ライフサイエンスコーパス: indirect pathway

1 issemination via the mesenteric lymph nodes (indirect pathway).

2 ect pathway) or the lateral globus pallidus (indirect pathway).

3 irect pathway with the functionally opposing indirect pathway.

4 eas motor cortex preferentially targeted the indirect pathway.

5 in humans of the basal ganglia's inhibitory indirect pathway.

6 g the inhibitory output of the basal ganglia indirect pathway.

7 in exponentially growing cells via a second, indirect pathway.

8 motor structures prevents movements via the indirect pathway.

9 h reduced pallidothalamic inhibition via the indirect pathway.

10 t of two enzymes that operate via a separate indirect pathway.

11 sence of the living bacteria and followed an indirect pathway.

12 oduction is dependent on T-cell help via the indirect pathway.

13 o address the functions of the NMDA-R in the indirect pathway.

14 neurons that serves as a simple relay in the indirect pathway.

15 direct pathway without affecting LTP in the indirect pathway.

16 selective inhibition through both direct and indirect pathways.

17 um spiny neurons of the accumbens direct and indirect pathways.

18 f distinct terminal fields via the direct or indirect pathways.

19 ribute cortical input between the direct and indirect pathways.

20 n pressures moving along multiple direct and indirect pathways.

21 the emergence of diseases through direct and indirect pathways.

22 ough complex mechanisms involving direct and indirect pathways.

23 d have functional reciprocal connections via indirect pathways.

24 xert effects through activation of direct or indirect pathways.

25 e motor functions of the striatal direct and indirect pathways.

26 emical and electrical synapses as well as by indirect pathways.

27 m two main efferent pathways, the direct and indirect pathways.

28 monitor striatal output from the direct and indirect pathways.

29 mpact neural clusters in both the direct and indirect pathways.

30 t also in the macroenvironment via direct or indirect pathways.

31 l medium spiny neurons forming the direct or indirect pathways.

32 network tools by distinguishing direct from indirect pathways.

33 he striatopallidal neurons of the so-called 'indirect' pathway.

34 In the latter two-step indirect pathway, a non-discriminating aspartyl-tRNA syn

35 strengthening of El Nino conditions through indirect pathways, a consistent result in most estuaries

36 ); instead, Gln-tRNA(Gln) is produced via an indirect pathway: a glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS) fir

37 ation gives rise to stronger activity in the indirect pathway accompanied by decreased dendritic spin

38 striatal input and boosted cortically driven indirect pathway activity.

39 The indirect pathway allows an efficient time-based separati

40 way, naive and memory responses, whereas the indirect pathway and 'pure' memory responses are more in

41 ssed recipient alloantigen presented via the indirect pathway and not in response to cross-dressed MH

42 n alters neuronal activity in the direct and indirect pathways and leads to increased synchrony in th

43 n: one going through a CO* intermediate (the indirect pathway) and another that oxidizes methanol dir

44 way) or only as self-restricted allopeptide (indirect pathway) and then assessing the alloantibody re

45 xpression, by increasing excitability in the indirect pathway, and the increased propensity for tic l

46 cluster organization between the direct and indirect pathways, and cluster activities from both path

47 ur findings indicate that the NMDA-Rs of the indirect pathway are essential for habituation, action s

48 in serial order, even though both direct and indirect pathways are active during movement initiation,

49 These observations of competing direct and indirect pathways are consistent with classical predicti

50 spiny neurons (MSNs), in both the direct and indirect pathways are generated in the lateral ganglioni

51 on tuning in MT neurons, suggesting that the indirect pathways are important in the recovery of depth

52 For instance, the direct and indirect pathways are modulated through dopamine D1 and

53 d midbrain targets similar to the direct and indirect pathways arising from the internal and external

54 fects is consistent with deactivation of the indirect pathway as predicted by preclinical studies; an

55 ration of anti-K(d)-specific T cells via the indirect pathway as well as of non-K(d)-reactive, recipi

56 rs of medium spiny neurons signaling via the indirect pathway, associated with behavioral inhibition.

