ライフサイエンスコーパス: informal

1 a better integration of the formal with the informal.

2 Many theories provide informal accounts of communicative inference, yet there

3 ific discovery is sometimes recorded only in informal accounts that may be inaccurate or biased for s

4 Due to economic and societal reasons, informal activities including open burning, backyard rec

5 uages needed for graduate studies, and as an informal advisor for most rust research theses.

6 ental simulations underlie the abductions of informal algorithms and deductions from these algorithms

7 nematic mental model in creating and testing informal algorithms and showed that individuals differ r

8 delivery approach; (2) experimentation with informal and contractual partnership arrangements that c

9 Weight truncation is presented as an informal and easily implemented method to deal with thes

10 rces of variation and be amenable to further informal and formal methods of analysis.

11 humanism largely consist of elements of the informal and hidden curricula in medical schools.

12 Informal and in-depth interviews with HWs were also perf

13 the analysis of proteomics data is currently informal and relies heavily on expert opinion.

14 Mentorship programmes may be formal or informal and should include some form of mentor educatio

15 ition and population growth-often with large informal and unregulated workforces-occupational exposur

16 However, handovers are largely informal and variable.

17 e on out-of-pocket payments (both formal and informal), and efforts to strengthen primary health care

18 ed with study participants residing in urban informal areas that often lack formal planning.

19 Engaging informal cancer caregivers as part of the care team and

20 Costs of informal care and productivity losses due to morbidity a

21 ivity losses cost euro3.6 billion (30%), and informal care cost euro1 billion (8%).

22 Informal care cost euro23.2 billion.

23 Imputed Medicaid, private insurance, and informal care costs.

24 The opportunity cost of informal care for carers/family members, especially imme

25 uctivity losses for euro2 billion (19%), and informal care for less than euro1 billion (6%).

26 e family members or friends who had provided informal care for the patient after their episode of sev

27 Obesity complicates medical, nursing, and informal care in severe illness, but its effect on hospi

28 Overall, women received fewer hours of informal care per week than men (15.7 hours; 95% confide

29 Information on resource use and informal care received was collected during face-to-face

30 ectrum of infection risks in both formal and informal care settings as well as in the community.

31 itional cost savings due to reduced need for informal care were likely.

32 (healthcare plus lost production and unpaid informal care) were combined with QALYs gained, and chan

33 ded by relatives or friends of patients (ie, informal care), lost earnings after premature death, and

34 received an average of 2.9 hours per week of informal care, compared with 4.3 hours per week for thos

35 We estimated costs of informal care, low vision aids, special education, schoo

36 ivate insurance, out-of-pocket spending, and informal care, measured over the last 5 years of life; a

37 s, we estimated the probability of receiving informal care, the average weekly number of caregiving h

38 ,362), depending on the method used to value informal care.

39 treatment of depression reduces the need for informal care.

40 mentia ($34 068); a similar pattern held for informal care.

41 g (hours of caregiving provided by a primary informal caregiver and associated cost).

42 Results Patients whose informal caregiver had higher levels of depressive sympt

43 r enrolled in CanCORS (N = 689) nominated an informal caregiver to participate in a caregiving survey

44 This study sought to evaluate whether informal caregiver well-being was also associated with p

45 cer, breathlessness severity, presence of an informal caregiver, and ethnicity.

46 y of patients with advanced cancer and their informal caregivers (n = 332 dyads), September 2002-Febr

47 views were conducted with 22 patients and 17 informal caregivers (of these 28 were conducted face-to-

48 Conclusion Informal caregivers are an important part of the care te

49 ients who have had a stroke are dependent on informal caregivers for activities of daily living.

50 Informal caregivers for both treatment arms reported sim

51 Two hundred informal caregivers of advanced cancer patients were int

52 ion, and health-related quality of life) for informal caregivers of critical care survivors (mechanic

53 and trajectory of psychosocial morbidity in informal caregivers of critical care survivors.

54 , and employment reduction were common among informal caregivers of critical illness survivors.

55 nd posttraumatic stress disorder outcomes in informal caregivers of long-stay patients surviving ICU.

56 pressive symptoms were the most prevalent in informal caregivers of survivors of intensive care who w

57 of out-of-pocket payments and time spent by informal caregivers providing care.

58 al caregivers such as physicians and nurses, informal caregivers, typically family members or friends

59 articipants with Alzheimer disease and their informal caregivers.

60 ing consequences for both patients and their informal caregivers.

61 than 48 h) mechanical ventilation and their informal caregivers.

62 rs and mental health service use among these informal caregivers.

63 articipants with Alzheimer disease and their informal caregivers.

64 d) care or as the estimated wages forgone by informal caregivers.

65 umental activities of daily living), and (2) informal caregiving (hours of caregiving provided by a p

66 Informal caregiving costs are substantial and should be

67 e prevalence, time, and cost associated with informal caregiving for elderly cancer patients.

