative contribution changes o
95 pproach to the detection of APOBEC3-mediated hypermutation, and use it to compare SFV sequences from
97 with oxidative DNA damage and local somatic hypermutation appeared to contribute to this signature i
99 e whether the extent of clonal expansion and hypermutation are regulated during interzonal GC cycles.
103 -induced cytidine deaminase-mediated somatic hypermutation, as shown by comprehensive analysis of enr
107 enerally exhibit very high levels of somatic hypermutation, both in their CDR and framework-variable
108 negative GC B cells displayed normal somatic hypermutation but defective affinity maturation and clas
109 nfirmed that the data were inconsistent with hypermutation, but consistent with germline selection: m
110 (V) genes of immunoglobulins undergo somatic hypermutation by activation-induced deaminase (AID) to g
112 ique mutation spectra, general and inducible hypermutation can analogously influence the ecology and
113 ic and adult patients, including tumors with hypermutation caused by chemotherapy, carcinogens, or ge
114 ts of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutations characteristic of germinal center reactio
115 -induced deaminase (AID) involved in somatic hypermutations/class switch recombination, in primary hu
116 IgG contained equivalent numbers of somatic hypermutations compared with all other VHs, a characteri
118 uced infectivity and the virus accrued G-->A hypermutations, consistent with APOBEC3 protein pressure
119 lted in reduced GC sizes and reduced somatic hypermutation coupled with a failure to control chronic
121 trics that incorporate the biases of somatic hypermutation do not outperform simple Hamming distance.
123 IDH1-wild-type primary GBMs rarely developed hypermutation following temozolomide (TMZ) treatment, in
124 eatment, indicating low risk for TMZ-induced hypermutation for these tumors under the standard regime
126 of this interaction varies, since a range of hypermutation frequencies are observed in HIV-1 patient
127 , B-cell subset replication history, somatic hypermutation frequencies, CSR patterns, B-cell repertoi
129 es CSP-specific antibody avidity and somatic hypermutation frequency in CSP-specific B cells, demonst
130 POBEC-1 was overexpressed by adenovirus, the hypermutation frequency of apoB mRNA increased from 0.4%
131 e (AID) protein is known to initiate somatic hypermutation, gene conversion or switch recombination b
132 We show that these cells exhibit somatic hypermutation, gene expression characteristic of signali
133 CIN), which is often mutually exclusive from hypermutation genotypes, represents a distinct subtype o
135 ody-mediated selection, suggesting localized hypermutation has evolved to facilitate host persistence
136 d overusage of the IGHV4-34 gene and somatic hypermutation in 71/79 (89.8%) IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ gene rearr
137 DNA showed extensive APOBEC-mediated G-to-A hypermutation in a donor animal at week 9, corroborating
138 change the frequency or spectrum of somatic hypermutation in Ab genes, indicating that DNA repair an
141 iota) is an attractive candidate for somatic hypermutation in antibody genes because of its low fidel
146 o had significantly reduced rates of somatic hypermutation in IgG (P = .003) but not IgA or IgM heavy
148 plication in experimental systems and induce hypermutation in infected patients; however, the relativ
151 rallels and differences in the mechanisms of hypermutation in prostate cancer compared with other MSI
152 e breadth through moderate levels of somatic hypermutation in response to emerging viral variants.
153 ns are restriction factors that induce G-->A hypermutation in retroviruses during replication as a re
154 tralization activity on the level of somatic hypermutation in the Ab framework, we applied a computat
156 iterative interzonal cycles of division and hypermutation in the GC dark zone followed by migration
157 d light chain contact with HIV Env, and less hypermutation in the heavy chain, compared with antibodi
160 lvability and help explain the prevalence of hypermutation in various settings, ranging from emergenc
161 stricts HIV-1 replication by inducing G-to-A hypermutation in viral DNA and by deamination-independen
164 tudies, suggest an expanded role for somatic hypermutation in which both binding affinity and stabili
167 it was the finding that the level of somatic hypermutations in rearranged IG heavy-chain genes could
168 ed the induction of high frequency of G-to-A hypermutations in the env genes from HIV-1BaL-infected M
172 vity revealed a precise targeting of somatic hypermutation indicative of an active, ongoing interacti
173 uired for class switch recombination/somatic hypermutation induction inhibits T1D development in the
174 h whether the sequence has undergone somatic hypermutation is dependent on the maturation stage at wh
175 a glycan site at N332 on gp120, and somatic hypermutation is required to accommodate the neighboring
177 ocess that generates these lineages, somatic hypermutation, is biased by hotspot motifs which violate
178 inhibit viral replication by inducing G-to-A hypermutation, it is not known whether they are copackag
179 nsable for normal GC cellularity and somatic hypermutation, it is required for the efficient selectio
180 clonal lineage analysis reveals that somatic hypermutation levels are increased in both infants and t
182 lls showed reduced proliferation and somatic hypermutation levels, whereas these were normal in CD27(
183 to these genome-wide mutational signatures, hypermutation localized to small genomic regions, 'katae
184 ap for Ang2 by harnessing the B cell somatic hypermutation machinery and coupling this to selectable