57 iber-optic cannulae were implanted above the indirect pathway axon terminal field in the dlVP, or the

58 ught to arise from increased efficacy of the indirect pathway basal ganglia circuit, relative to the

59 the gain on signals driving both direct- and indirect-pathway basal ganglia circuits.

60 e changes in synaptic strength of direct and indirect pathways between the cortex and spinal cord in

61 es clearance of HDL cholesteryl ester via an indirect pathway, but has no effect on total plasma chol

62 ies implicate preferential activation of the indirect pathway by host DCs.

63 n-wide effects of stimulating the direct and indirect pathway by optogenetic activation of D1 and D2

64 express FcgammaRs, there is likely to be an indirect pathway by which FcgammaRIII on some other cell

65 her, the results support the existence of an indirect pathway by which iBRB permeability is increased

66 However, the indirect pathway can also promote the generation of regu

67 Our results reveal that the direct and indirect pathways can each bidirectionally control movem

68 allograft rejection.Although both direct and indirect pathway CD4 T cells appear active immediately a

69 y after transplantation, it has emerged that indirect pathway CD4 T cells are likely to be the domina

70 ocessed by recipient DCs for presentation to indirect pathway CD4(+) T cells, resulting in abortive a

71 Recipients reconstituted with indirect-pathway CD4 T cells developed long-lasting IgG

72 thway) allows linked help to be delivered by indirect-pathway CD4 T cells for generating destructive

73 hymal cells and suggest a mechanism by which indirect-pathway CD4 T cells provide help for generating

74 The ability of indirect-pathway CD4 T cells to provide this help remain

75 essed peptide alloantigen for recognition by indirect-pathway CD4 T cells.

76 cause this facilitates linked recognition by indirect-pathway CD4 Th cells.

77 ay performs fast action cancellation and the indirect pathway competitively constrains execution sign

78 Here, we found that the indirect pathway controls response initiation without af

79 whether by direct "off-target" effects or by indirect "pathway cross-talk" effects.

80 Potentiation of glutamatergic inputs onto indirect pathway D2-MSNs was associated with resilience

81 argue against a protective role of accumbal indirect pathway D2Rs in alcohol consumption but emphasi

82 medium spiny neurons belong to the direct or indirect pathways determines the form of spike timing-de

83 iatonigral direct pathway vs striatopallidal indirect pathway) differ in their input from IT-type and

84 In models of Parkinson's disease, indirect-pathway eCB-LTD is absent but is rescued by a D

85 hyperdirect pathway cortical excitation and indirect pathway external globus pallidus (GPe) inhibiti

86 ion in which co-activation of the direct and indirect pathways facilitate appropriate, while inhibiti

87 These findings suggest an indirect pathway for Bcl-2 over-expression in PhIP-induc

88 ally, regions consistent with the inhibitory indirect pathway for which there is scant functional evi

89 over time in an imbalance between direct and indirect pathways for properly focusing movement.

90 tal projection systems--so-called direct and indirect pathways--form the functional backbone of the b

91 Instead, we describe an indirect pathway from Area X to midbrain dopaminergic ne

92 The indirect pathway from the amygdala to pOFC via MDmc may

93 ally, we provide evidence consistent with an indirect pathway from the cerebellum to the basal gangli

94 h an imbalanced activation of the direct and indirect pathways, have been linked to the hypokinetic m

95 s) in the striatum--the so-called direct and indirect pathways--have opposing effects on movement: ac

96 and striatopallidal MSNs to the inhibitory, indirect pathway (iMSNs).

97 The retention of the indirect pathway in B. subtilis and B. halodurans likely

98 ndosomal compartment at least in part via an indirect pathway in which it is internalized from the ce

99 central auditory synapses through direct and indirect pathways in an age-dependent fashion.

100 scribed to imbalances between the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia circuitry.

101 o exocytic sites at the plasma membrane, and indirect pathways in which TCs that are not in proximity

102 ective optogenetic control of the direct and indirect pathways, in combination with single-unit recor

103 agrass seedlings through multiple direct and indirect pathways: increased stress, reduced establishme

104 puts onto individual MSNs of both direct and indirect pathway: individual EGFP-positive structures re

105 facilitates movement and activation of the 'indirect' pathway inhibits movement.