68 ermine the weekly hours and imputed costs of informal caregiving for elderly people with no depressiv

69 the additional time and cost associated with informal caregiving for older Americans with depressive

70 Whereas the adjusted probability of informal caregiving for those respondents reporting NC a

71 hosis received more than twice the number of informal caregiving hours per week (P < 0.001), at an an

72 ting CT received an average of 10.0 hours of informal caregiving per week, as compared with 6.9 and 6

73 of, and self-reported levels of stress from, informal caregiving with prospective breast cancer incid

74 sociated with significantly higher levels of informal caregiving, even after the effects of major coe

75 ility, health care utilization, and need for informal caregiving.

76 -71 years at baseline, answered questions on informal caregiving; 1,700 incident breast cancer cases

77 Having support from an informal carer is important for heart failure patients.

78 Dyadic (patient and informal carer) heart failure self-care interventions se

79 wide with ageing populations, the numbers of informal carers are likely to increase.

80 Therefore, many neurologists use informal classification approaches that might not be sys

81 In contrast to informal clinical evaluations of oculomotor dysfunction

82 The Academic Research Consortium is an informal collaboration between academic research organiz

83 cting environment, and (3) involvement of an informal companion (friend or family member).

84 s are based on clinical experience and Panel informal consensus in the absence of studies designed to

85 Expert panel members used informal consensus to develop evidence-based guideline r

86 loped guidelines based on extracted data and informal consensus.

87 endations are based on cohort studies and/or informal consensus.

88 s strongly associated with beliefs about how informal consultation affects quality of care (P<.001).

89 Use of informal consultation is common, varies by specialty, pr

90 Because overall approval of informal consultation is strongly associated with belief

91 Generalists' overall approval of informal consultation was greater than specialists' (mea

92 considered by physicians who participate in informal consultation.

93 Generalist physicians requested more informal consultations than specialists (median, 3 vs 1

94 up, or single-specialty group requested more informal consultations than those in solo practice (82%,

95 38% more and were asked to provide 46% more informal consultations than those with little or no inco

96 s through small and large group discussions, informal consultations, and revisions of protocols and c

97 ssociated with 1) preoperatively creating an informal contract with the patient defining agreed upon

98 pondents (62%) reported they would create an informal contract with the patient describing agreed upo

99 Informal correspondence was carried out with scientists,

100 gthen community ties, and increase access to informal credit.

101 Informal (curbside) consultations are an integral part o

102 o input from structured, semistructured, and informal data collection.

103 (AE) reporting in oncology has evolved from informal descriptions to a highly systematized process.

104 osomal forms of Anopheles gambiae, given the informal designations Bamako, Mopti, and Savannah, have

105 Instead, pathways are usually represented as informal diagrams in the literature.

106 t of the approach is illustrated through the informal discussion of a more complex scenario.

107 rizes the topics of formal presentations and informal discussions from the symposium on the structura

108 Informal e-waste recycling is a source of much-needed in

109 ion and fostering divisions of labor even in informal economies [14, 15].

110 Informal education therefore requires a balanced media d

111 modated these disruptions through formal and informal emigre networks and how the subsequent war affe

112 l inferences; they learn from statistics and informal experimentation, and from watching and listenin

113 Informal exposure can also benefit foreign language lear

114 n the incidental learning phase showing that informal exposure to multi-modal foreign language leads

115 An important question is whether informal exposure to spoken foreign language also leads

116 , which included formulation of responses to informal feedback, written commentaries, and input from

117 Number of hours per week of informal (generally unpaid) and formal (generally paid)

118 Informal health care providers (IPs) comprise a signific

119 ted a comprehensive literature review on the informal health care sector in developing countries.

120 thcare and manage a wide range of formal and informal health information.

121 ed alternative medicine, and 31 of whom were informal health-care providers with few or no qualificat

122 ignificance tests) were first proposed as an informal heuristic to help assess how "unexpected" the o

123 thesis of among-family relationships, and an informal higher classification.

124 isparities appear to exist in the receipt of informal home care for disabled elderly people in the Un

125 women received many fewer hours per week of informal home care than married disabled men (14.8 hours

126 ional Neurological Symptoms (UK-FNS)' was an informal inaugural meeting of UK based clinicians in Mar

127 ve this puzzle all presuppose that formal or informal institutions, such as incentives for global agr

128 s diseases consultation is more optimal than informal interactions (e.g., e-mail, telephone, other).

129 al students to act as peer supporters during informal interactions outside the classroom to encourage

130 An informal International Congenital Cytomegalovirus Recomm

131 ped and validated by using pilot study data; informal interviews of patients, families, and nurses; e

132 Webs of relationships, formal and informal, involving universities, start-up firms, corpor

133 We used an informal iterative consensus process to identify and ref

134 onstrained compared to high-income settings, informal labor movements rather than regular commuting p

135 ing as well as give rise to the emergence of informal leaders, i.e. individuals with a disproportiona

136 The informal learning environments of television, video game

137 quisition and happens more naturally through informal learning.