185 RISPR-X, a strategy to repurpose the somatic hypermutation machinery for protein engineering in situ.
186 which impaired apoptosis and ongoing somatic hypermutation may lead to an increased risk of lymphoma
188 ersification in infants and toddlers.Somatic hypermutation of antibodies can occur in infants but are
190 rmore, we provided statistical evidence that hypermutation of cancer driver genes on inactive X chrom
194 or of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin in B cells, yet its role
196 h APOBEC3 protein and used them to show that hypermutation of proviral DNAs from seven patients was i
198 3 family of cytidine deaminases cause lethal hypermutation of retroviruses via deamination of newly r
200 ide protection against HIV-1Deltavif through hypermutation of the viral genome, inhibition of reverse
202 (including those unable to generate somatic hypermutations of immunoglobulin genes) displayed anti-n
204 emoval of cold agglutinin self-reactivity by hypermutation, often accompanied by mutations that inact
205 uced (cytosine) deaminase to promote somatic hypermutation on both DNA strands to generate double-str
206 either point mutations in V exons in somatic hypermutation or deletion of intervening DNA sequences d
207 found that rat APOBEC-1 overexpression had a hypermutation pattern similar to that of APOBEC-3s on it
210 Similarities included the presence of two hypermutation phenotypes, as defined by signatures for d
211 ium, Plantago, and Silene indicate localized hypermutation, potentially induced by a higher level of
212 3 DRMR>A4 mutant proviruses displayed G-to-A hypermutations primarily in GG and GA dinucleotides as e
213 omas, is an off-target of the normal somatic hypermutation process taking place in GC B cells in both
214 We show that VH gene repertoires and somatic hypermutation rates of atypical and classical MBCs are i
216 class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation requires RNA polymerase II (polII) transcr
218 ion occurs when Ig V regions undergo somatic hypermutation (SHM) and affinity-based selection toward
219 lobulins (Igs) during the process of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and also Ig class switching, can hav
220 immune repertoire pipeline, and the somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR)
221 d cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR)
222 ulin (Ig) genes to initiate antibody somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR)
223 iversification of antibodies through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR)
224 Antibody diversification through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR)
225 rts cytosine into uracil to initiate somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR)
226 y diversity in B cells by initiating somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR)
227 sponses to Ag stimulation require Ig somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR)
229 deletions in antibody genes through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR)
231 class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) by deaminating cytosine residues in
232 oma (FL) is apparent from studies of somatic hypermutation (SHM) caused by activation-induced deamina
234 ed adults and exhibit high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM) due to years of affinity maturation.
235 d nucleotide motif: the signature of somatic hypermutation (SHM) enzyme, Activation Induced Deaminase
236 initiates antibody variable (V) exon somatic hypermutation (SHM) for affinity maturation in germinal
237 idine deaminase (AID) initiates both somatic hypermutation (SHM) for antibody affinity maturation and
238 sual traits of bnAbs, including high somatic hypermutation (SHM) frequencies and in-frame insertions
239 d as evidenced by elevated levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM) in Ab sequences isolated at the late
241 class-switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) in B cells, but the mechanism by whi
242 repertoire diversification occurs by somatic hypermutation (SHM) in germinal centers following Ag sti
243 ted the clonal overlap and extent of somatic hypermutation (SHM) in the ASC (effector) and ABC (memor
244 germinal centers where they undergo somatic hypermutation (SHM) in V(D)J exons for the generation of
247 d, using laser microdissection, that somatic hypermutation (SHM) occurred efficiently at extrafollicu
250 induced deaminase (AID) mediates the somatic hypermutation (SHM) of Ig variable (V) regions that is r
251 class-switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin genes, is essentia
253 hey are not accompanied by extensive somatic hypermutation (SHM) of targeted regions and because repa
255 germinal center (GC) B cells undergo somatic hypermutation (SHM) of V(D)J exons followed by selection
257 ases (107/154) bearing an imprint of somatic hypermutation (SHM) ranging from minimal to pronounced.
259 r analysis of replication histories, somatic hypermutation (SHM), and immunoglobulin class-switching
260 They play major roles in regulating somatic hypermutation (SHM), class switch DNA recombination (CSR
261 and assess their ability to perform somatic hypermutation (SHM), class-switch recombination (CSR), o
263 class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), to re-engineer their antibody gene
264 s-switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), which require activation-induced cy
268 e B cells were characterized by more somatic hypermutation, shorter CDR3 segments, and less negative
270 et composition, replication history, somatic hypermutation status, and class-switch recombination in
273 n with clonal expansion and signs of somatic hypermutation suggest a CD4(+) T lymphocyte-dependent an
274 breadth, and extraordinary level of somatic hypermutation suggested commonalities in maturation amon
275 tract and have higher frequencies of somatic hypermutation, suggesting extensive and serial rounds of
276 strain and exhibited high levels of somatic hypermutation, suggesting they were derived from recall
277 EC3 proteins are devoid of detectable G-to-A hypermutations, suggesting one or multiple deaminase-ind
278 ll-associated vDNA revealed extensive G-to-A hypermutation, suggestive of APOBEC-mediated viral restr
279 nventional GC B cells that underwent somatic hypermutation, survived despite losing antigen reactivit
280 s, creating lineage trees, inferring somatic hypermutation targeting models, measuring repertoire div
281 analysis of a published database of somatic hypermutations that arose in the IGHV3-23*01 human V reg
282 me of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation; the transcription factor E47, crucial for
283 Y. enterocolitica porins to undergo somatic hypermutation to acquire a cross-reactive pathogenic res
284 ls of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, two mutagenic DNA processes used to gener
286 This suggests an important role for biased hypermutation via an adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific (
290 that DNA polymerase zeta participates in Ig hypermutation, we generated two mouse models of Pol zeta
292 efects, we identified six cases of synthetic hypermutation, where the combined effect of the drug and
294 body variable (V) regions results in somatic hypermutation, whereas its recruitment to switch (S) reg
295 trand breaks, chromosome rearrangements, and hypermutation, which are all sources of genomic instabil
298 gue plasmablasts had high degrees of somatic hypermutation, with a clear preference for replacement m
299 associated (P < 0.001) with lack of somatic hypermutation within the clonotypic immunoglobulin heavy
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