106 basal ganglia, the so-called hyperdirect and indirect pathways, interact within the subthalamic nucle

107 CL-6 and BAZF regulate HPC homeostasis by an indirect pathway involving CD8 T cells.

108 volutionary questions, including whether the indirect pathway is a recent evolutionary invention, as

109 The indirect pathway is believed to be longlasting, and is g

110 An improved understanding of the indirect pathway is likely to bring important benefits t

111 It is concluded that activity of the indirect pathway is limited by the nonphotochemical redu

112 r T-cell recognition of antigens through the indirect pathway is necessary for the perpetuation of GV

113 The indirect pathway is only evident when GABA(A) receptors

114 This indirect pathway is required for hippocampal theta synch

115 strate that activity in either the direct or indirect pathway is sufficient to produce specific and s

116 m spiny neurons (MSNs) in the direct and the indirect pathways is essential for normal striatal funct

117 ential dopamine modulation of the direct and indirect pathways is present in non-mammalian species.

118 ng dopaminergic modulation of the direct and indirect pathways is present in one of the phylogenetica

119 manipulation of the function of the striatal indirect pathway may be a useful therapeutic target for

120 This latter indirect pathway may be especially important for evoluti

121 r nuclei upon TT activity through direct and indirect pathways may account for multifunctional roles

122 Therefore, the indirect pathway measurements reflect a distinct aspect

123 sect the mechanisms underlying BG direct and indirect pathway-mediated control of the mesencephalic l

124 In contrast, effective indirect pathway-mediated motor suppression was most str

125 e differentially expressed in the direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs,

126 the opposing relationship between direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (MSNs), in additio

127 mpanied by decreased dendritic spines on the indirect pathway medium spiny projection neuron, indicat

128 ) receptors, depolarized both the direct and indirect pathway medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs).

129 time that a specific deletion of inhibitory, indirect pathway medium-sized spiny neuron (iMSN) NMDA-R

130 le-cell recordings from striatal direct- and indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs)

131 tive deletion of DA D2 receptors (D2Rs) from indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (iMSNs) is suffici

132 Here we show that excitatory synapses onto indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (MSNs) exhibit hig

133 ate their regulation of striatal direct- and indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (MSNs).

134 tors, which are highly expressed by striatal indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (MSNs).

135 vo, using optogenetic control of direct- and indirect-pathway medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs),

136 her G-protein or beta-arrestin signaling in 'indirect pathway' medium spiny neurons (iMSNs), because

137 nigral (direct pathway) and striatopallidal (indirect pathway) medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and its re

138 ion markers, suggesting that both direct and indirect pathways might contribute to the observed effec

139 n NAc in vivo and found that direct (but not indirect) pathway MSN expression enhances behavioral res

140 de feedforward inhibition to both direct and indirect pathway MSNs and are important in sculpting the

141 These findings demonstrate that direct and indirect pathway MSNs are similarly innervated by cortic

142 orylation at S563 was significantly lower in indirect pathway MSNs compared with those in the direct

143 Kv2.1 in both direct and indirect pathway MSNs exhibits markedly lower levels of

144 ine receptor subtypes, markers of direct and indirect pathway MSNs, respectively.

145 t prominent juxtaposed Kv2.1:RyR clusters in indirect pathway MSNs.

146 ut not core, D2 dopamine receptor-expressing indirect pathway MSNs.

147 y of immature spines in D1 direct but not D2 indirect pathway MSNs.

148 for the increased GABA synaptic activity of indirect pathway MSNs.

149 BA synaptic activity impinges principally on indirect pathway MSNs.

150 terminals form synapses with both direct and indirect pathway MSNs.

151 and thalamus was similar for both direct and indirect pathway MSNs.

152 afferents in their innervation of direct and indirect pathway MSNs.

153 ression of GABA release onto both direct and indirect pathway MSNs.