138 The literature was reviewed in an informal manner utilizing the authors' prior knowledge t

139 Informal models have always been used in biology to guid

140 Physicians are embedded in informal networks that result from their sharing of pati

141 de traditional channels, using social media, informal networks, new public sources of information, an

142 individual problem solvers through formal or informal networks.

143 ular the constraints given by the formal and informal norms, rules, and regulations that govern the h

144 This informal observational study on the tic prevalence in 40

145 hat formal models are inherently superior to informal ones and that biology should develop along the

146 facts; semi-structured interviews (n=56) and informal open conversations with staff and carers (famil

147 cialty care may influence how physicians use informal or "curbside" consultation.

148 month implies significant need for prolonged informal or formal patient assistance with basic physica

149 76 departments (33%) described no formal or informal pairing of mentors with mentees.

150 yses suggest that therapeutic relationships, informal peer support and negative experiences related t

151 tic alliances, service user satisfaction and informal peer support were greater in crisis houses than

152 of satisfaction, therapeutic relationships, informal peer support, recovery and negative events expe

153 rative groups with respect to the formal and informal policies and procedures or cooperative group cu

154 to our allocation policy rather than through informal practice patterns.

155 ations, maintenance of skills via formal and informal practice, and pathways for expeditious transfer

156 tic and treatment capacity in the formal and informal private sector, as well as in the public sector

157 ures of accountability, including formal and informal procedures for evaluating compliance with domai

158 72 sessions of training over 9 months to 152 informal providers (out of 304).

159 Improving referrals from informal providers for smear-based diagnosis in the publ

160 Training these informal providers may be one way to improve the quality

161 of other professionals was 12.7%, and use of informal providers was only 3.1%.

162 all private-sector providers (qualified and informal [providers with no formal medical training]) ha

163 could lead to further adoption of the recent informal recommendation by the World Health Organization

164 tion, size, and morphology analysis indicate informal recycling operations of used lead-acid batterie

165 rded as waste in landfills, or dismantled in informal recycling using crude and environmentally irres

166 These values can provide an informal reference or benchmark to laboratories who meas

167 cruited from academic medical centers and by informal referrals from nonuniversity practices in Washi

168 this Perspective, I outline the critique of informal reverse inference and describe a number of new

169 An informal review of the author's five decades of research

170 ng and development, which may be enhanced by informal routine interactions with colleagues.

171 ce Education: Lifelong, Life-Wide, Life-Deep Informal science education cultivates diverse opportunit

172 Informal Science Education: Lifelong, Life-Wide, Life-De

173 on design experiences are key for formal and informal Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathemati

174 Discussion: Improving the engagement of the informal sector and lower-level clinicians will improve

175 mmunity health workers, and inclusion of the informal sector appear more promising.

176 ansformative strategies will require private/informal-sector engagement, adequate referral systems, i

177 disseminated through extension services and informal seed systems.

178 Preliminary informal sensory tests confirmed that in particular the

179 With grassroots in informal services for people with mental health problems

180 The value of peer support in formal and informal settings is discussed, and organizational chang

181 lly associated with risk for sudden death in informal settings near the home or playground.

182 ous disease surveillance in Kibera, an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, and in Lwak, a rural com

183 05 million people in India will be living in informal settlements by 2017.

184 prove women's and children's health in urban informal settlements.

185 grams have not evolved adequately to address informal sex workers, male and transgender sex workers,

186 Felt or enacted criticism teaches parents informal social rules which direct how they are expected

187 sion Rating Scale scores and four domains of informal social support.

188 Fixed effects regression showed that informal socializing and social participation buffered t

189 Interpretation: Informal socializing and social participation may preven

190 social cohesion) and a structural dimension (informal socializing and social participation).

191 estimation of reporting of GBV to formal and informal sources conditional on having experienced GBV a

192 representative of what can be purchased from informal sources in southeast Asia, were investigated wi

193 literature, in scientific databases, and in informal sources such as the Internet and social media.

194 Participants had developed informal strategies to improve communication.

195 Both claims have enjoyed widespread informal support for decades, but have recently come und

196 Informal support included assistance from family or frie

197 tient, and happen so quickly that formal and informal support mechanisms cannot respond in a timely m

198 likelihood of subsequent use of community or informal support services in 5 years, independent of phy

199 port that falls somewhere between formal and informal support.

200 An informal survey of the leadership of US cooperative grou

201 An informal system for naming eggplant wild relatives large

202 of history, little is known about voluntary, informal third-party intervention in conflict.

203 llholders' fields to determine the effect of informal trade on both the spread of the pathogen and it

204 Expertise once attainable only through informal training, hepatology now has an accredited fell

205 Hours of informal (unpaid) care were valued either as the cost of

206 Informal, unstructured interactions often yield highly c

207 stablished mentorship programs, and most are informal, unstructured, and do not involve all of the ke

208 ural setting in western Kenya (Lwak), and an informal urban settlement in Nairobi (Kibera) from 2009

209 question about disciplinary actions, 30 gave informal warning (67%) and 3 reported student dismissal

210 training, but staff training appeared mainly informal which did not seem sufficient to ensure that st

211 The 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO IWGE) guid