154 ion of collateral transmission from multiple indirect-pathway MSNs (iMSNs) potently inhibits action p

155 ast-spiking (FS) interneurons and direct- or indirect-pathway MSNs after dopamine depletion with 6-OH

156 athways mediating eCB production in striatal indirect-pathway MSNs and found that both pathways were

157 Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway MSNs elicited a parkinsonian state, dis

158 In contrast, deletion from indirect-pathway MSNs had no effect on any measure of be

159 Moreover, indirect-pathway MSNs selectively express endocannabinoi

160 striatum may lead to increased synchrony of indirect-pathway MSNs that contributes to pathological n

161 ase and induction of long-term depression at indirect-pathway MSNs, but not direct-pathway MSNs.

162 eferentially target direct-pathway MSNs over indirect-pathway MSNs, suggesting a potential mechanism

163 geted whole-cell recordings from direct- and indirect-pathway MSNs, we demonstrate that A(2A) recepto

164 idual FS cells doubled their connectivity to indirect-pathway MSNs, whereas connections to direct-pat

165 glutamate and DA transmission in direct and indirect pathway MSSNs.

166 nd that coordinated activities of direct and indirect pathway neural clusters are required for normal

167 s rapid production of excitatory synapses on indirect pathway neurons (iSPNs) required the activation

168 d GRK5 are similarly expressed in direct and indirect pathway neurons in the rat striatum.

169 re selectively expressed in either direct or indirect pathway neurons, CNO did not change acute locom

170 tone, via D2 and A2a receptor, in direct and indirect pathway neurons, respectively, to have any sign

171 orally observed synergism between the direct/indirect pathway neurons.

172 ired the functionality of direct-pathway and indirect-pathway neurons and disrupted the behavioral pe

173 e Gq-protein activation in direct-pathway or indirect-pathway neurons produced an enhancement or a de

174 (resulting in longer-lasting deactivation of indirect-pathway neurons).

175 ssion of excitatory synaptic transmission in indirect pathway nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons.

176 recognize allogeneic MHC class I through the indirect pathway of Ag presentation are rendered toleran

177 irect Ag presentation and thereby favors the indirect pathway of alloreactivity.

178 pacity to present antigen to T cells via the indirect pathway of allorecognition and the generation o

179 activation of anti-donor CD4 T cells by the indirect pathway of allorecognition, a phenomenon that r

180 The indirect pathway of allorecognition, in which cells of t

181 ding to the class I MHC mismatch through the indirect pathway of allorecognition.

182 antigens through the direct rather than the indirect pathway of antigen presentation promotes tolera

183 te the consecutive reactions of the two-step indirect pathway of Cys-tRNA(Cys) synthesis (tRNA-depend

184 eurons that occupy a central position in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia.

185 cells provides a link between the direct and indirect pathways of alloantigen presentation and sugges

186 nderstanding the evolution of the direct and indirect pathways of allorecognition following tissue tr

187 fect of chronic aspiration on the direct and indirect pathways of allorecognition.

188 ncoherent simultaneous use of the direct and indirect pathways of Asn and Asn-tRNA(Asn) formation.

189 Direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia were concomitantly ac

190 input to the striatum between the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia (BG).

191 The direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia have been propose

192 nging to two neural circuits (the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia), subpopulations

193 titive behaviors analogous to the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia.

194 mediators independent, thereby deactivating indirect pathways of the mediators.

195 spiny neurons (MSNs) in both the direct and indirect pathways of the mouse nucleus accumbens (NAc) r

196 is differentially encoded in the direct and indirect pathways of the striatum.

197 The indirect pathway operates under normo- or hypercapnic co

198 These findings indicate that direct and indirect pathways originate in the caudal brainstem that

199 to the classic theory emphasizing the direct-indirect pathways, our data suggest that deranged cortic

200 m plasticity capable of sculpting direct and indirect pathway output.

201 directly, we show a previously undescribed, indirect pathway passing through inferior parietal corte

202 me destabilizes TPP1 through both direct and indirect pathways possibly involving TPP1-interacting pr

203 ptogenetic activation of striatal direct and indirect pathway projection neurons produced diverse cel

204 ntingent from axon collaterals of direct and indirect pathway projection neurons.

205 neural activities in the striatal direct and indirect pathways promote and inhibit movement, respecti

206 k to the apical membrane, hepatocytes use an indirect pathway: proteins are delivered to the basolate

207 d phosphorylation between MSNs in direct and indirect pathways provide a cell- and circuit-specific m

208 In the indirect pathway, reduced O2 reacts with H(+) and additi

209 stimulator cells, suggesting the presence of indirect pathway regulatory cells whose activity depende

210 activating bitter-sensitive cells versus the indirect pathway represented by the inhibition of sugar

211 se from the NAc, and most likely involves an indirect pathway requiring alpha3beta4 nAChR.

212 e 2 routes are referred to as the direct and indirect pathways, respectively.

213 n be opened or closed by striatal direct and indirect pathways, respectively.

214 ne D1 or D2 receptors, which form direct and indirect pathways, respectively.

215 striatal projection neurons, the direct and indirect pathways, respectively.

216 role of 2-AG signaling in striatal direct or indirect pathways, respectively.

217 ation and suppression through the direct and indirect pathways, respectively.

218 Indirect pathway responses were heterogeneous.

219 ast, loss of ERK/MAPK signaling in D2R-MSNs (indirect pathway) resulted in a profound hyperlocomotor

220 The indirect pathway results from recipient DCs processing a

221 Cross-sectional analysis of the indirect pathway revealed a spectrum in T-regulatory:T-e

222 We find no evidence that the indirect pathways selectively target different functiona

223 athway (non-self HLA on donor cells) and the indirect pathway (self-restricted presentation of donor

224 hether these neurons belong to the direct or indirect pathways.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We examined the

225 basal ganglia circuits, affecting direct and indirect pathways simultaneously.

226 1-Cre (direct-pathway-specific) and A2A-Cre (indirect-pathway-specific) mice.

227 ectively increased excitability of NAc shell indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (iSPNs) and al

228 pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs) and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (iSPNs) is dis

229 ns differentially affect striatal direct vs. indirect pathway spiny projection neurons, their reduced

230 Activity in striatal direct- and indirect-pathway spiny projection neurons (SPNs) is crit

231 of D(1) and D(2) DA receptors in direct- and indirect-pathway spiny projection neurons.

232 atially compact, organization of direct- and indirect-pathway SPN activity that maps action space ind

233 o method to specifically measure direct- and indirect-pathway SPN activity, using Cre-dependent viral

234 and synaptic adaptations specifically within indirect pathway SPNs (iSPNs).

235 Indirect pathway SPNs, which are more vulnerable in HD,

236 promoting direct pathway SPNs to fire before indirect pathway SPNs.

237 ectively measure the activity of direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs in freely moving animals.

238 to facilitate movement, whereas activity of indirect-pathway SPNs is presumed to inhibit movement.

239 eases in neural activity in both direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs when animals initiated actions, bu

240 ivity was increased similarly in direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs, and action potential-dependent ac

241 ffects on "direct pathway" SPNs (dSPNs) and "indirect pathway" SPNs (iSPNs); their firing rates becam

242 vered that a select population of so-called "indirect pathway" SPNs not only fire at abnormally high

243 /Scgn- interneurons preferentially targeted 'indirect pathway' SPNs.

244 icantly modulated neural coupling within the indirect pathway, strengthening MD thalamus-OFC connecti

245 Contrary to expectation, direct and indirect pathway striatal spiny projection neurons respo

246 s, bidirectionally controlled by direct- and indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons (dSPNs and

247 action potential firing in both direct- and indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons through ves

248 f neurons that form synapses with direct- or indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons.

249 that endocannabinoid-mediated depression of indirect-pathway synapses has a critical role in the con

250 To investigate the role of donor-specific indirect pathway T cells in renal transplant tolerance,

251 The antidonor indirect pathway T effector response increased across pa

252 ONO < SI < CR; p < 0.0001) whereas antidonor indirect pathway T regulatory response decreased (TOL >

253 intravenously, they decrease the direct and indirect pathway T-cell responses and prolong heart allo

254 rons, respectively, revealed that 47% of the indirect pathway terminals and 36% of the direct pathway

255 n GABAergic terminals), and through a novel, indirect pathway that involved the increased release of

256 ous nodes of the TPN and DMN, and through an indirect pathway that links the TPN and DMN through node

257 site and weaker effects on 2DG uptake in the indirect pathway that were attributed to crossed inhibit

258 n is conveyed to the pallium through complex indirect pathways that originate in the nucleus electros

259 icipate in two parallel circuits, direct and indirect pathways that subserve distinct behavioral func

260 hus, differs markedly from the "direct" and "indirect" pathways that regulate the pallidal (e.g., glo

261 In the indirect pathway, the GABA(B) receptor antagonist reduce

262 ogeneous structure in the motor-suppressing "indirect-pathway," the GPe consists of a number of disti

263 urons giving rise to the striatopallidal or "indirect" pathway, they have been implicated in sleep, a

264 ion of D2R-expressing neurons suppresses it (indirect-pathway), this suggests that cocaine's rewardin

265 thway and decreasing the excitability of the indirect pathway, this organization may be conserved as

266 ists reduce excitatory synaptic drive on the indirect pathway through CB(1) receptor signaling, thus

267 rojections to the superior colliculus and an indirect pathway through the basal ganglia.

268 partitions between the direct pathway and an indirect pathway through the early endosome.

269 direct effects through thermoregulation and indirect pathways through trophic interactions.

270 eurons that form the so-called 'direct' and 'indirect' pathways through the basal ganglia.

271 ulation of chromatin structure represents an indirect pathway to downregulate transcription, and thei

272 athway to facilitate intended locomotion and indirect pathway to inhibit unwanted locomotion.

273 MT neurons, which has been attributed to an indirect pathway to MT from the superior colliculus.

274 t that low-value signals are sent by the CDt-indirect pathway to suppress saccades to valueless objec

275 he NAcore and NAcore projections through the indirect pathway to the dlVP as critical for cocaine-plu

276 Inhibiting the indirect pathway to the dlVP, but not the direct pathway

277 ated cocaine seeking include outputs via the indirect pathway to the dorsolateral subcompartment of t

278 Overall, our findings suggest that the indirect pathways to MT primarily convey modality-specif

279 he selective contributions of the direct and indirect pathways to striatal motor behaviors.

280 ediated predominantly by the hyperdirect and indirect pathways to subthalamic nucleus, respectively,

281 tic learning, by shifting plasticity in the indirect pathway toward long-term potentiation (and poss

282 The indirect pathway transporting uncontrolled releases of P

283 rom direct polymerase corruption, or from an indirect pathway triggered by increased protein turnover

284 involve both direct pathways via the Sp5 and indirect pathways via the DR and LC.

285 are 'direct' effects of light on affect, an 'indirect' pathway via altered sleep-wake timing has been

286 The indirect pathway was active in all groups except twins b

287 sion, the rate of hydrogen production by the indirect pathway was increased in conditions, such as nu

288 ry items, the connectivity of the direct and indirect pathway was predictive of WMC.

289 tion, such adverse reactions can occur by an indirect pathway when the TCR interacts with self-MHC mo

290 ' HRQoL through a direct pathway, but via an indirect pathway where self-management was a mediator (-

291 by tRNA-dependent mechanism using a two-step indirect pathway, where O-phosphoseryl-tRNA synthetase (

292 ation of the signal-to-baseline ratio in the indirect pathway, which better account of known electrop

293 lamus and forms the origin of the direct and indirect pathways, which are distinct basal ganglia circ

294 , of MLR glutamatergic neurons by direct and indirect pathways, which is required for bidirectional c

295 basal ganglia, in parallel to the direct and indirect pathways, which select actions.

296 ate in a functional analog of the mammalian "indirect" pathway, which may oppose the effects of the d

297 ganglia output nuclei via the "direct" and "indirect" pathways, which can be distinguished by their

298 Here we have reversibly inactivated the indirect pathways while recording from MT neurons and me

299 r, recent evidence convincingly connects the indirect pathway with chronic rejection, including antib

300 In COX-1 indirect pathways, women experienced the same or more pl